Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Review

Pharmacotherapy
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors as Emerging Anticancer Agents: Yun Kyung Cho, Chang Hee Jung; Diabetes Metab J. 2026;50(1):1-18. Published online January 1, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0964

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are established treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease, with well-documented metabolic and cardiorenal benefits. Emerging evidence indicates that these agents may also exert anticancer effects through mechanisms independent of glucose lowering. Preclinical studies have demonstrated functional SGLT2 expression in tumors such as prostate, pancreatic, breast, colorectal, and bone cancers. Inhibition of SGLT2 decreases tumor glucose uptake, disrupts mitochondrial respiration with subsequent adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation, and induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy. Immunomodulatory effects, including programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) degradation and stimulator of interferon genes (STING)–interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)–interferon-β (IFN-β) pathway activation, further illustrate their pleiotropic effects. Observational cohort studies, particularly from nationwide Korean databases, report reduced risks of pancreatic and prostate cancer among new users of SGLT2 inhibitors. In contrast, randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses focused on cardiovascular outcomes demonstrate neutral effects on overall cancer risk, providing reassurance regarding safety. Early translational studies suggest that combining SGLT2 inhibitors with chemotherapy is feasible and tolerable. In this review, we summarize the biological rationale and mechanistic insights underlying the anticancer effects of SGLT2 inhibitors, highlight preclinical and clinical evidence across different cancer types, and discuss challenges and future directions for their integration into oncology.

Original Articles

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Maternal Galectins and Glucose Regulation in Pregnancy: Chronic vs. Acute Metabolic Adaptations: Mariana G. Garcia, Ebba Hamann, Evelyn A. Huhn, Karen Forbes, Pia Roser, Marie-Therese Weiser-Fuchs, Anna M. Dieberger, Bence Csapo, Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch, Mireille N.M. van Poppel, Herbert Fluhr, Evelyn Jantscher-Krenn, Sandra M. Blois; Received May 8, 2025 Accepted August 21, 2025 Published online December 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0401 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Galectins (gal) are glycan-binding proteins that regulate maternal adaptations during pregnancy, but their role in pregnancy-associated metabolic homeostasis is unclear. This study characterizes the maternal galectin profile in response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in pregnant women with varying body weight.
Methods
In a two-center prospective study, pregnant women were recruited into two cohorts: low-risk (LR) with normal weight and high-risk (HR) with overweight or obesity. Circulating levels of gal-1, -3, -7, and -9 were measured at fasting, 1 hour, and 2 hours during the OGTT between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. Correlations with clinical and metabolic parameters were assessed (HMO study: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT05496712; FitFor2 trial: trial registration number NTR1139).
Results
Fasting gal-3 and gal-9 were elevated in the HR cohort compared to the LR cohort. Body mass index was positively associated with gal-3 and gal-9, while gal-3 was also linked to insulin sensitivity. After glucose challenge, gal-1, -3, -7, and -9 decreased in the LR cohort; in the HR cohort, only gal-1 and gal-7 decreased after 2 hours, while gal-3 and gal-9 remained unchanged. Gal-1 correlated positively with homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and inversely with insulin sensitivity across the OGTT in the LR cohort, but some of these correlations were not observed in the HR cohort.
Conclusion
Galectins exhibited distinct patterns of association with glucose homeostasis during the second trimester of pregnancy. Gal-3 and gal-9 are associated with chronic conditions such as pre-pregnancy obesity and insulin resistance, whereas gal-1 appears to be particularly sensitive to the acute glucose challenge.

Pharmacotherapy
Efficacy and Safety of Enavogliflozin as Add-on in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled with Insulin or Insulin with Other Antidiabetic Drugs: Jun Hwa Hong, Kyung Wan Min, Chang Beom Lee, Parinya Chamnan, Thanitha Sirirak, Kiran Sony, Sarinya Sattanon, Hae Jin Kim, Sang-Yong Kim, Younghee Kim, Jung A Heo, Jae Min Cho, Jae Jin Nah, Mi Hee Park, Jae Hyeon Kim; Received May 30, 2025 Accepted October 14, 2025 Published online December 15, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0477 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
The study evaluated the efficacy and safety of enavogliflozin, a novel, promising selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, as an add-on in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled with insulin alone or combined with other antidiabetic drugs (OADs).
Methods
The double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial was conducted in South Korea and Thailand. Individuals with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥7.5% after ≥8-week treatment with background insulin alone or combined with ≤2 OADs were randomized to receive enavogliflozin 0.3 mg or placebo (n=116 each) for 24 weeks. The primary outcome was a change in HbA1c at week 24. Secondary outcomes included, among others, changes in body weight, blood pressure, and other measures of glycemic control. Adverse events (AEs) were investigated throughout the study (Clinical trial registration number: NCT05466643).
Results
At week 24, the placebo-adjusted mean change in HbA1c from baseline in the enavogliflozin group was –0.9% (P<0.001). Also, placebo-adjusted mean changes in fasting plasma glucose (–32.4 mg/dL, P<0.001), body weight (–1.3 kg, P<0.001), and total daily dose of insulin (–1.3 units, P=0.010) at week 24 were statistically significant. In addition, a significant decrease in blood pressure and fasting C-peptide was observed in the enavogliflozin group, along with a significant increase in homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function, yet without a concomitant change in homeostasis model assessment of insulinresistance. No significant increase in treatment-related AEs was observed for enavogliflozin.
Conclusion
Enavogliflozin 0.3 mg/day is an efficacious and safe add-on treatment option in T2DM patients controlled inadequately with insulin alone or combined with OADs.

Genetics
Evaluation of Sex-Stratified Polygenic Risk Scores for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Glycemic Traits in the Framingham Heart Study: Ningyuan Wang, Yixin Zhang, Philip Schroeder, Alicia Huerta-Chagoya, Ravi Mandla, James B. Meigs, Alisa K. Manning, Ching-Ti Liu, Josée Dupuis, Josep M. Mercader; Received June 25, 2025 Accepted October 14, 2025 Published online December 9, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0557 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Diabetes is a multifactorial disease with significant genetic predisposition. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) have been developed to estimate an individual’s genetic risk of a disease. Traditionally, PRS utilize sex-combined genome-wide association studies (GWAS) due to the limited availability of sex-stratified summary statistics. This study explores sex-dimorphic genetic effects and evaluates the potential benefits of incorporating sex-stratified effects in PRS for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and glycemic traits by comparing PRS performance derived from sex-combined versus sex-stratified GWAS.
Methods
We performed a sex-heterogeneity test across sex-specific GWAS and identified nine signals with sex-dimorphic effects for T2DM. PRS[sex-combined] and PRS[sex-stratified] were developed using sex-combined and sex-stratified GWAS results for T2DM (41,444 cases and 354,539 controls), fasting glucose (n=120,595) and fasting insulin (n=98,210). We evaluated these PRS models in 8,379 participants (1,303 cases and 7,076 controls) from the Framingham Heart Study not included in the PRS derivation.
Results
Our findings suggest that sex-combined PRS currently offer better predictive performance for T2DM and glycemic traits.
Conclusion
These results highlight the need for larger sex-stratified studies and the optimization of sex-stratified risk models for clinical practice.

Pharmacotherapy
Efficacy and Safety of High-Dose Pioglitazone as Add-on Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled with Dapagliflozin and Metformin: Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial: Jun Hwa Hong, Kyung Ah Han, You-Cheol Hwang, Eun-Gyoung Hong, Hae Jin Kim, Chang Beom Lee, Ho Chan Cho, Jong Chul Won, Hun-Sung Kim, Eui-Hyun Kim, Gwanpyo Koh, Kwang Hyun Ahn, Kyong Soo Park; Received November 14, 2024 Accepted May 29, 2025 Published online October 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0696 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
This study investigated the efficacy and safety of pioglitazone 30 mg/day add-on to inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with treatment of dapagliflozin and metformin.
Methods
In this multicenter (34 sites), double-blind, randomized, phase 3 study, patients with T2DM with an inadequately controlled glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) over 7.0% to treatment with dapagliflozin (10 mg/day) and metformin (≥1,000 mg/day) were randomized to receive additional pioglitazone 30 mg/day (n=124) or placebo (n=122) for 24 weeks. The primary outcome was the mean change of HbA1c from baseline to 24 weeks treatment. The efficacy and safety were evaluated with open label extension period, switching placebo to pioglitazone 30 mg/day at 48 weeks (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05296044).
Results
The HbA1c after 24 weeks treatment reduced from 7.8%±0.8% to 7.0%±0.6% (P<0.0001). The proportions of patients who achieved HbA1c less than 7.0% at 24 weeks were significantly higher in pioglitazone add-on group (51.61% in pioglitazone vs. 22.95% in placebo, P<0.0001), or less than 6.5% at 24 weeks (21.77% in pioglitazone vs. 2.46% in placebo, P<0.0001). Body weight gain was 2.0 kg at 24 weeks with pioglitazone 30 mg/day and –0.6 kg at 24 weeks with placebo.
Conclusion
Addition of pioglitazone 30 mg/day to T2DM patients who did not reach the target HbA1c (≤7%) with treatment of dapagliflozin 10 mg/day and metformin over 1,000 mg/day showed effective glucose lowering efficacy without significant hypoglycemia and good tolerability with low prevalence of edema in spite of modest weight gain.

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Prognostic Impact of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Ischemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study: Haochen Xuan, Yik-Ming Hung, Ran Guo, Qingwen Ren, Jiayi Huang, Jingnan Zhang, Wenli Gu, Ho-Leung Chan, Gaozhen Cao, Run Wang, Calvin Ka-Lam Leung, Tongda Xu, Kai-Hang Yiu; Received March 11, 2025 Accepted July 22, 2025 Published online October 24, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0200 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary ischemia face an exceptionally elevated risk, and the achievement of complete revascularization (CR) within this population could be challenging.
Methods
Patients with T2DM and coronary ischemia based on coronary angiography and retrospective angiographic fractional flow reserve analysis between 2014 and 2016 were included. The impact of the extent of revascularization on the improvement of endpoint events by sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors was analyzed. The primary study endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACE), while all-cause mortality served as secondary endpoints. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression model were adopted to assess the association between SGLT2 inhibitors and endpoint incidence.
Results
A total of 671 patients were identified. Among them, 206 (30.7%) were prescribed with SGLT2 inhibitors, while 484 (72.1%) achieved CR after the operation. During a mean 36-month follow-up, 100 MACE and 89 all-cause mortality were recorded. SGLT2 inhibitor users demonstrated lower rates of MACE (8.3% vs. 17.8%, P=0.002) and all-cause mortality (6.3% vs. 16.3%, P<0.001) compared to non-users. After adjusting for confounding factors in multivariable Cox analysis, the association between SGLT2 inhibitors and reduced MACE incidence remained consistent both in the CR and incomplete revascularization subgroups (hazard ratio [HR], 0.498; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.246 to 0.938; P=0.040; and HR, 0.341; 95% CI, 0.123 to 0.805; P=0.023, respectively).
Conclusion
SGLT2 inhibitors were found to be associated with a reduced risk of 3-year MACE and all-cause mortality in patients with T2DM and coronary ischemia, regardless of extent of revascularization.

Brief Report

Technology/Device
Effectiveness of the Stage 4 Smart Insulin Pen DIA:CONN P8 for Glycemic Control in a Real-World Setting: So Yoon Kwon, Hyoseon Kwak, Jae Hyeon Kim; Received February 11, 2025 Accepted March 23, 2025 Published online September 3, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0112 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: This study evaluated whether a stage 4 smart insulin pen (SIP) provides superior glycemic control compared with a traditional insulin pen (TIP) in individuals with intensively insulin-treated diabetes. Forty-two adults with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), multiple daily insulin injections, and no prior SIP use were included. After diabetes self-management education (DSME), the SIP group (n=21) initiated SIP, whereas the TIP group (n=21) continued their usual regimens. Glycemic metrics were assessed using CGM before and 2 weeks after DSME. Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in glycemic outcomes. However, SIP users exhibited superior improvements in the percentage of time in range, percentage of time below range (%TBR) <70 mg/dL, %TBR <54 mg/dL, and glycemic risk index compared with TIP users (between-group difference [BD] 11.0%, P=0.046; BD –2.6%, P=0.024; BD –0.9%, P=0.027; BD –18.2, P=0.022, respectively). These findings suggest that SIP, with its bolus calculation and CGM integration, is associated with improved glycemic outcomes in adults with intensively insulin-treated diabetes.

