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Most-read articles are from the articles published in 2024 during the last three month.

Review
Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
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Glucagon-Like Peptide-1: New Regulator in Lipid Metabolism
Tong Bu, Ziyan Sun, Yi Pan, Xia Deng, Guoyue Yuan
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(3):354-372.   Published online April 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0277
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  • 960 Download
  • 13 Web of Science
  • 14 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a 30-amino acid peptide hormone that is mainly expressed in the intestine and hypothalamus. In recent years, basic and clinical studies have shown that GLP-1 is closely related to lipid metabolism, and it can participate in lipid metabolism by inhibiting fat synthesis, promoting fat differentiation, enhancing cholesterol metabolism, and promoting adipose browning. GLP-1 plays a key role in the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases such as obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and atherosclerosis by regulating lipid metabolism. It is expected to become a new target for the treatment of metabolic disorders. The effects of GLP-1 and dual agonists on lipid metabolism also provide a more complete treatment plan for metabolic diseases. This article reviews the recent research progress of GLP-1 in lipid metabolism.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Incretin hormones: Revolutionizing the treatment landscape for kidney and liver diseases in type 2 diabetes and obesity
    Jae Hyun Bae, Young Min Cho
    Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2025; 16(2): 183.     CrossRef
  • Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and liver disease
    Kathryn L. Williams, Maya Augustine, Eru Sujakhu, Justine Magadia, Lindsay Crawford, Aimee Knott, Skyler Hamilton, Uzoma Obiaka
    Progress in Pediatric Cardiology.2025; 76: 101775.     CrossRef
  • The protective effects of liraglutide in reducing lipid droplets accumulation and myocardial fibrosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy
    Chien-Yin Kuo, Sing-Hua Tsou, Edy Kornelius, Kuei-Chuan Chan, Kai-Wei Chang, Jung-Chi Li, Chien-Ning Huang, Chih-Li Lin
    Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • An oral liraglutide nanomicelle formulation conferring reduced insulin-resistance and long-term hypoglycemic and lipid metabolic benefits
    Laxman Subedi, Arjun Dhwoj Bamjan, Susmita Phuyal, Jung-Hyun Shim, Seung-Sik Cho, Jong Bae Seo, Kwan-Young Chang, Youngro Byun, Seho Kweon, Jin Woo Park
    Journal of Controlled Release.2025; 378: 637.     CrossRef
  • Engineering a high‐throughput clone for industrial‐scale production of long‐acting GLP‐1 analogue with retained bio‐efficacy
    Praveen Kumar Reddy J, Murali Tummuru, Kunka Mohanram Ramkumar
    Biotechnology Progress.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Role of molecular hydrogen in obesity treatment: modulation of GLP-1, irisin, and PGC-1α for improved metabolism
    Nikola Todorović, Jovan Kuzmanovic, Dejan Javorac, Sergej M. Ostojic
    Medical Gas Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Diabetes and Osteoarthritis: Exploring the Interactions and Therapeutic Implications of Insulin, Metformin, and GLP-1-Based Interventions
    Iryna Halabitska, Liliia Babinets, Valentyn Oksenych, Oleksandr Kamyshnyi
    Biomedicines.2024; 12(8): 1630.     CrossRef
  • The Effect of Tirzepatide on Body Composition in People with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review of Randomized, Controlled Studies
    Vincenzo Rochira, Carla Greco, Stefano Boni, Francesco Costantino, Leonardo Dalla Valentina, Eleonora Zanni, Leila Itani, Marwan El Ghoch
    Diseases.2024; 12(9): 204.     CrossRef
  • Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor: mechanisms and advances in therapy
    Zhikai Zheng, Yao Zong, Yiyang Ma, Yucheng Tian, Yidan Pang, Changqing Zhang, Junjie Gao
    Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Recent Advances and Therapeutic Benefits of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Agonists in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders
    John O Olukorode, Dolapo A Orimoloye, Nwachukwu O Nwachukwu, Chidera N Onwuzo, Praise O Oloyede, Temiloluwa Fayemi, Oluwatobi S Odunaike, Petra S Ayobami-Ojo, Nwachi Divine, Demilade J Alo, Chukwurah U Alex
    Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Interactions between glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and estrogens regulates lipid metabolism
    Jorge F.A. Model, Rafaella S. Normann, Éverton L. Vogt, Maiza Von Dentz, Marjoriane de Amaral, Rui Xu, Tsvetan Bachvaroff, Poli Mara Spritzer, J. Sook Chung, Anapaula S. Vinagre
    Biochemical Pharmacology.2024; 230: 116623.     CrossRef
  • Changes in 24-Hour Urine Chemistry in Patients with Nephrolithiasis during Weight Loss with Glucagon-Like Peptide 1–Based Therapies
    Karen Feghali, Xilong Li, Naim M. Maalouf
    Kidney360.2024; 5(11): 1706.     CrossRef
  • Liuweizhiji Gegen-Sangshen beverage protects against alcoholic liver disease in mice through the gut microbiota mediated SCFAs/GPR43/GLP-1 pathway
    Mingyun Tang, Long Zhao, Fuchun Huang, Tiangang Wang, Xu Wu, Shanshan Chen, Juan Fu, Chaoli Jiang, Shulin Wei, Xuseng Zeng, Xiaoling Zhang, Xin Zhou, Mei Wei, Zhi Li, Guohui Xiao
    Frontiers in Nutrition.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Spotlight on the Mechanism of Action of Semaglutide
    Ilias Papakonstantinou, Konstantinos Tsioufis, Vasiliki Katsi
    Current Issues in Molecular Biology.2024; 46(12): 14514.     CrossRef
Original Articles
Guideline/Fact Sheet
2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Management in Korea: Full Version Recommendation of the Korean Diabetes Association
Jun Sung Moon, Shinae Kang, Jong Han Choi, Kyung Ae Lee, Joon Ho Moon, Suk Chon, Dae Jung Kim, Hyun Jin Kim, Ji A Seo, Mee Kyoung Kim, Jeong Hyun Lim, Yoon Ju Song, Ye Seul Yang, Jae Hyeon Kim, You-Bin Lee, Junghyun Noh, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jong Suk Park, Sang Youl Rhee, Hae Jin Kim, Hyun Min Kim, Jung Hae Ko, Nam Hoon Kim, Chong Hwa Kim, Jeeyun Ahn, Tae Jung Oh, Soo-Kyung Kim, Jaehyun Kim, Eugene Han, Sang-Man Jin, Jaehyun Bae, Eonju Jeon, Ji Min Kim, Seon Mee Kang, Jung Hwan Park, Jae-Seung Yun, Bong-Soo Cha, Min Kyong Moon, Byung-Wan Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(4):546-708.   Published online July 26, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0249
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  • 434 Download
  • 8 Crossref
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Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Pharmacological management of diabetes in older adults
    Junghyun Noh
    Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy.2025; 7(1): 13.     CrossRef
  • Effects of e-health literacy on health-related quality of life in young adults with type 2 diabetes: Parallel mediation of diabetes self-efficacy and self-care behaviors
    Yura Jang, Youngran Yang
    Applied Nursing Research.2025; 82: 151917.     CrossRef
  • Adherence to the nutritional recommendations according to diabetes status in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study
    Jong Han Choi, Chen Lulu, Seon-Joo Park, Hae-Jeung Lee
    BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 당뇨병 치료의 진화: 관해를 향해가는 혁신적 약물치료와 첨단 관리기기의 결합
    종한 최, 민경 문
    Public Health Weekly Report.2024; 17(44): 1905.     CrossRef
  • The Impact of the Dietary Inflammatory Index, Fasting Blood Glucose, and Smoking Status on the Incidence and Survival of Pancreatic Cancer: A Retrospective Case–Control Study and a Prospective Study
    Ga Hyun Lee, Yeon Hee Kim, Sang Myung Woo, Woo Jin Lee, Sung-Sik Han, Sang-Jae Park, Sherry Price, Penias Tembo, James R. Hébert, Mi Kyung Kim
    Nutrients.2024; 16(22): 3941.     CrossRef
  • Enhancing Large Language Model Reliability: Minimizing Hallucinations with Dual Retrieval-Augmented Generation Based on the Latest Diabetes Guidelines
    Jaedong Lee, Hyosoung Cha, Yul Hwangbo, Wonjoong Cheon
    Journal of Personalized Medicine.2024; 14(12): 1131.     CrossRef