Original Articles

Others
Glycemic Benefit of Insulin Degludec/Insulin Aspart Compared to Basal Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Impaired Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Response: A Randomized Crossover Trial: Han Na Jang, Eun Shil Hong, Ye Seul Yang, Seong Ok Lee, Myoung-jin Jang, Andrea Mari, Soo Heon Kwak, Kyong Soo Park, Hak Chul Jang, Hye Seung Jung; Received November 21, 2024 Accepted April 28, 2025 Published online August 14, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0741 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
We aimed to confirm that once-daily insulin degludec/insulin aspart (IDegAsp) is superior to basal insulin therapy in participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exhibiting signs of overbasalization. Additionally, we analyzed incretin profiles in relation to the benefits of IDegAsp, providing insights into the underlying mechanisms.
Methods
A prospective study was conducted in participants receiving basal insulin therapy, with a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level lower than predicted from their glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Participants were randomly assigned to either IDegAsp or insulin glargine (IGlar) in a 1:1 ratio. After 20 weeks of treatment, the insulins were switched in a crossover design. The primary endpoint was the change in HbA1c from baseline. Incretin profiles, hypoglycemic events, and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) were also analyzed (Trial registration: www.cris.nih.go.kr; KCT0004597).
Results
The study included 55 participants (male 40%, mean age 65 years, FPG 103 mg/dL, and HbA1c 8.3%). HbA1c significantly decreased to 7.8%±0.8% with IDegAsp, compared to 8.0%±0.7% with IGlar. The mean estimated treatment difference of changes was –0.21% points (95% confidence interval, –0.39 to –0.02; P=0.031), favoring IDegAsp. Hypoglycemic events were comparable. CGM demonstrated significantly lower glucose measures during the daytime with IDegAsp compared to IGlar, and vice versa at dawn. The HbA1c benefit of IDegAsp over IGlar was associated with a low glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) ratio at 30 minutes relative to baseline (r=0.301, P=0.040), while not with glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide.
Conclusion
The greater reduction in HbA1c achieved with IDegAsp compared to IGlar in individuals with T2DM was associated with an impaired GLP-1 response, facilitating personalized insulin therapy.

Pharmacotherapy
New Users of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors Are at Low Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Nationwide Cohort Study: Yun Kyung Cho, Sehee Kim, Myung Jin Kim, Woo Je Lee, Ye-Jee Kim, Chang Hee Jung; Diabetes Metab J. 2026;50(1):90-100. Published online July 22, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0693

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Preclinical studies have reported anticancer properties of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is). We aimed to elucidate the association between the use of SGLT2is and the risk of prostate cancer among male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
An active-comparator, new-user cohort design using a nationwide database between September 2014 and June 2020 was conducted on 45,601 new SGLT2i users and 205,395 new users of other glucose-lowering medications (oGLMs). In the following 1:1 propensity score matched (PSM) analysis, 35,371 SGLT2i users matched with an equivalent number of oGLM users were assessed. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for prostate cancer were calculated.
Results
Among the cohort, prostate cancer was diagnosed in 210 out of 45,601 SGLT2i users, corresponding to a cumulative incidence of 1.0%, in contrast to 1,880 cases among 205,395 users of oGLMs, with a cumulative incidence of 1.5%. The use of SGLT2is was significantly correlated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer based on a multivariable-adjusted HR of 0.83 (95% CI, 0.71 to 0.98). PSM analysis affirmed 18% reduction in prostate cancer risk associated with SGLT2i use (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.99). Subgroup analyses revealed that body mass index (BMI) significantly influenced the effect of SGLT2i on prostate cancer risk, with a more pronounced reduction in the subgroup with a BMI <25 kg/m² (P=0.037).
Conclusion
The use of SGLT2is in Korean male patients with T2DM is associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors as Emerging Anticancer Agents
Yun Kyung Cho, Chang Hee Jung
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2026; 50(1): 1. CrossRef

Technology/Device
First Trimester Mean Glucose Level on Continuous Glucose Monitoring Is Associated with Infant Birth Weight: Phaik Ling Quah, Lay Kok Tan, Serene Pei Ting Thain, Ngee Lek, Shephali Tagore, Bernard Su Min Chern, Seng Bin Ang, Ann Wright, Michelle Jong, Kok Hian Tan; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(6):1262-1271. Published online June 2, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0700

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Comparisons between continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics during the first and second trimesters and conventional mid-pregnancy oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) values in pregnant women without pre-existing diabetes for predicting infant birth weight are scarce.
Methods
In a longitudinal observational study, 113 participants had first and second trimester CGM data collected over a 7- to 14-day period, as well as three-point OGTT (fasting, 1-hour, and 2-hour) performed at mid-pregnancy (24 to 28 weeks). Multinomial logistic regression, adjusting for maternal ethnicity, education level, age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, parity, gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosis, gestational age at delivery, and type of CGM sensor was used to analyse the relationship between CGM metrics, OGTT glucose values and infant birth weight tertile (Clinical trial identification number: NCT05123248).
Results
In the univariate analysis, CGM-derived metrics including higher mean glucose in the first trimester, higher % time above range in the second trimester, and higher % time in range (TIR) and lower % time below range (TBR) in both the first and second trimesters were associated with infants in the highest birth weight tertile. After adjusting for confounders, a 1-standard deviation increase in mean glucose level during the first trimester was significantly associated with the likelihood of the neonatal birthweight being in the highest tertile (adjusted odds ratio, 3.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.18 to 8.21; P=0.022). No significant associations were found between OGTT glucose values and infant birth weight outcomes.
Conclusion
CGM-derived mean glucose levels in early pregnancy may be a better predictor of an infant’s birth weight within the highest tertile, compared to mid-pregnancy OGTT glucose values.

Basic and Translational Research
Anti-Senescence Effect of Inhibiting Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 and α-Glucosidase in a Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Animal Model: Serin Hong, Byung Soo Kong, Hyunsuk Lee, Young Min Cho; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(6):1229-1241. Published online May 22, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0339

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Background
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases with age, and cellular senescence of pancreatic β-cells plays a key role in T2DM pathogenesis. As canagliflozin and acarbose have been shown to increase lifespan in mice, we investigated the effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, α-glucosidase inhibitor or both on the cellular senescence of β-cells in a T2DM mouse model.
Methods
Enavogliflozin (0.3 mg/kg), acarbose (10 mg/kg), or vehicle was orally administered daily to db/db mice for 6 weeks. The levels of senescence markers (p16, p21, and p53) in the pancreas and kidney were measured through real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunofluorescence staining, and Western blot. In an in vitro analysis, isolated pancreatic islets were exposed to H₂O₂ to induce cellular senescence, then treated with β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB), and subsequently assessed for levels of senescent markers.
Results
Enavogliflozin alone or combined with acarbose effectively lowered blood glucose levels in db/db mice. The combined treatment resulted in the greatest increase in β-cell function calculated using insulinogenic index and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function compared to the vehicle. Additionally, the combined treatment significantly reversed the increase in p16, with a similar trend observed in p21 and p53 in the islets. Treatment increased circulating β-HB and in vitro analysis suggested the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) by β-HB in reducing senescence in the islets.
Conclusion
The combined administration of enavogliflozin and acarbose significantly reduced blood glucose, improved β-cell function, and reduced senescent β-cells in db/db mice. This combination therapy holds potential as a senotherapeutic strategy for managing T2DM.

Citations

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Microneedle strategies for diabetic wound management: A comprehensive review of materials, mechanisms, and therapeutic outcomes
Kaustubh Naik, Kanhaiya Singh
Materials Today Advances.2026; 29: 100684. CrossRef

Review

Pharmacotherapy
SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Evolving Evidence and Clinical Application: Jae Hyun Bae; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(3):386-402. Published online May 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0220

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a leading cause of end-stage kidney disease and significantly increases cardiovascular risk and mortality. Despite conventional therapies, including renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, substantial residual risk remains. The emergence of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists has reshaped DKD management. Beyond glycemic control, these agents provide distinct and complementary cardiorenal benefits through mechanisms such as hemodynamic modulation, anti-inflammatory effects, and metabolic adaptations. Landmark trials, including CREDENCE, DAPA-CKD, EMPA-KIDNEY, and FLOW, have demonstrated their efficacy in preserving kidney function and reducing adverse outcomes. SGLT2 inhibitors appear more effective in mitigating glomerular hyperfiltration and lowering heart failure risk, whereas GLP-1 receptor agonists are particularly beneficial in reducing albuminuria and atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. Although indirect comparisons suggest that SGLT2 inhibitors may offer greater protection against kidney function decline, direct head-to-head trials are lacking. Combination therapy holds promise, however further studies are needed to define optimal treatment strategies. This review synthesizes current evidence, evaluates comparative effectiveness, and outlines future directions in DKD management, emphasizing precision medicine approaches to enhance clinical outcomes. The integration of these therapies represents a paradigm shift in diabetes care, expanding treatment options for people with diabetes mellitus at risk of kidney failure.

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Original Articles

Technology/Device
Current Status of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Use in South Korean Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Population–Pronounced Age-Related Disparities: Nationwide Cohort Study: Ji Yoon Kim, Seohyun Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(5):1040-1050. Published online April 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0804

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Background
This study aims to identify the status of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use among individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in South Korea and to investigate whether age-related disparities exist.
Methods
Individuals with T1DM receiving intensive insulin therapy were identified from the Korean National Health Insurance Cohort (2019–2022). Characteristics of CGM users and non-users were compared, and the prescription rates of CGM and sensor- augmented pump (SAP) or automated insulin delivery (AID) systems according to age groups (<19, 19–39, 40–59, and ≥60 years) were analyzed using chi-square tests. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and coefficients of variation (CV) among CGM users were also examined.
Results
Among the 56,908 individuals with T1DM, 10,822 (19.0%) used CGM at least once, and 6,073 (10.7%) used CGM continuously. Only 241 (0.4%) individuals utilized either SAP or AID systems. CGM users were younger than non-users. The continuous prescription rate of CGM was highest among individuals aged <19 years (37.0%), followed by those aged 19–39 years (15.8%), 40–59 years (10.7%), and ≥60 years (3.9%) (P<0.001 for between-group differences). Among CGM users, HbA1c levels decreased from 8.7%±2.4% at baseline to 7.2%±1.2% at 24 months, and CV decreased from 36.6%±11.9% at 3 months to 34.1%±12.7% at 24 months.
Conclusion
Despite national reimbursement for CGM devices, the prescription rates of CGM remain low, particularly among older adults. Given the improvements in HbA1c and CV following CGM initiation, more efforts are needed to increase CGM utilization and reduce age-related disparities.

Citations

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Association of perceived diabetes stigma with time below range <3.0 mmol/L and anxiety in adults with type 1 diabetes using continuous glucose monitoring
Seohyun Kim, Soojin Park, Sang‐Man Jin, Jae Hyeon Kim, Gyuri Kim
Diabetic Medicine.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Sequential use of continuous glucose monitoring, with or without exercise trackers, significantly improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes
Anushka Lahiri, Suan Tee Lim, Htike Kyu, Yock Young Dan, Chin Meng Khoo
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy and Safety of Stage 5 Connected Insulin Pens in Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes: Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol
Ji Yoon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Soo Heon Kwak, Chang Hee Jung, Eun Seok Kang, Jun Sung Moon, Sun Joon Moon, So Yoon Kwon, Jee Hee Yoo, Younghoon Kim, Tae-min Lee, Chung-il Yang, Jae Hyeon Kim, Sang-Man Jin
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Basic and Translational Research
Effect of 4 Weeks Resonance Frequency Breathing on Glucose Metabolism and Autonomic Tone in Healthy Adults: Benedict Herhaus, Andreas Peter, Julia Hummel, Thomas Kubiak, Martin Heni, Katja Petrowski; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(6):1219-1228. Published online April 3, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0647

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Background
The autonomic nervous system plays a crucial role in the brain’s communication with metabolically important peripheral organs, modulating insulin sensitivity and secretion. Increased sympathetic tone is a common feature in prediabetes and diabetes. The parasympathetic nervous system activity might be improvable through resonance frequency breathing (RFB) with heart rate variability biofeedback (HRV-BF) training.
Methods
We here investigated the effect of a 4-week mobile RFB-HRV-BF intervention on glucose metabolism and HRV of 30 healthy adults (17 females; mean age 25.77±3.64 years; mean body mass index 22.65±2.95 kg/m²). Before and after the intervention, glucose metabolism was assessed by 75 g oral glucose tolerance tests (with blood sampling every 30 minutes over 2 hours) and HRV was measured through electrocardiography.
Results
RFB-HRV-BF training did not influence glucose metabolism in healthy adults but reduced fasting as well as 2-hour-postload glucose in participants categorized as more insulin resistant before the intervention. In addition, RFB-HRV-BF training was associated with an increase in the time and frequency domain HRV parameters standard deviation of all NN-intervals, root mean square successive differences, HRV high-frequency and HRV low-frequency after 4 weeks of intervention.
Conclusion
Our findings introduce RFB-HRV-BF training as an effective tool to modulate the autonomic nervous system with a shift towards the parasympathetic tone. Along with the observed decrease in glycemia in those with lower insulin sensitivity, RFB-HRV-BF training emerges as a promising non-pharmacological approach to improve glucose metabolism which has to be further investigated in prediabetes and diabetes.

Citations

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The autonomic nervous system in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism
Sabrina Wangler, Marc N. Jarczok, Matthew Ennis, Benedict Herhaus, Róbert Wagner, Ratika Sehgal, Martin Heni
Nature Reviews Endocrinology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

Complications
The Causal Relationship and Association between Biomarkers, Dietary Intake, and Diabetic Retinopathy: Insights from Mendelian Randomization and Cross-Sectional Study: Xuehao Cui, Dejia Wen, Jishan Xiao, Xiaorong Li; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(5):1087-1105. Published online March 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0731

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Background
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of vision loss, linked to hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Despite advancements in DR treatments, approximately 40% of patients do not respond effectively, underscoring the need for novel, noninvasive biomarkers to predict DR risk and progression. This study investigates causal relationships between specific biomarkers, dietary factors, and DR development using Mendelian randomization (MR) and cross-sectional data.
Methods
We conducted a two-phase analysis combining MR and cross-sectional methods. First, MR analysis examined causal associations between 35 biomarkers, 226 dietary factors, and DR progression using data from the UK Biobank and Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) datasets. Second, a cross-sectional study with National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and a clinical cohort from Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital validated findings and explored biomarkers’ predictive capabilities through a nomogram-based prediction model.
Results
MR analysis identified eight biomarkers (e.g., glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]) with significant causal links to DR. Inflammatory markers and metabolic factors, such as high glucose and HDL-C levels, were strongly associated with DR risk and progression. Specific dietary factors, like cheese intake, exhibited protective roles, while alcohol intake increased DR risk. Validation within NHANES and Tianjin cohorts supported these causal associations.
Conclusion
This study elucidates causal relationships between biomarkers, dietary habits, and DR progression, emphasizing the potential for personalized dietary interventions to prevent or manage DR. Findings support the use of HDL-C, HbA1c, and dietary factors as biomarkers or therapeutics in DR, though further studies are needed for broader applicability.

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Zixun Wang, Yimeng Sun, Xiaoling Zhang, Luqiang Wang, Desheng Song, Jingtao Yu, Xiaoxue Hu, Weiping Lin, Ruihua Wei
Computational Biology and Chemistry.2026; 120: 108634. CrossRef
Research Status of Diabetic Retinopathy Prediction Models: From Traditional Risk Factors to Artificial Intelligence
银娟李
Journal of Clinical Personalized Medicine.2026; 05(01): 332. CrossRef
Integrative Proteogenomic Analysis Identifies Genetically Supported Plasma Proteins, Metabolites, and Pathways in Glaucoma
Jiajia Yuan, Xuehao Cui, Patrick Yu-Wai-Man, Xuan Xiao
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science.2026; 67(2): 21. CrossRef
Association between weight-adjusted-waist index and retinopathy among American adults: a cross-sectional study and mediation analysis
Junmeng Li, Qianshuo Yin, Jianchen Hao, Ruilin Zhu, Jing Zhang, Yadi Zhang, Xiaopeng Gu, Zihui Wu, Liu Yang
Frontiers in Nutrition.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Exploring the impact of diet, sleep, and metabolomic pathways on Glaucoma subtypes: insights from Mendelian randomization and cross-sectional analyses
Zhang Shengnan, Wang Tao, Zhang Yanan, Sun Chao
Nutrition & Metabolism.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between endothelial activation and stress index and diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetic kidney disease: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES database
Jinping Liu, Di’en Yan, Xiaohui Wang, Yinhua Yao, Ling Wang
BMC Endocrine Disorders.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype in relation to diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases in the Indonesian and Korean populations: evidence from two national surveys
Fathimah S. Sigit, Sinyoung Cho, Farid Kurniawan, Hye-Ryeong Jeon, Ratu Ayu Dewi Sartika, Dicky L. Tahapary, Hyuktae Kwon
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Non-linear association between Life’s Essential 8 and diabetic retinopathy: mediating role of depression in US adults with diabetes
Long Xie, Yu Qin Peng, Wei Qiang Wei, Xiang Shen
BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Complications
Burden of End-Stage Kidney Disease by Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Status in South Korea: A Nationwide Epidemiologic Study: Jwa-Kyung Kim, Han Na Jung, Bum Jun Kim, Boram Han, Ji Hye Huh, Eun Roh, Joo-Hee Kim, Kyung-Do Han, Jun Goo Kang; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(3):498-506. Published online March 6, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0443

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
Patients with diabetes are known to be at high risk for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), but the accurate annual risk data for new-onset ESKD is still limited. In South Korea, the prevalence and incidence of ESKD are increasing more rapidly compared to the global average. This study aimed to determine the incidence rate (IR) of ESKD by diabetes status from 2012 to 2022.
Methods
Using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service, we calculated the IR and hazard ratio (HR) for newonset ESKD in the general population. Individuals were categorized based on diabetes status into nondiabetes, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), diabetes duration <5 and ≥5 years.
Results
Among the participants, 67.6% were nondiabetic, 22.3% had IFG, and 10% had diabetes. In Korea, the IRs of ESKD were 139 per million population (pmp) for nondiabetes, 188 pmp for IFG, 632 pmp for diabetes <5 years, and 3,403 pmp for diabetes ≥5 years. An advanced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) category was the strongest risk factor for ESKD development. However, even in patients with normal renal function, those with long-standing diabetes had a 14-fold higher risk of ESKD compared to nondiabetic individuals. The risk of ESKD associated with diabetes increased exponentially with declining renal function. Notably, IFG showed an increasing tendency for ESKD in younger patients (<65 years) with early-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD; eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m²).
Conclusion
Longer diabetes duration amplifies ESKD risk, particularly as renal function declines. Even in patients with normal renal function, long-standing diabetes significantly increases ESKD risk, while IFG is associated with elevated risk only in younger individuals with early-stage CKD.

Technology/Device
Comparison of Real-Time and Intermittently-Scanned Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Nationwide Cohort Study: Ji Yoon Kim, Seohyun Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(3):436-447. Published online February 27, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0160

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Background
This study compares the association between real-time continuous glucose monitoring (rtCGM) and intermittently- scanned CGM (isCGM) and glycemic control in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in a real-world setting.
Methods
Using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service Cohort, individuals with T1DM managed by intensive insulin therapy were followed at 3-month intervals for 2 years after the initiation of CGM. The glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and coefficients of variation (CVs) of rtCGM and isCGM users were compared using independent two-sample t-test and a linear mixed model.
Results
The analyses considered 7,786 individuals (5,875 adults aged ≥19 years and 1,911 children and adolescents aged <19 years). Overall, a significant reduction in HbA1c level was observed after 3 months of CGM, and the effect was sustained for 2 years. The mean HbA1c level at baseline was higher in rtCGM users than in isCGM users (8.9%±2.7% vs. 8.6%±2.2%, P<0.001). However, from 3 to 24 months, rtCGM users had lower HbA1c levels than isCGM users at every time point (7.1%±1.2% vs. 7.5%±1.3% at 24 months, P<0.001 for all time points). In both adults and children, the greater reduction in HbA1c with rtCGM remained significant after adjusting for the baseline characteristics of the users. The CV also showed greater decrease with rtCGM than with isCGM.
Conclusion
In this large nationwide cohort study, the use of rtCGM was associated with a greater improvement in glycemic control, including HbA1c reduction, than the use of isCGM in both adults and children with T1DM.

Citations

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Beneficial Analysis for Glucose Variability by Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)
Sanae Mima, Hiroshi Bando, Akemi Tamura, Yukari Okino, Takumi Yamada, Yoshiyuki Abe
Asploro Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Case Reports.2025; 8(2): 193. CrossRef
Islet Tissue Macrophages in Immunity Homeostasis and Type 1 Diabetes
Yan Wang, Zhaoran Wang, Wenya Diao, Tong Shi, Jiahe Xu, Tiantian Deng, Chaoying Wen, Jienan Gu, Tingting Deng, Sixuan Wang, Cheng Xiao
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Continuous glucose monitoring in Korean pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes: current landscape and clinical implications
Hwa Young Kim, Jaehyun Kim
Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2025; 68(11): 842. CrossRef
Dispositivi indossabili per la gestione del diabete
Filippo CARLUCCI, Antonella TABUCCHI, Marcello FIORINI, Lucrezia GALASSO, Alessandro TERRENI
Biochimica Clinica.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy and Safety of Stage 5 Connected Insulin Pens in Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes: Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol
Ji Yoon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Soo Heon Kwak, Chang Hee Jung, Eun Seok Kang, Jun Sung Moon, Sun Joon Moon, So Yoon Kwon, Jee Hee Yoo, Younghoon Kim, Tae-min Lee, Chung-il Yang, Jae Hyeon Kim, Sang-Man Jin
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Others
Contributions of Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Islet β-Cell Dysfunction to the Blood Glucose Spectrum in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Mengge Yang, Ying Wei, Jia Liu, Ying Wang, Guang Wang; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(4):883-892. Published online February 13, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0537

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Background
Our previous studies have investigated the role of hepatic insulin resistance (hepatic IR) and islet β-cell function in the pathogenesis of diabetes. This study aimed to explore the contributions of hepatic IR and islet β-cell dysfunction to the blood glucose spectrum in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods
Hepatic IR was assessed by the hepatic insulin resistance index (HIRI). Islet β-cell function was assessed by insulin secretion- sensitivity index-2 (ISSI2). The associations between blood glucose spectrum and hepatic IR and ISSI2 were analyzed.
Results
A total of 707 patients with new-onset diabetes were included. The fasting blood glucose (FBG) and 30 minutes postload blood glucose elevated with rising HIRI (both P for trend <0.001). The FBG, 30 minutes, 2 hours, and 3 hours post-load blood glucose elevated with decreasing ISSI2 quartiles (all P for trend <0.001). There was a negative correlation between ISSI2 and HIRI after adjusting blood glucose levels (r=–0.199, P<0.001).
Conclusion
Hepatic IR mainly contributed to FBG and early-phase postprandial plasma glucose, whereas β-cell dysfunction contributed to fasting and postprandial plasma glucose at each phase.

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Sodium Butyrate Ameliorated Bile Acid Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus by PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway via the Gut–Liver Axis
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Metabolites.2025; 15(11): 707. CrossRef
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Elevated PEDF promotes the occurrence of diabetes mellitus via suppressing GSIS by downregulating the SNARE complex
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Abdullah Alsrhani, Muhammad Atif, Aisha Farhana
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莹莹郑
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Pharmacotherapy
Study Design and Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial of Enavogliflozin to Evaluate Cardiorenal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes (ENVELOP): Nam Hoon Kim, Soo Lim, In-Kyung Jeong, Eun-Jung Rhee, Jun Sung Moon, Ohk-Hyun Ryu, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Jong Chul Won, Sang Soo Kim, Sang Yong Kim, Bon Jeong Ku, Heung Yong Jin, Sin Gon Kim, Bong-Soo Cha, on Behalf of Investigators of ENVELOP Study; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(2):225-234. Published online January 6, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0238

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Background
The novel sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor enavogliflozin effectively lowers glycosylated hemoglobin levels and body weights without the increased risk of serious adverse events; however, the long-term clinical benefits of enavogliflozin in terms of cardiovascular and renal outcomes have not been investigated.
Methods
This study is an investigator-initiated, multicenter, randomized, pragmatic, open-label, active-controlled, non-inferiority trial. Eligible participants are adults (aged ≥19 years) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who have a history of, or are at risk of, cardiovascular disease. A total of 2,862 participants will be randomly assigned to receive either enavogliflozin or other SGLT2 inhibitors with proven cardiorenal benefits, such as dapagliflozin or empagliflozin. The primary endpoint is the time to the first occurrence of a composite of major adverse cardiovascular or renal events (Clinical Research Information Service registration number: KCT0009243).
Conclusion
This trial will determine whether enavogliflozin is non-inferior to dapagliflozin or empagliflozin in terms of cardiorenal outcomes in patients with T2DM and cardiovascular risk factors. This study will elucidate the role of enavogliflozin in preventing vascular complications in patients with T2DM.

Citations

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Reverse translational approach to clarify the strong potency of enavogliflozin, a novel sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor
Sun-Hwa Park, Hye-Young Ji, Ji-Soo Choi, Kyung Seok Oh, Jihoon Lee, Minyeong Pang, Im-Sook Song, Joon Seok Park
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.2025; 392(8): 103650. CrossRef

Basic and Translational Research
Kidney Gastrin/CCKBR Attenuates Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Inhibiting SGLT2-Mediated Glucose Reabsorption through Erk/NF-κB Signaling Pathway: Xue Zhang, Yuhan Zhang, Yang Shi, Dou Shi, Min Niu, Xue Liu, Xing Liu, Zhiwei Yang, Xianxian Wu; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(2):194-209. Published online December 24, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0397

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Background
Both sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) and Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs) rely on a favorable Na-electrochemical gradient. Gastrin, through the cholecystokinin B receptor (CCKBR), can induce natriuresis and diuresis by inhibiting renal NHEs activity. The present study aims to unveil the role of renal CCKBR in diabetes through SGLT2-mediated glucose reabsorption.
Methods
Renal tubule-specific Cckbr-knockout (Cckbr^CKO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice were utilized to investigate the effect of renal CCKBR on SGLT2 and systemic glucose homeostasis under normal diet, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with a subsequent injection of a low dose of streptozotocin. The regulation of SGLT2 expression by gastrin/CCKBR and the underlying mechanism was explored using human kidney (HK)-2 cells.
Results
CCKBR was downregulated in kidneys of diabetic mice. Compared with WT mice, Cckbr^CKO mice exhibited a greater susceptibility to obesity and diabetes when subjected to HFD. In vitro experiments using HK-2 cells revealed an upregulation of glucose transporters after incubation with high glucose, a response that was significantly attenuated following gastrin intervention. The glucose uptake from the culture medium of cells was altered accordingly. Moreover, gastrin administration effectively mitigated hyperglycemia in WT diabetic mice by inhibition of SGLT2 mediated glucose reabsorption, but this effect was compromised in the absence of CCKBR, as seen in Cckbr^CKO mice. Mechanistically, gastrin/CCKBR substantially reduced SGLT2 expression in HK-2 cells exposed to high glucose, via modulating Erk/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway.
Conclusion
Our study underscores the crucial role of renal gastrin/CCKBR in SGLT2 regulation and glucose reabsorption, and renal gastrin/CCKBR can be a promising therapeutic target for diabetes.

Citations

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Chronic Kidney Disease in Metabolic Disease: Regulation of SGLT2 and Transcriptomic–Epigenetic Effects of Its Pharmacological Inhibition
Chiara Salvà, Susanne Kaser, Matteo Landolfo
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2026; 27(2): 589. CrossRef
Sanqi oral solution alleviates podocyte apoptosis in experimental membranous nephropathy by mediating EMT through the ERK/CK2-α/β-catenin pathway
Xiaowan Wang, Juanjuan Wang, Bidan Zheng, Ruimin Tian, Lihua Huang, Wei Mao, Yi Feng, Bo Liu, Peng Xu
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Bioinformatics analysis combined with experimental validation reveals the novel mechanisms of multi-targets of dapagliflozin attenuating diabetic liver injury
Pengyu Wang, Zhen Sun, Qing Lan, Shuo Zhang, Yan Song, Leiming Yang, Mi Chen, Jianfen Shen, Qi Huang, Youzhi Zhang
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Coordinated Regulation of Renal Glucose Reabsorption and Gluconeogenesis by mTORC2 and Potassium
John Demko, Bidisha Saha, Enzo Takagi, Anna Manis, Robert Weber, Hermann Koepsell, David Pearce
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Genetics
Identification and Potential Clinical Utility of Common Genetic Variants in Gestational Diabetes among Chinese Pregnant Women: Claudia Ha-ting Tam, Ying Wang, Chi Chiu Wang, Lai Yuk Yuen, Cadmon King-poo Lim, Junhong Leng, Ling Wu, Alex Chi-wai Ng, Yong Hou, Kit Ying Tsoi, Hui Wang, Risa Ozaki, Albert Martin Li, Qingqing Wang, Juliana Chung-ngor Chan, Yan Chou Ye, Wing Hung Tam, Xilin Yang, Ronald Ching-wan Ma; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(1):128-143. Published online September 20, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0139

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Background
The genetic basis for hyperglycaemia in pregnancy remain unclear. This study aimed to uncover the genetic determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and investigate their applications.
Methods
We performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for GDM in Chinese women (464 cases and 1,217 controls), followed by de novo replications in an independent Chinese cohort (564 cases and 572 controls) and in silico replication in European (12,332 cases and 131,109 controls) and multi-ethnic populations (5,485 cases and 347,856 controls). A polygenic risk score (PRS) was derived based on the identified variants.
Results
Using the genome-wide scan and candidate gene approaches, we identified four susceptibility loci for GDM. These included three previously reported loci for GDM and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at MTNR1B (rs7945617, odds ratio [OR], 1.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38 to 1.96), CDKAL1 (rs7754840, OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.13 to 1.58), and INS-IGF2-KCNQ1 (rs2237897, OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.23 to 1.79), as well as a novel genome-wide significant locus near TBR1-SLC4A10 (rs117781972, OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.61 to 2.62; P_meta=7.6×10^-9), which has not been previously reported in GWAS for T2DM or glycaemic traits. Moreover, we found that women with a high PRS (top quintile) had over threefold (95% CI, 2.30 to 4.09; P_meta=3.1×10^-14) and 71% (95% CI, 1.08 to 2.71; P=0.0220) higher risk for GDM and abnormal glucose tolerance post-pregnancy, respectively, compared to other individuals.
Conclusion
Our results indicate that the genetic architecture of glucose metabolism exhibits both similarities and differences between the pregnant and non-pregnant states. Integrating genetic information can facilitate identification of pregnant women at a higher risk of developing GDM or later diabetes.

Citations

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GWAS in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Research Advances
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Joon Ho Moon, Sung Hee Choi
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Review

Drug/Regimen
Benefit and Safety of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors in Older Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Ja Young Jeon, Dae Jung Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(5):837-846. Published online September 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0317

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People with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and premature death than people without diabetes. Therefore, treatment of diabetes aims to reduce these complications. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have shown beneficial effects on cardiorenal and metabolic health beyond glucose control, making them a promising class of drugs for achieving the ultimate goals of diabetes treatment. However, despite their proven benefits, the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in eligible patients with T2DM remains suboptimal due to reports of adverse events. The use of SGLT2 inhibitors is particularly limited in older patients with T2DM because of the lack of treatment experience and insufficient long-term safety data. This article comprehensively reviews the risk-benefit profile of SGLT2 inhibitors in older patients with T2DM, drawing on data from prospective randomized controlled trials of cardiorenal outcomes, original studies, subgroup analyses across different age groups, and observational cohort studies.

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Brief Reports

Technology/Device
Effectiveness of Predicted Low-Glucose Suspend Pump Technology in the Prevention of Hypoglycemia in People with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Real-World Data Using DIA:CONN G8: Jee Hee Yoo, Ji Yoon Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(1):144-149. Published online August 28, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0039

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We evaluated the effectiveness of the predictive low-glucose suspend (PLGS) algorithm in the DIA:CONN G8. Forty people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) who used a DIA:CONN G8 for at least 2 months with prior experience using pumps without and with PLGS were retrospectively analyzed. The objective was to assess the changes in time spent in hypoglycemia (percent of time below range [%TBR]) before and after using PLGS. The mean age, sensor glucose levels, glucose threshold for suspension, and suspension time were 31.1±22.8 years, 159.7±23.2 mg/dL, 81.1±9.1 mg/dL, and 111.9±79.8 min/day, respectively. Overnight %TBR <70 mg/dL was significantly reduced after using the algorithm (differences=0.3%, from 1.4%±1.5% to 1.1%±1.2%, P=0.045). The glycemia risk index (GRI) improved significantly by 4.2 (from 38.8±20.9 to 34.6±19.0, P=0.002). Using the PLGS did not result in a change in the hyperglycemia metric (all P>0.05). Our findings support the PLGS in DIA:CONN G8 as an effective algorithm to improve night-time hypoglycemia and GRI in people with T1DM.

Citations

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Complications
Diabetic Ketoacidosis as an Effect of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor: Real World Insights: Han-Sang Baek, Chaiho Jeong, Yeoree Yang, Joonyub Lee, Jeongmin Lee, Seung-Hwan Lee, Jae Hyoung Cho, Tae-Seo Sohn, Hyun-Shik Son, Kun-Ho Yoon, Eun Young Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(6):1169-1175. Published online June 10, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0036

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One of the notable adverse effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) often characterized by euglycemia. In this retrospective review of patients with DKA from 2015 to 2023, 21 cases of SGLT2 inhibitorassociated DKA were identified. Twelve (57.1%) exhibited euglycemic DKA (euDKA) while nine (42.9%) had hyperglycemic DKA (hyDKA). More than 90% of these cases were patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite similar age, sex, body mass index, and diabetes duration, individuals with hyDKA showed poorer glycemic control and lower C-peptide levels compared with euDKA. Renal impairment and acidosis were worse in the hyDKA group, requiring hemodialysis in two patients. Approximately one-half of hyDKA patients had concurrent hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. Common symptoms included nausea, vomiting, general weakness, and dyspnea. Seizure was the initial manifestation of DKA in two cases. Infection and volume depletion were major contributors, while carbohydrate restriction and inadequate insulin treatment also contributed to SGLT2 inhibitor-associated DKA. Despite their beneficial effects, clinicians should be vigilant for SGLT2 inhibitor risk associated with DKA.

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Original Articles

Type 1 Diabetes
Optimal Coefficient of Variance Threshold to Minimize Hypoglycemia Risk in Individuals with Well-Controlled Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Jee Hee Yoo, Seung Hee Yang, Sang-Man Jin, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(3):429-439. Published online March 4, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0083

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Background
This study investigated the optimal coefficient of variance (%CV) for preventing hypoglycemia based on real-time continuous glucose monitoring (rt-CGM) data in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) already achieving their mean glucose (MG) target.
Methods
Data from 172 subjects who underwent rt-CGM for at least 90 days and for whom 439 90-day glycemic profiles were available were analyzed. Receiver operator characteristic analysis was conducted to determine the cut-off value of %CV to achieve time below range (%TBR)^{<54 mg/dL} <1 and =0.
Results
Overall mean glycosylated hemoglobin was 6.8% and median %TBR^{<54 mg/dL} was 0.2%. MG was significantly higher and %CV significantly lower in profiles achieving %TBR^{<54 mg/dL} <1 compared to %TBR^{<54 mg/dL} ≥1 (all P<0.001). The cut-off value of %CV for achieving %TBR^{<54 mg/dL} <1 was 37.5%, 37.3%, and 31.0%, in the whole population, MG >135 mg/dL, and ≤135 mg/dL, respectively. The cut-off value for %TBR^{<54 mg/dL}=0% was 29.2% in MG ≤135 mg/dL. In profiles with MG ≤135 mg/dL, 94.2% of profiles with a %CV <31 achieved the target of %TBR^{<54 mg/dL} <1, and 97.3% with a %CV <29.2 achieved the target of %TBR<54 mg/ dL=0%. When MG was >135 mg/dL, 99.4% of profiles with a %CV <37.3 achieved %TBR^{<54 mg/dL} <1.
Conclusion
In well-controlled T1DM with MG ≤135 mg/dL, we suggest a %CV <31% to achieve the %TBR^{<54 mg/dL} <1 target. Furthermore, we suggest a %CV <29.2% to achieve the target of %TBR^{<54 mg/dL} =0 for people at high risk of hypoglycemia.

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Glycemic variability before and during Ramadan fasting among adults with type 2 diabetes and hepatic cirrhosis: a prospective paired cohort using real‑time CGM
Sarah Firdausa, Irsan Hasan, Dicky L. Tahapary, Ignatius Bima Prasetya, Suharko Soebardi, Cleopas Martin Rumende, Hamzah Shatri, Cosphiadi Irawan, Wismandari Wisnu
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2026; 231: 112955. CrossRef
Plasma C-Peptide Level and Continuous Glucose Monitoring-Derived Coefficient of Variation as a Predictable Risk Factor for Hypoglycemia in Koreans with Diabetes
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Time in tight range and time in range for predicting the achievement of typical glucose management indicator and HbA1c targets
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Associations of time in tight range, time in range, and glycated hemoglobin with albuminuria in type 1 diabetes: A cross-sectional study
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Drug/Regimen
Pioglitazone as Add-on Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled with Dapagliflozin and Metformin: Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial: Ji Hye Heo, Kyung Ah Han, Jun Hwa Hong, Hyun-Ae Seo, Eun-Gyoung Hong, Jae Myung Yu, Hye Seung Jung, Bong-Soo Cha; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(5):937-948. Published online February 2, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0314

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Background
This study assessed the efficacy and safety of triple therapy with pioglitazone 15 mg add-on versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled with metformin and dapagliflozin.
Methods
In this multicenter, double-blind, randomized, phase 3 study, patients with T2DM with an inadequate response to treatment with metformin (≥1,000 mg/day) plus dapagliflozin (10 mg/day) were randomized to receive additional pioglitazone 15 mg/day (n=125) or placebo (n=125) for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels from baseline to week 24 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05101135).
Results
At week 24, the adjusted mean change from baseline in HbA1c level compared with placebo was significantly greater with pioglitazone treatment (–0.47%; 95% confidence interval, –0.61 to –0.33; P<0.0001). A greater proportion of patients achieved HbA1c <7% or <6.5% at week 24 with pioglitazone compared to placebo as add-on to 10 mg dapagliflozin and metformin (56.8% vs. 28% for HbA1c <7%, and 23.2% vs. 9.6% for HbA1c <6.5%; P<0.0001 for all). The addition of pioglitazone also significantly improved triglyceride, highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance levels, while placebo did not. The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar between the groups, and the incidence of fluid retention-related side effects by pioglitazone was low (1.5%).
Conclusion
Triple therapy with the addition of 15 mg/day of pioglitazone to dapagliflozin plus metformin was well tolerated and produced significant improvements in HbA1c in patients with T2DM inadequately controlled with dapagliflozin plus metformin.

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Da Hea Seo, Kyung Wan Min, Ho Sang Sohn, Sang Yong Kim, In‐Kyung Jeong, Cheol‐Young Park, Kun‐Ho Yoon, So Hun Kim, Bong‐Soo Cha
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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2026; 28(3): 1764. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of fixed-dose dapagliflozin–pioglitazone in Indian adults with type 2 diabetes: results from the randomized phase 3 PRO-1 trial
Awadhesh Kumar Singh, Krishna G Seshadri, A G Unnikrishnan, Jothydev Kesavadev, Sanjay Kalra, Shashank R Joshi, Kaushik Pandit, Rakesh K Sahay, Vijay K Panikar, Ambrish Mithal, Smriti Gadia, Thamburaj Anthuvan
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Efficacy and Safety of Pioglitazone Add‐On in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled With Metformin and Dapagliflozin: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials
Ubaid Khan, Zuhair Majeed, Muhammad Haris Khan, Ahmed Bostamy Elsnhory, Ahmed Mazen Amin, Anum Nawaz, Ahmed Raza, Hafiz Muhammad Waqas Siddque, Mustafa Turkmani, Mohamed Abuelazm
Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Pioglitazone as Add-On to Metformin and Dapagliflozin Yields Significant Enhancements in Glycemic Control in Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Sara Sabbagh, Ahmed Hegazy, Ahmed Adel, Abdullah Ali, Mohamed Alquddosy, Sara Khalid, Abdallah M Ibrahim, Ahmed Mohamed, Abdelrahman Mostafa, Ahmed Hassan, Ola Mohamed, Rawan Mesbah, Osama Osman, Mohamed Hamouda Elkasaby
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Miao Yu, Tong Wang, Chun Xu, Yan Bi, Ling Gao, Guang Wang, Guangda Xiang, Yaoming Xue, Tao Yang, Deying Kang, Zhiguang Zhou, Lixin Guo, Xinhua Xiao
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2025; 27(S9): 3. CrossRef
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Patrizia Natale, Suetonia C Green, David J Tunnicliffe, Giovanni Pellegrino, Tadashi Toyama, Pantelis Sarafidis, Giovanni FM Strippoli
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Kyuho Kim, Seung-Hyun Ko, Jae-Seung Yun, Kwan-Woo Lee, Eun Sook Kim, In-Kyung Jeong, Jae Hyeon Kim, Sang Yong Kim, Kyu Chang Won, Mikyung Kim, Bong-Soo Cha, Sungrae Kim, Sung Hee Choi, Eun-Jung Rhee, Sin Gon Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Kang Seo Park, Young-Cheol Ju
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Drug/Regimen
Abrupt Decline in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate after Initiating Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors Predicts Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Min-Hsiang Chuang, Yu-Shuo Tang, Jui-Yi Chen, Heng-Chih Pan, Hung-Wei Liao, Wen-Kai Chu, Chung-Yi Cheng, Vin-Cent Wu, Michael Heung; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(2):242-252. Published online January 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0201

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Background
The initiation of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) typically leads to a reversible initial dip in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The implications of this phenomenon on clinical outcomes are not well-defined.
Methods
We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library from inception to March 23, 2023 to identify randomized controlled trials and cohort studies comparing kidney and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with and without initial eGFR dip after initiating SGLT2i. Pooled estimates were calculated using random-effect meta-analysis.
Results
We included seven studies in our analysis, which revealed that an initial eGFR dip following the initiation of SGLT2i was associated with less annual eGFR decline (mean difference, 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.437 to 0.843) regardless of baseline eGFR. The risk of major adverse kidney events was similar between the non-dipping and dipping groups but reduced in patients with a ≤10% eGFR dip (hazard ratio [HR], 0.915; 95% CI, 0.865 to 0.967). No significant differences were observed in the composite of hospitalized heart failure and cardiovascular death (HR, 0.824; 95% CI, 0.633 to 1.074), hospitalized heart failure (HR, 1.059; 95% CI, 0.574 to 1.952), or all-cause mortality (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.589 to 1.170). The risk of serious adverse events (AEs), discontinuation of SGLT2i due to AEs, kidney-related AEs, and volume depletion were similar between the two groups. Patients with >10% eGFR dip had increased risk of hyperkalemia compared to the non-dipping group.
Conclusion
Initial eGFR dip after initiating SGLT2i might be associated with less annual eGFR decline. There were no significant disparities in the risks of adverse cardiovascular outcomes between the dipping and non-dipping groups.

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Renal and metabolic effects of semaglutide plus canagliflozin vs canagliflozin alone in type 2 diabetic nephropathy
Yan Miao, Pan He, Dan-Yu Wang, Lei Yan, Hui-Xia Cao, Feng-Min Shao
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Effect of Initial eGFR and Albuminuria Changes on Clinical Outcomes in People With Diabetes Receiving SGLT2 Inhibitors
Birdie Huang, Yi-Wei Kao, Kun-Chi Yen, Shao-Wei Chen, Tze-Fan Chao, Yi-Hsin Chan
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025; 110(12): e3505. CrossRef
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Drug/Regimen
Two-Year Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety of Initial Triple Combination of Metformin, Sitagliptin, and Empagliflozin in Drug-Naïve Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: Young-Hwan Park, Minji Sohn, So Yeon Lee, Soo Lim; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(2):253-264. Published online January 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0128

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Background
We investigated the long-term efficacy and safety of initial triple therapy using metformin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, and a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods
We enrolled 170 drug-naïve patients with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level >7.5% who had started triple therapy (metformin, sitagliptin, and empagliflozin). Glycemic, metabolic, and urinary parameters were measured for 24 months.
Results
After 24 months, HbA1c level decreased significantly from 11.0%±1.8% to 7.0%±1.7%. At 12 and 24 months, the rates of achievement of the glycemic target goal (HbA1c <7.0%) were 72.5% and 61.7%, respectively, and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function and insulin resistance indices improved. Whole-body fat percentage decreased by 1.08%, and whole-body muscle percentage increased by 0.97% after 24 months. Fatty liver indices and albuminuria improved significantly. The concentration of ketone bodies was elevated at the baseline but decreased after 24 months. There were no serious adverse events, including ketoacidosis.
Conclusion
Initial triple combination therapy with metformin, sitagliptin, and empagliflozin led to achievement of the glycemic target goal, which was maintained for 24 months without severe hypoglycemia but with improved metabolic function and albuminuria. This combination therapy may be a good strategy for drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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Amna Saeed, Iltaf Hussain, Ali Hassan Gillani, Farhan Ullah, Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Shafiq Khan, Ifra Maqbool, Asif Nawaz Khan, Yu Fang
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Patterns and Clinical Outcomes of Sitagliptin/Metformin Extended-Release in Internal Medicine: A Real-World Multicenter Italian Study
Mariarosaria De Luca, Michele Arcopinto, Giosiana Bosco, Sebastiano Cicco, Francesco Di Giacomo Barbagallo, Chiara Giacinti, Marialuisa Sveva Marozzi, Maristella Salvatora Masala, Miriam Pinna, Giacomo Pucci, Andrea Salzano, Roberto Scicali, Alberto Maria
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Tae Hyeon Kim, Yerin Hwang, Selin Woo, Kyeongmin Lee, Yejun Son, Seoyoung Park, Hyunjee Kim, Ju-Young Shin, YongHyun Cho, Dahye Shin, Dosang Cho, Kyung-Jae Lee, Sang Youl Rhee, Dong Keon Yon
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Mahendra Pal Singh, Sandeep Gupta, Manish Singh, C. Ambrish, Prakash Kurmi, Dinesh Kumar Gangwani, J. Naganna, Ravikumar Sethuraman, Vrindavani Dhumal, Sapan Behera, Piyush M. Patel, Dipak M. Patil, Lalit K. Lakhwani, Pravin S. Ghadge, Suyog C. Mehta, Sad
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Miao Yu, Tong Wang, Chun Xu, Yan Bi, Ling Gao, Guang Wang, Guangda Xiang, Yaoming Xue, Tao Yang, Deying Kang, Zhiguang Zhou, Lixin Guo, Xinhua Xiao
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2025; 27(S9): 3. CrossRef
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Sachin Dhiman, Sanchit Dhankhar, Anjali Garg, Manni Rohilla, Monika Saini, Thakur Gurjeet Singh, Samrat Chauhan, Samy Selim, Soad K. Al Jaouni, Sabina Yasmin, Naseem Begum, Aziza Alshahrani, Mohammad Yousuf Ansari
Heliyon.2024; 10(21): e39996. CrossRef

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Association of Measures of Glucose Metabolism with Colorectal Cancer Risk in Older Chinese: A 13-Year Follow-up of the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study-Cardiovascular Disease Substudy and Meta-Analysis: Shu Yi Wang, Wei Sen Zhang, Chao Qiang Jiang, Ya Li Jin, Tong Zhu, Feng Zhu, Lin Xu; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(1):134-145. Published online January 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0383

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Background
Abnormal glucose metabolism is a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, association of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) with CRC risk remains under-reported. We examined the association between glycemic indicators (HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, 2-hour glucose, 2-hour insulin, and homeostasis model of risk assessment-insulin resistance index) and CRC risk using prospective analysis and meta-analysis.
Methods
Participants (n=1,915) from the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study-Cardiovascular Disease Substudy were included. CRC events were identified through record linkage. Cox regression was used to assess the associations of glycemic indicators with CRC risk. A meta-analysis was performed to investigate the association between HbA1c and CRC risk.
Results
During an average of 12.9 years follow-up (standard deviation, 2.8), 42 incident CRC cases occurred. After adjusting for potential confounders, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) of CRC for per % increment in HbA1c was 1.28 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.63) in overall population, 1.51 (95% CI, 1.13 to 2.02) in women and 1.06 (95% CI, 0.68 to 1.68) in men. No significant association of other measures of glycemic indicators and baseline diabetes with CRC risk was found. Meta-analyses of 523,857 participants including our results showed that per % increment of HbA1c was associated with 13% higher risk of CRC, with the pooled risk ratio being 1.13 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.27). Subgroupanalyses found stronger associations in women, colon cancer, Asians, and case-control studies.
Conclusion
Higher HbA1c was a significant predictor of CRC in the general population. Our findings shed light on the pathology of glucose metabolism and CRC, which warrants more in-depth investigation.

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Sai Wang, Keyu Wang, Xiu Wang
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Caracterización del perfil epidemiológico depacientes con cáncer colorrectal en Chile en el año2019 según base de datos GRD
Felipe Ignacio Santos Santos , Camila Andrea Guajardo Cantillanez , Esteban Rodolfo Acevedo Araya, Camila Jose Carrasco Bravo, Camilo Patricio Cáceres Espinoza, Javiera Andrea Sandoval Pino
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Seokyung An, Madhawa Gunathilake, Jeonghee Lee, Minji Kim, Jae Hwan Oh, Hee Jin Chang, Dae Kyung Sohn, Aesun Shin, Jeongseon Kim
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Chenyu Luo, Jiahui Luo, Yuhan Zhang, Bin Lu, Na Li, Yueyang Zhou, Shuohua Chen, Shouling Wu, Qingsong Zhang, Min Dai, Hongda Chen
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Basic Research
Extracellular Vimentin Alters Energy Metabolism And Induces Adipocyte Hypertrophy: Ji-Hae Park, Soyeon Kwon, Young Mi Park; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(2):215-230. Published online September 26, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0332

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Background
Previous studies have reported that oxidative stress contributes to obesity characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy. However, mechanism has not been studied extensively. In the current study, we evaluated role of extracellular vimentin secreted by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in energy metabolism in adipocytes.
Methods
We treated 3T3-L1-derived adipocytes with oxLDL and measured vimentin which was secreted in the media. We evaluated changes in uptake of glucose and free fatty acid, expression of molecules functioning in energy metabolism, synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and lactate, markers for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy in adipocytes treated with recombinant vimentin.
Results
Adipocytes secreted vimentin in response to oxLDL. Microscopic evaluation revealed that vimentin treatment induced increase in adipocyte size and increase in sizes of intracellular lipid droplets with increased intracellular triglyceride. Adipocytes treated with vimentin showed increased uptake of glucose and free fatty acid with increased expression of plasma membrane glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1), GLUT4, and CD36. Vimentin treatment increased transcription of GLUT1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (Hif-1α) but decreased GLUT4 transcription. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) and 2 were decreased by vimentin treatment. Markers for ER stress were increased and autophagy was impaired in vimentin-treated adipocytes. No change was observed in synthesis of ATP and lactate in the adipocytes treated with vimentin.
Conclusion
We concluded that extracellular vimentin regulates expression of molecules in energy metabolism and promotes adipocyte hypertrophy. Our results show that vimentin functions in the interplay between oxidative stress and metabolism, suggesting a mechanism by which adipocyte hypertrophy is induced in oxidative stress.

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Technology/Device
Clinical and Lifestyle Determinants of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics in Insulin-Treated Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Da Young Lee, Namho Kim, Inha Jung, So Young Park, Ji Hee Yu, Ji A Seo, Jihee Kim, Kyeong Jin Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Sin Gon Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Sung-Min Park, Nan Hee Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(6):826-836. Published online August 24, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0273

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Background
There was limited evidence to evaluate the association between lifestyle habits and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics. Thus, we aimed to depict the behavioral and metabolic determinants of CGM metrics in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
This is a prospective observational study. We analyzed data from 122 insulin-treated patients with T2DM. Participants wore Dexcom G6 and Fitbit, and diet information was identified for 10 days. Multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analysis was performed for the simultaneous achievement of CGM-based targets, defined by the percentage of time in terms of hyper, hypoglycemia and glycemic variability (GV). Intake of macronutrients and fiber, step counts, sleep, postprandial C-peptide-to-glucose ratio (PCGR), information about glucose lowering medications and metabolic factors were added to the analyses. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of the distribution of energy and macronutrient during a day, and snack consumption on CGM metrics.
Results
Logistic regression analysis revealed that female, participants with high PCGR, low glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and daytime step count had a higher probability of achieving all targets based on CGM (odds ratios [95% confidence intervals] which were 0.24 [0.09 to 0.65], 1.34 [1.03 to 1.25], 0.95 [0.9 to 0.99], and 1.15 [1.03 to 1.29], respectively). And participants who ate snacks showed a shorter period of hyperglycemia and less GV compared to those without.
Conclusion
We confirmed that residual insulin secretion, daytime step count, HbA1c, and women were the most relevant determinants of adequate glycemic control in insulin-treated patients with T2DM. In addition, individuals with snack consumption were exposed to lower times of hyperglycemia and GV.

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Jinjing Wan, Leiluo Geng, Yiwen Fu, Qianting Zhang, Gaopeng Guan, Xue Jiang, Aimin Xu, Ping Jin
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2025; 225: 112262. CrossRef
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Mi-Joon Lee, Bum-Jeun Seo, Jae-Hyoung Cho
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Soo Lim, Rimei Nishimura, Jothydev Kesavadev, Alice Pik Shan Kong, Margaret J McGill, Horng-Yih Ou, Chun-Kwan O, Chun-Chuan Lee, Xiaomei Zhang, Linong Ji, Chih-Yuan Wang
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Drug/Regimen
Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy between Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: Tzu-Yi Lin, Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang, Shih-Chieh Shao, Edward Chia-Cheng Lai, Sunir J. Garg, Kuan-Jen Chen, Je-Ho Kang, Wei-Chi Wu, Chi-Chun Lai, Yih-Shiou Hwang; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(3):394-404. Published online March 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0221

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Background
To compare risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR) between patients taking sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) and those taking glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs) in routine care.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study emulating a target trial included patient data from the multi-institutional Chang Gung Research Database in Taiwan. Totally, 33,021 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using SGLT2is and GLP1-RAs between 2016 and 2019 were identified. 3,249 patients were excluded due to missing demographics, age <40 years, prior use of any study drug, a diagnosis of retinal disorders, a history of receiving vitreoretinal procedure, no baseline glycosylated hemoglobin, or no follow-up data. Baseline characteristics were balanced using inverse probability of treatment weighting with propensity scores. DR diagnoses and vitreoretinal interventions served as the primary outcomes. Occurrence of proliferative DR and DR receiving vitreoretinal interventions were regarded as vision-threatening DR.
Results
There were 21,491 SGLT2i and 1,887 GLP1-RA users included for the analysis. Patients receiving SGLT2is and GLP-1 RAs exhibited comparable rate of any DR (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR], 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 1.03), whereas the rate of proliferative DR (SHR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.68) was significantly lower in the SGLT2i group. Also, SGLT2i users showed significantly reduced risk of composite surgical outcome (SHR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.70).
Conclusion
Compared to those taking GLP1-RAs, patients receiving SGLT2is had a lower risk of proliferative DR and vitreoretinal interventions, although the rate of any DR was comparable between the SGLT2i and GLP1-RA groups. Thus, SGLT2is may be associated with a lower risk of vision-threatening DR but not DR development.

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Technology/Device
Glycemia according to the Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring among Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Korea: A Real-World Study: You-Bin Lee, Minjee Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(3):405-414. Published online March 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0032

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Background
We explored the association between continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use and glycemia among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and determined the status of CGM metrics among adults with T1DM using CGM in the real-world.
Methods
For this propensity-matched cross-sectional study, individuals with T1DM who visited the outpatient clinic of the Endocrinology Department of Samsung Medical Center between March 2018 and February 2020 were screened. Among them, 111 CGM users (for ≥9 months) were matched based on propensity score considering age, sex, and diabetes duration in a 1:2 ratio with 203 CGM never-users. The association between CGM use and glycemic measures was explored. In a subpopulation of CGM users who had been using official applications (not “do-it-yourself” software) such that Ambulatory Glucose Profile data for ≥1 month were available (n=87), standardized CGM metrics were summarized.
Results
Linear regression analyses identified CGM use as a determining factor for log-transformed glycosylated hemoglobin. The fully-adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for uncontrolled glycosylated hemoglobin (>8%) were 0.365 (95% CI, 0.190 to 0.703) in CGM users compared to never-users. The fully-adjusted OR for controlled glycosylated hemoglobin (<7%) was 1.861 (95% CI, 1.119 to 3.096) in CGM users compared to never-users. Among individuals who had been using official applications for CGM, time in range (TIR) values within recent 30- and 90-day periods were 62.45%±16.63% and 63.08%±15.32%, respectively.
Conclusion
CGM use was associated with glycemic control status among Korean adults with T1DM in the real-world, although CGM metrics including TIR might require further improvement among CGM users.

Citations

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The role of continuous glucose monitoring in improving glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Minkyu Seo, Kyu Hyun Park, Ji Won Park, EunJeong Kim, Do young Shin, Eungu Kang, Hyo-Kyoung Nam, Young-Jun Rhie, Kee-Hyoung Lee
Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025; 30(5): 268. CrossRef
Real-World Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data from a Population with Type 1 Diabetes in South Korea: Nationwide Single-System Analysis
Ji Yoon Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Sarah B. Andrade, Boyang Chen, Jae Hyeon Kim
Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics.2024; 26(6): 394. CrossRef
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Drug Regimen
Efficacy and Safety of Enavogliflozin versus Dapagliflozin as Add-on to Metformin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 24-Week, Double-Blind, Randomized Trial: Kyung Ah Han, Yong Hyun Kim, Doo Man Kim, Byung Wan Lee, Suk Chon, Tae Seo Sohn, In Kyung Jeong, Eun-Gyoung Hong, Jang Won Son, Jae Jin Nah, Hwa Rang Song, Seong In Cho, Seung-Ah Cho, Kun Ho Yoon; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(6):796-807. Published online February 9, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0315

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Background
Enavogliflozin is a novel sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor currently under clinical development. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of enavogliflozin as an add-on to metformin in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) against dapagliflozin.
Methods
In this multicenter, double-blind, randomized, phase 3 study, 200 patients were randomized to receive enavogliflozin 0.3 mg/day (n=101) or dapagliflozin 10 mg/day (n=99) in addition to ongoing metformin therapy for 24 weeks. The primary objective of the study was to prove the non-inferiority of enavogliflozin to dapagliflozin in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) change at week 24 (non-inferiority margin of 0.35%) (Clinical trial registration number: NCT04634500).
Results
Adjusted mean change of HbA1c at week 24 was –0.80% with enavogliflozin and –0.75% with dapagliflozin (difference, –0.04%; 95% confidence interval, –0.21% to 0.12%). Percentages of patients achieving HbA1c <7.0% were 61% and 62%, respectively. Adjusted mean change of fasting plasma glucose at week 24 was –32.53 and –29.14 mg/dL. An increase in urine glucose-creatinine ratio (60.48 vs. 44.94, P<0.0001) and decrease in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (–1.85 vs. –1.31, P=0.0041) were significantly greater with enavogliflozin than dapagliflozin at week 24. Beneficial effects of enavogliflozin on body weight (–3.77 kg vs. –3.58 kg) and blood pressure (systolic/diastolic, –5.93/–5.41 mm Hg vs. –6.57/–4.26 mm Hg) were comparable with those of dapagliflozin, and both drugs were safe and well-tolerated.
Conclusion
Enavogliflozin added to metformin significantly improved glycemic control in patients with T2DM and was non-inferior to dapagliflozin 10 mg, suggesting enavogliflozin as a viable treatment option for patients with inadequate glycemic control on metformin alone.

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Study Design and Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial of Enavogliflozin to Evaluate Cardiorenal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes (ENVELOP)
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Reviews

Technology/Device
Advances in Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Integrated Devices for Management of Diabetes with Insulin-Based Therapy: Improvement in Glycemic Control: Jee Hee Yoo, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(1):27-41. Published online January 12, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0271

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Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology has evolved over the past decade with the integration of various devices including insulin pumps, connected insulin pens (CIPs), automated insulin delivery (AID) systems, and virtual platforms. CGM has shown consistent benefits in glycemic outcomes in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treated with insulin. Moreover, the combined effect of CGM and education have been shown to improve glycemic outcomes more than CGM alone. Now a CIP is the expected future technology that does not need to be worn all day like insulin pumps and helps to calculate insulin doses with a built-in bolus calculator. Although only a few clinical trials have assessed the effectiveness of CIPs, they consistently show benefits in glycemic outcomes by reducing missed doses of insulin and improving problematic adherence. AID systems and virtual platforms made it possible to achieve target glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetes while minimizing hypoglycemia, which has always been challenging in T1DM. Now fully automatic AID systems and tools for diabetes decisions based on artificial intelligence are in development. These advances in technology could reduce the burden associated with insulin treatment for diabetes.

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Pathophysiology
Renoprotective Mechanism of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors: Focusing on Renal Hemodynamics: Nam Hoon Kim, Nan Hee Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(4):543-551. Published online July 27, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0209

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Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a prevalent renal complication of diabetes mellitus that ultimately develops into end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) when not managed appropriately. Substantial risk of ESKD remains even with intensive management of hyperglycemia and risk factors of DKD and timely use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibitors. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce hyperglycemia primarily by inhibiting glucose and sodium reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule. Currently, their effects expand to prevent or delay cardiovascular and renal adverse events, even in those without diabetes. In dedicated renal outcome trials, SGLT2 inhibitors significantly reduced the risk of composite renal adverse events, including the development of ESKD or renal replacement therapy, which led to the positioning of SGLT2 inhibitors as the mainstay of chronic kidney disease management. Multiple mechanisms of action of SGLT2 inhibitors, including hemodynamic, metabolic, and anti-inflammatory effects, have been proposed. Restoration of tubuloglomerular feedback is a plausible explanation for the alteration in renal hemodynamics induced by SGLT2 inhibition and for the associated renal benefit. This review discusses the clinical rationale and mechanism related to the protection SGLT2 inhibitors exert on the kidney, focusing on renal hemodynamic effects.

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Original Articles

Drug/Regimen
Safety and Effectiveness of Empagliflozin in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Results from a Nationwide Post-Marketing Surveillance: Jun Sung Moon, Nam Hoon Kim, Jin Oh Na, Jae Hyoung Cho, In-Kyung Jeong, Soon Hee Lee, Ji-Oh Mok, Nan Hee Kim, Dong Jin Chung, Jinhong Cho, Dong Woo Lee, Sun Woo Lee, Kyu Chang Won; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(1):82-91. Published online June 20, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0356

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Background
To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of empagliflozin in routine clinical settings, we collected and assessed the clinical profiles of Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods
This was a post-marketing surveillance study of empagliflozin 10 and 25 mg. Information on adverse events and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) was collected as safety data sets. Available effectiveness outcomes, including glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level, fasting plasma glucose, body weight, and blood pressure, were assessed.
Results
The incidence rate of ADRs was 5.14% in the safety dataset (n=3,231). Pollakiuria, pruritis genital, and weight loss were the most common ADRs. ADRs of special interest accounted for only 1.18%, and there were no serious events that led to mortality or hospitalization. In the effectiveness data set (n=2,567), empagliflozin significantly reduced the mean HbA1c level and body weight during the study period by –0.68%±1.39% and –1.91±3.37 kg (both P<0.0001), respectively. In addition, shorter disease duration, absence of dyslipidemia, and higher baseline HbA1c levels were identified as the clinical features characteristic of a “responder” to empagliflozin therapy.
Conclusion
Empagliflozin is a safe and potent glucose-lowering drug in routine use among Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is expected to have better glycemic efficacy in Korean patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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Drug/Regimen
Real-World Prescription Patterns and Barriers Related to the Use of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors among Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease: Jong Ha Baek, Ye Seul Yang, Seung-Hyun Ko, Kyung Do Han, Jae Hyeon Kim, Min Kyong Moon, Jong Suk Park, Byung-Wan Lee, Tae Jung Oh, Suk Chon, Jong Han Choi, Kyu Yeon Hur, Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines, Korean Diabetes Association; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(5):701-712. Published online June 3, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0002

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Background
To evaluate prescription trends and clinical factors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) use according to the presence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or heart failure (HF) in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
Prescription patterns of SGLT2i use between 2015 and 2019 were determined using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database of claims.
Results
Of all patients with T2DM (n=4,736,493), the annual prescription rate of SGLT2i increased every year in patients with ASCVD (from 2.2% to 10.7%) or HF (from 2.0% to 11.1%). After the first hospitalization for ASCVD (n=518,572), 13.7% (n=71,259) of patients initiated SGLT2i with a median of 10.6 months. After hospitalization for HF (n=372,853), 11.2% (n=41,717) of patients initiated SGLT2i after a median of 8.8 months. In multivariate regression for hospitalization, older age (per 10 years, odds ratio [OR], 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56 to 0.57), lower household income (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.92 to 0.95), rural residents (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.93 to 0.97), and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP-4i) users (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.81 to 0.84) were associated with lesser initiation of SGLT2i in ASCVD. Additionally, female gender (OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95 to 0.99) was associated with lesser initiation of SGLT2i in HF.
Conclusion
The prescription rate of SGLT2i increased gradually up to 2019 but was suboptimal in patients with ASCVD or HF. After the first hospitalization for ASCVD or HF, older age, female gender, low household income, rural residents, and DPP-4i users were less likely to initiate SGLT2i.

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Review

Guideline/Fact Sheet
Comprehensive Understanding for Application in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus of the Consensus Statement on Carbohydrate-Restricted Diets by Korean Diabetes Association, Korean Society for the Study of Obesity, and Korean Society of Hypertension: Jong Han Choi, Jee-Hyun Kang, Suk Chon; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(3):377-390. Published online May 25, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0051

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The Joint Committee of the Korean Diabetes Association, the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity, and the Korean Society of Hypertension announced a consensus statement on carbohydrate-restricted diets and intermittent fasting, representing an emerging and popular dietary pattern. In this statement, we recommend moderately-low-carbohydrate or low-carbohydrate diets, not a very-low-carbohydrate diet, for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. These diets can be considered a dietary regimen to improve glycemic control and reduce body weight in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review provides the detailed results of a meta-analysis and systematic literature review on the potential harms and benefits of carbohydrate-restricted diets in patients with diabetes. We expect that this review will help experts and patients by fostering an in-depth understanding and appropriate application of carbohydrate-restricted diets in the comprehensive management of diabetes.

Citations

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The effects of low-carbohydrate diet on glucose and lipid metabolism in overweight or obese patients with T2DM: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Wende Tian, Shuyu Cao, Yongxin Guan, Zihao Zhang, Qiyu Liu, Jianqing Ju, Ruixi Xi, Ruina Bai
Frontiers in Nutrition.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy of convenience meal-type foods designed for diabetes in the management of metabolic syndrome based on a 3-week trial
Do Gyeong Lee, In Gyeong Kang, Tae Seok Kim, Yun Ahn, Sang Yun Lee, Hye Jin Ahn, Yoo Kyoung Park
Nutrition.2024; 118: 112287. CrossRef
Long-Term Results of a Digital Diabetes Self-Management and Education Support Program Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Ashley Berthoumieux, Sarah Linke, Melinda Merry, Alison Megliola, Jessie Juusola, Jenna Napoleone
The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care.2024; 50(1): 19. CrossRef
Medical nutrition therapy for diabetes mellitus
Suk Chon
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2023; 66(7): 421. CrossRef

Original Article

Others
Fasting Glucose Variability and the Risk of Dementia in Individuals with Diabetes: A Nationwide Cohort Study: Da Young Lee, Jaeyoung Kim, Sanghyun Park, So Young Park, Ji Hee Yu, Ji A Seo, Nam Hoon Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Sin Gon Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Kyungdo Han, Nan Hee Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(6):923-935. Published online May 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0346

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Background
We investigated whether fasting glucose (FG) variability could predict the risk of dementia.
Methods
This cohort study analyzed data from Koreans with diabetes after at least three health examinations by the Korean National Health Insurance Corporation between 2005 and 2010, which included at least one examination between 2009 and 2010. A total of 769,554 individuals were included, excluding those aged <40 years and those with dementia. FG variability was measured using the variability independent of the mean (FG-VIM). The incidence of dementia was defined by the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision codes and prescription of anti-dementia medication and was subdivided into Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD).
Results
During the 6.9-year follow-up, 54,837, 41,032, and 6,892 cases of all-cause dementia, AD, and VD, respectively, were identified. Cox proportional regression analyses showed that as the FG-VIM quartile increased, the risk of dementia serially increased after adjustment for metabolic factors, income status, and diabetes-related characteristics, including the mean FG. Participants in FG-VIM quartile 4 showed a 18%, 19%, and 17% higher risk for all-cause dementia, AD, and VD, respectively, than those in quartile 1; this particularly included non-obese patients with a longer duration of diabetes, high FG levels, dyslipidemia, and those taking glucose-lowering medications. Conversely, the baseline FG status and dementia showed a U-shaped association.
Conclusion
Increased FG variability over 5 years can predict the risk of dementia in individuals with diabetes in Korea. This finding was more pronounced in patients with less favorable metabolic profiles.

Citations

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A Narrative Review: Relationship Between Glycemic Variability and Emerging Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
Xinxin Wang, Yanli Cao
Biomolecules.2025; 15(2): 188. CrossRef
Habit-learning and decision-making circuits are susceptible to glycemic variability in type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal study
Carolina Moreno, Otília C. d’Almeida, Joana Crisóstomo, Nádia Canário, Leonor Gomes, Miguel Castelo-Branco
Frontiers in Neuroscience.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Diabetes status, duration and risk of dementia in patients with myocardial infarction
Dae Young Cheon, Kyungdo Han, Ye Seul Yang, Minwoo Lee, Mi Sun Oh
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Fasting glucose variability and risk of dementia in Parkinson’s disease: a 9-year longitudinal follow-up study of a nationwide cohort
Sung Hoon Kang, Yunjin Choi, Su Jin Chung, Seok-Joo Moon, Chi Kyung Kim, Ji Hyun Kim, Kyungmi Oh, Joon Shik Yoon, Sang Won Seo, Geum Joon Cho, Seong-Beom Koh
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Effects of a Diabetic Microenvironment on Neurodegeneration: Special Focus on Neurological Cells
Vishal Chavda, Dhananjay Yadav, Snehal Patel, Minseok Song
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The relationship between diabetes and the dementia risk: a meta-analysis
Fang Cao, Fushuang Yang, Jian Li, Wei Guo, Chongheng Zhang, Fa Gao, Xinxin Sun, Yi Zhou, Wenfeng Zhang
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of glucose variability on the mortality of adults aged 75 years and over during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic
Miguel A. Salinero-Fort, F. Javier San Andrés-Rebollo, Juan Cárdenas-Valladolid, José Mostaza, Carlos Lahoz, Fernando Rodriguez-Artalejo, Paloma Gómez-Campelo, Pilar Vich-Pérez, Rodrigo Jiménez-García, José M. de-Miguel-Yanes, Javier Maroto-Rodriguez, Bel
BMC Geriatrics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of remnant cholesterol with risk of dementia: a nationwide population-based cohort study in South Korea
Ji Hye Heo, Han Na Jung, Eun Roh, Kyung-do Han, Jun Goo Kang, Seong Jin Lee, Sung-Hee Ihm
The Lancet Healthy Longevity.2024; 5(8): e524. CrossRef
Glycated Hemoglobin A1c Time in Range and Dementia in Older Adults With Diabetes
Patricia C. Underwood, Libin Zhang, David C. Mohr, Julia C. Prentice, Richard E. Nelson, Andrew E. Budson, Paul R. Conlin
JAMA Network Open.2024; 7(8): e2425354. CrossRef
Early Detection of Dementia in Populations With Type 2 Diabetes: Predictive Analytics Using Machine Learning Approach
Phan Thanh Phuc, Phung-Anh Nguyen, Nam Nhat Nguyen, Min-Huei Hsu, Nguyen Quoc Khanh Le, Quoc-Viet Tran, Chih-Wei Huang, Hsuan-Chia Yang, Cheng-Yu Chen, Thi Anh Hoa Le, Minh Khoi Le, Hoang Bac Nguyen, Christine Y Lu, Jason C Hsu
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Increased Risk of Alzheimer's Disease With Glycemic Variability: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Paul Nichol G Gonzales, Encarnita R Ampil, Joseree-Ann S Catindig-Dela Rosa, Steven G Villaraza, Ma. Lourdes C Joson
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The Association of Glucose Variability and Dementia Incidence in Latinx Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Study
Heather Cuevas, Elizabeth Muñoz, Divya Nagireddy, Jeeyeon Kim, Grace Ganucheau, Fathia Alomoush
Clinical Nursing Research.2023; 32(2): 249. CrossRef
The effects of long-term cumulative HbA1c exposure on the development and onset time of dementia in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Hospital based retrospective study (2005–2021)
Sunyoung Cho, Choon Ok Kim, Bong-soo Cha, Eosu Kim, Chung Mo Nam, Min-Gul Kim, Min Soo Park
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2023; 201: 110721. CrossRef
Physiological Mechanisms Inherent to Diabetes Involved in the Development of Dementia: Alzheimer’s Disease
Himan Mohamed-Mohamed, Victoria García-Morales, Encarnación María Sánchez Lara, Anabel González-Acedo, Teresa Pardo-Moreno, María Isabel Tovar-Gálvez, Lucía Melguizo-Rodríguez, Juan José Ramos-Rodríguez
Neurology International.2023; 15(4): 1253. CrossRef
Cumulative effect of impaired fasting glucose on the risk of dementia in middle-aged and elderly people: a nationwide cohort study
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Short Communication

Technology/Device
Comparison of Laser and Conventional Lancing Devices for Blood Glucose Measurement Conformance and Patient Satisfaction in Diabetes Mellitus: Jung A Kim, Min Jeong Park, Eyun Song, Eun Roh, So Young Park, Da Young Lee, Jaeyoung Kim, Ji Hee Yu, Ji A Seo, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Hye Jin Yoo, Nan Hee Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(6):936-940. Published online March 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0293

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Self-monitoring of capillary blood glucose is important for controlling diabetes. Recently, a laser lancing device (LMT-1000) that can collect capillary blood without skin puncture was developed. We enrolled 150 patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus. Blood sampling was performed on the same finger on each hand using the LMT-1000 or a conventional lancet. The primary outcome was correlation between glucose values using the LMT-1000 and that using a lancet. And we compared the pain and satisfaction of the procedures. The capillary blood sampling success rates with the LMT-1000 and lancet were 99.3% and 100%, respectively. There was a positive correlation (r=0.974, P<0.001) between mean blood glucose levels in the LMT-1000 (175.8±63.0 mg/dL) and conventional lancet samples (172.5±63.6 mg/dL). LMT-1000 reduced puncture pain by 75.0% and increased satisfaction by 80.0% compared to a lancet. We demonstrated considerable consistency in blood glucose measurements between samples from the LMT-1000 and a lancet, but improved satisfaction and clinically significant pain reduction were observed with the LMT-1000 compared to those with a lancet.

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Pain-Related Responses in Preterm Babies Using Automated and Laser Heel-Lancing Devices
Hea Jin Lee, Myoung Soo Kim, Mi Lim Chung
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Pete Gregory
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Chul Kyu Yun, Eui Kyung Choi, Hyung Jin Kim, Jaeyoung Kim, Byung Cheol Park, Kyuhee Park, Byung Min Choi
Journal of Perinatology.2024; 44(8): 1193. CrossRef
Comparison of laser and traditional lancing devices for capillary blood sampling in patients with diabetes mellitus and high bleeding risk
Min Jeong Park, Soon Young Hwang, Ahreum Jang, Soo Yeon Jang, Eyun Song, So Young Park, Da Young Lee, Jaeyoung Kim, Byung Cheol Park, Ji Hee Yu, Ji A Seo, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Hye Jin Yoo, Nan Hee Kim
Lasers in Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Review

Others
Links between Thyroid Disorders and Glucose Homeostasis: Young Sil Eom, Jessica R. Wilson, Victor J. Bernet; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(2):239-256. Published online March 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0013

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Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus often coexist and are closely related. Several studies have shown a higher prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus and vice versa. Thyroid hormone affects glucose homeostasis by impacting pancreatic β-cell development and glucose metabolism through several organs such as the liver, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, and the central nervous system. The present review discusses the effect of thyroid hormone on glucose homeostasis. We also review the relationship between thyroid disease and diabetes mellitus: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes, as well as guidelines for screening thyroid function with each disorder. Finally, we provide an overview of the effects of antidiabetic drugs on thyroid hormone and thyroid disorders.

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Original Article

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Comparative Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor and Thiazolidinedione Treatment on Risk of Stroke among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Seung Eun Lee, Hyewon Nam, Han Seok Choi, Hoseob Kim, Dae-Sung Kyoung, Kyoung-Ah Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(4):567-577. Published online February 8, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0160

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418 Download
11 Web of Science
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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Although cardiovascular outcome trials using sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) showed a reduction in risk of 3-point major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), they did not demonstrate beneficial effects on stroke risk. Additionally, meta-analysis showed SGLT-2i potentially had an adverse effect on stroke risk. Contrarily, pioglitazone, a type of thiazolidinedione (TZD), has been shown to reduce recurrent stroke risk. Thus, we aimed to compare the effect of SGLT-2i and TZD on the risk of stroke in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.
Methods
Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service data, we compared a 1:1 propensity score-matched cohort of patients who used SGLT-2i or TZD from January 2014 to December 2018. The primary outcome was stroke. The secondary outcomes were myocardial infarction (MI), cardiovascular death, 3-point MACE, and heart failure (HF).
Results
After propensity-matching, each group included 56,794 patients. Baseline characteristics were well balanced. During the follow-up, 862 patients were newly hospitalized for stroke. The incidence rate of stroke was 4.11 and 4.22 per 1,000 person-years for the TZD and SGLT-2i groups respectively. The hazard ratio (HR) of stroke was 1.054 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.904 to 1.229) in the SGLT-2i group compared to the TZD group. There was no difference in the risk of MI, cardiovascular death, 3-point MACE between groups. Hospitalization for HF was significantly decreased in SGLT-2i-treated patients (HR, 0.645; 95% CI, 0.466 to 0.893). Results were consistent regardless of prior cardiovascular disease.
Conclusion
In this real-world data, the risk of stroke was comparable in T2DM patients treated with SGLT-2i or TZD.

Citations

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Comparative Effectiveness of Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitors and Thiazolidinediones in Reducing Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Type 2 Diabetes
Arshad Ali, Uzair Sohail, Talha Rao, Faryal Tariq, Abdul Moeed Baig, Syeda Ambreen Fatima
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Similar incidence of stroke with SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in real-world cohort studies among patients with type 2 diabetes
André J. Scheen
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Inês Henriques Vieira, Tânia Santos Carvalho, Joana Saraiva, Leonor Gomes, Isabel Paiva
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Joonsang Yoo, Jimin Jeon, Minyoul Baik, Jinkwon Kim
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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André J. Scheen
Diabetes & Metabolism.2023; 49(5): 101474. CrossRef

Reviews

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnostic Approaches and Maternal-Offspring Complications: Joon Ho Moon, Hak Chul Jang; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(1):3-14. Published online January 27, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0335

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common complication during pregnancy and is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. GDM is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and long-term offspring and maternal complications. For GDM screening and diagnosis, a two-step approach (1-hour 50 g glucose challenge test followed by 3-hour 100 g oral glucose tolerance test) has been widely used. After the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome study implemented a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test in all pregnant women, a one-step approach was recommended as an option for the diagnosis of GDM after 2010. The one-step approach has more than doubled the incidence of GDM, but its clinical benefit in reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes remains controversial. Long-term complications of mothers with GDM include type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, and complications of their offspring include childhood obesity and glucose intolerance. The diagnostic criteria of GDM should properly classify women at risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes and long-term complications. The present review summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of the one-step and two-step approaches for the diagnosis of GDM based on recent randomized controlled trials and observational studies. We also describe the long-term maternal and offspring complications of GDM.

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Yindi Bao, Jun Zhang, Yi Liu, Lianzhi Wu, Jing Yang
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Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Association between Variability of Metabolic Risk Factors and Cardiometabolic Outcomes: Min Jeong Park, Kyung Mook Choi; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(1):49-62. Published online January 27, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0316

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Despite strenuous efforts to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk by improving cardiometabolic risk factors, such as glucose and cholesterol levels, and blood pressure, there is still residual risk even in patients reaching treatment targets. Recently, researchers have begun to focus on the variability of metabolic variables to remove residual risks. Several clinical trials and cohort studies have reported a relationship between the variability of metabolic parameters and CVDs. Herein, we review the literature regarding the effect of metabolic factor variability and CVD risk, and describe possible mechanisms and potential treatment perspectives for reducing cardiometabolic risk factor variability.

Citations

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Salya F. Alfadli, Yazeed S. Alotaibi, Maha J. Aqdi, Latifah A. Almozan, Zahra B. Alzubaidi, Hammad A. Altemani, Shaden D. Almutairi, Hussain A. Alabdullah, Alaa Ahmed Almehmadi, Abdulrahman L. Alanzi, Ahmed Y. Azzam
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So Yoon Kwon, Gyuri Kim, Seohyun Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim
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SuJin Song
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Новий сучасний скринінговий комплекс профілактичної медицини
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Original Article

Technology/Device
Glucose Profiles Assessed by Intermittently Scanned Continuous Glucose Monitoring System during the Perioperative Period of Metabolic Surgery: Kyuho Kim, Sung Hee Choi, Hak Chul Jang, Young Suk Park, Tae Jung Oh; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(5):713-721. Published online January 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0164

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Background
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has been widely used in the management of diabetes. However, the usefulness and detailed data during perioperative status were not well studied. In this study, we described the immediate changes of glucose profiles after metabolic surgery using intermittently scanned CGM (isCGM) in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
This was a prospective, single-center, single-arm study including 20 participants with T2DM. The isCGM (FreeStyle Libre CGM) implantation was performed within 2 weeks before surgery. We compared CGM metrics of 3 days before surgery and 3 days after surgery, and performed the correlation analyses with clinical variables.
Results
The mean glucose significantly decreased after surgery (147.0±40.4 to 95.5±17.1 mg/dL, P<0.001). Time in range (TIR; 70 to 180 mg/dL) did not significantly change after surgery in total. However, it was significantly increased in a subgroup of individuals with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥8.0%. Time above range (>250 or 180 mg/dL) was significantly decreased in total. In contrast, time below range (<70 or 54 mg/dL) was significantly increased in total and especially in a subgroup of individuals with HbA1c <8.0% after surgery. The coefficient of variation significantly decreased after surgery. Higher baseline HbA1c was correlated with greater improvement in TIR (rho=0.607, P=0.005).
Conclusion
The isCGM identified improvement of mean glucose and glycemic variability, and increase of hypoglycemia after metabolic surgery, but TIR was not significantly changed after surgery. We detected an increase of TIR only in individuals with HbA1c ≥8.0%.

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Continuous peri-operative glucose monitoring in noncardiac surgery
Alessandro Putzu, Elliot Grange, Raoul Schorer, Eduardo Schiffer, Karim Gariani
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Keiji Nishibeppu, Takeshi Kubota, Yudai Nakabayashi, Hiroyuki Inoue, Kazuya Takabatake, Takuma Ohashi, Hirotaka Konishi, Atsushi Shiozaki, Hitoshi Fujiwara, Eigo Otsuji
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The usefulness of continuous glucose monitoring in the diagnostic approach to hypoglycemia after metabolic surgery
Diana Cristina Henao, Ana María Gómez, Sofía Robledo, Ricardo Rosero
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Shubham Agarwal, Ron T. Varghese, Renato Savian, Cecilia C. Low Wang, Rodolfo J. Galindo
Endocrine Practice.2025; 31(8): 1046. CrossRef
Predicting hypoglycemia risk after gastrointestinal surgery in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study
Huilan Yao, Shijin Yuan, Hongying Pan, Sisi Hong, Chen Huang, Linfang Zhao, Hongdi Yuan, Lei Mei, Yinghong Zheng, Xiaolong Liu, Weina Lu
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Consensus Considerations and Good Practice Points for Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems in Hospital Settings
Julie L.V. Shaw, Raveendhara R. Bannuru, Lori Beach, Nuha A. ElSayed, Guido Freckmann, Anna K. Füzéry, Angela W.S. Fung, Jeremy Gilbert, Yun Huang, Nichole Korpi-Steiner, Samantha Logan, Rebecca Longo, Dylan MacKay, Lisa Maks, Stefan Pleus, Kendall Rogers
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Yang Yu, Susan W. Groth
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Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2022; 46(5): 675. CrossRef

Short Communication

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Influence of Pre-Pregnancy Underweight Body Mass Index on Fetal Abdominal Circumference, Estimated Weight, and Pregnancy Outcomes in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Minji Kim, Kyu-Yeon Hur, Suk-Joo Choi, Soo-Young Oh, Cheong-Rae Roh; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(3):499-505. Published online January 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0059

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This study aimed to determine the influence of pre-pregnancy body mass index on pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), comparing underweight patients with GDM with normal weight patients with GDM. Maternal baseline characteristics, ultrasonographic results, and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes were reviewed in 946 women with GDM with singleton pregnancies. Underweight patients with GDM showed a benign course in most aspects during pregnancy, except for developing a higher risk of giving birth to small for gestational age neonates. Underweight women with GDM required less insulin treatment, had a higher rate of vaginal delivery, and had a lower rate of cesarean delivery. In addition, their neonates were more likely to have fetal abdominal circumference and estimated fetal weight below the 10th percentile both at the time of GDM diagnosis and before delivery. Notably, their risk for preeclampsia and macrosomia were lower. Collectively, our data suggest that underweight women with GDM may require a different approach in terms of diagnosis and management throughout their pregnancy.

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Review

Technology/Device
Current Advances of Artificial Pancreas Systems: A Comprehensive Review of the Clinical Evidence: Sun Joon Moon, Inha Jung, Cheol-Young Park; Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(6):813-839. Published online November 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0177

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Since Banting and Best isolated insulin in the 1920s, dramatic progress has been made in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, dose titration and timely injection to maintain optimal glycemic control are often challenging for T1DM patients and their families because they require frequent blood glucose checks. In recent years, technological advances in insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring systems have created paradigm shifts in T1DM care that are being extended to develop artificial pancreas systems (APSs). Numerous studies that demonstrate the superiority of glycemic control offered by APSs over those offered by conventional treatment are still being published, and rapid commercialization and use in actual practice have already begun. Given this rapid development, keeping up with the latest knowledge in an organized way is confusing for both patients and medical staff. Herein, we explore the history, clinical evidence, and current state of APSs, focusing on various development groups and the commercialization status. We also discuss APS development in groups outside the usual T1DM patients and the administration of adjunct agents, such as amylin analogues, in APSs.

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Short Communications

Drug/Regimen
Clinical Efficacy of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Real-World Study: Hwi Seung Kim, Taekwan Yoon, Chang Hee Jung, Joong-Yeol Park, Woo Je Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(4):658-662. Published online November 8, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0232

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) are novel anti-diabetic drugs whose glucose-lowering effect and cardiovascular and renal benefits were evidenced in clinical trials. We investigated the real-world efficacy and safety of the combination of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korea. The medical records of 104 patients who maintained the combination for at least 1 year were retrospectively reviewed. The change in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) after 6 months and 1 year of treatment was evaluated. The mean age was 51 years, and 41% were female. The mean baseline HbA1c, body mass index, and duration of diabetes were 9.0%, 28.8 kg/m², and 11.7 years, respectively. Compared with baseline, the HbA1c decreased by 1.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27 to 1.74; P<0.001) after 6 months and by 1.4% (95% CI, 1.19 to 1.70; P<0.001) after 1 year. Over 1 year, the bodyweight change was −2.8 kg (95% CI, −4.21 to −1.47; P<0.001). The combination of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA is effective and tolerable in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in real-world practice.

Citations

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Combining GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and SGLT2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Scoping Review and Expert Insights for Clinical Practice Utilizing the Nominal Group Technique
Carlos A. Yepes-Cortés, Isabel C. Cardenas-Moreno, Rodrigo Daza-Arnedo, Karen M. Feriz-Bonelo, Erica Yama-Mosquera, Alex H. Ramirez-Rincón, Gilberto A. Castillo-Barrios, Andres F. Suarez-Rodriguez, Johanna Carreño-Jiménez, Carlos E. Builes-Montaño
Diabetes Therapy.2025; 16(5): 813. CrossRef
Effectiveness and safety of the combination of sodium–glucose transport protein 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Aftab Ahmad, Hani Sabbour
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter Inhibitors: Cellular Mechanisms Involved in the Lipid Metabolism and the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease Associated with Metabolic Syndrome
Fernando Cortés-Camacho, Oscar René Zambrano-Vásquez, Elena Aréchaga-Ocampo, Jorge Ismael Castañeda-Sánchez, José Guillermo Gonzaga-Sánchez, José Luis Sánchez-Gloria, Laura Gabriela Sánchez-Lozada, Horacio Osorio-Alonso
Antioxidants.2024; 13(7): 768. CrossRef
SGLT2i and GLP1RA effects in patients followed in a hospital diabetology consultation
António Cabral Lopes, Olga Lourenço, Manuel Morgado
Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology.2024; 17(11): 1081. CrossRef
Hormonal Gut–Brain Signaling for the Treatment of Obesity
Eun Roh, Kyung Mook Choi
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(4): 3384. CrossRef
All‐cause mortality and cardiovascular outcomes with sodium‐glucose Co‐transporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists and with combination therapy in people with type 2 diabetes
David R. Riley, Hani Essa, Philip Austin, Frank Preston, Isatu Kargbo, Gema Hernández Ibarburu, Ramandeep Ghuman, Daniel J. Cuthbertson, Gregory Y. H. Lip, Uazman Alam
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2023; 25(10): 2897. CrossRef
The Efficacy and Safety of the Combination Therapy With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and SGLT-2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Chen Li, Jie Luo, Mingyan Jiang, Keke Wang
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical Efficacy of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Real-World Study (Diabetes Metab J 2022;46: 658-62)
Hwi Seung Kim, Woo Je Lee
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2022; 46(4): 665. CrossRef
Clinical Efficacy of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Real-World Study (Diabetes Metab J 2022;46: 658-62)
Tomoyuki Kawada
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2022; 46(4): 663. CrossRef
Durability of glucose-lowering effect of dulaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A real-world data study
Hwi Seung Kim, Yun Kyung Cho, Myung Jin Kim, Chang Hee Jung, Joong-Yeol Park, Woo Je Lee
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Type 1 Diabetes
Real-World Analysis of Therapeutic Outcome in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus at a Tertiary Care Center: Antonia Kietaibl, Michaela Riedl, Latife Bozkurt; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(1):149-153. Published online July 6, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0267

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Insulin replacement in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) needs intensified treatment, which can either be performed by multiple daily injections (MDI) or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). This retrospective analysis of a real-world scenario aimed to evaluate whether glycaemic and cardiovascular risk factors could be controlled with CSII outclass MDI as suggested by recent evidence. Data from patients with either insulin pump (n=68) or injection (n=224) therapy at an Austrian tertiary care centre were analysed between January 2016 and December 2017. There were no significant differences with regard to the latest glycosylated hemoglobin, cardiovascular risk factor control or diabetes-associated late complications. Hypoglycaemia was less frequent (P<0.001), sensor-augmented therapy was more common (P=0.003) and mean body mass index (BMI) was higher (P=0.002) with CSII treatment. This retrospective analysis of real-world data in T1DM did not demonstrate the superiority of insulin pump treatment with regard to glycaemic control or cardiovascular risk factor control.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Islet Tissue Macrophages in Immunity Homeostasis and Type 1 Diabetes
Yan Wang, Zhaoran Wang, Wenya Diao, Tong Shi, Jiahe Xu, Tiantian Deng, Chaoying Wen, Jienan Gu, Tingting Deng, Sixuan Wang, Cheng Xiao
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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