  • High-Intensity Interval Training and Diabetes
    Yunjung Cho, Eun Sook Kim
    The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2024; 25(4): 224.     CrossRef
  • SIGNIFICANCE OF URINARY AMINOPEPTIDASE N AND DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF KIDNEY DAMAGE IN CHILDREN WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS IN NORTH-EASTERN REGION OF UKRAINE
    Iryna Vikhrova, Andrii Loboda, Igor Zmyslia
    Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal.2024; 12(4): 808.     CrossRef
Drug/Regimen
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Efficacy and Safety of Metformin and Atorvastatin Combination Therapy vs. Monotherapy with Either Drug in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Dyslipidemia Patients (ATOMIC): Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial
Jie-Eun Lee, Seung Hee Yu, Sung Rae Kim, Kyu Jeung Ahn, Kee-Ho Song, In-Kyu Lee, Ho-Sang Shon, In Joo Kim, Soo Lim, Doo-Man Kim, Choon Hee Chung, Won-Young Lee, Soon Hee Lee, Dong Joon Kim, Sung-Rae Cho, Chang Hee Jung, Hyun Jeong Jeon, Seung-Hwan Lee, Keun-Young Park, Sang Youl Rhee, Sin Gon Kim, Seok O Park, Dae Jung Kim, Byung Joon Kim, Sang Ah Lee, Yong-Hyun Kim, Kyung-Soo Kim, Ji A Seo, Il Seong Nam-Goong, Chang Won Lee, Duk Kyu Kim, Sang Wook Kim, Chung Gu Cho, Jung Han Kim, Yeo-Joo Kim, Jae-Myung Yoo, Kyung Wan Min, Moon-Kyu Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(4):730-739.   Published online May 20, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0077
  • 8,048 View
  • 467 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
It is well known that a large number of patients with diabetes also have dyslipidemia, which significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination drugs consisting of metformin and atorvastatin, widely used as therapeutic agents for diabetes and dyslipidemia.
Methods
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group and phase III multicenter study included adults with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels >7.0% and <10.0%, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) >100 and <250 mg/dL. One hundred eighty-five eligible subjects were randomized to the combination group (metformin+atorvastatin), metformin group (metformin+atorvastatin placebo), and atorvastatin group (atorvastatin+metformin placebo). The primary efficacy endpoints were the percent changes in HbA1c and LDL-C levels from baseline at the end of the treatment.
Results
After 16 weeks of treatment compared to baseline, HbA1c showed a significant difference of 0.94% compared to the atorvastatin group in the combination group (0.35% vs. −0.58%, respectively; P<0.0001), whereas the proportion of patients with increased HbA1c was also 62% and 15%, respectively, showing a significant difference (P<0.001). The combination group also showed a significant decrease in LDL-C levels compared to the metformin group (−55.20% vs. −7.69%, P<0.001) without previously unknown adverse drug events.
Conclusion
The addition of atorvastatin to metformin improved HbA1c and LDL-C levels to a significant extent compared to metformin or atorvastatin alone in diabetes and dyslipidemia patients. This study also suggested metformin’s preventive effect on the glucose-elevating potential of atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia, insufficiently controlled with exercise and diet. Metformin and atorvastatin combination might be an effective treatment in reducing the CVD risk in patients with both diabetes and dyslipidemia because of its lowering effect on LDL-C and glucose.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Real-world safety evaluation of atorvastatin: insights from the US FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS)
    Hongbing Wan, Xiuxiu Xu, Dasong Yi, Kexin Shuai
    Expert Opinion on Drug Safety.2024; : 1.     CrossRef
Reviews
Guideline/Fact Sheet
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Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review and Position Statement of the Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association
Jaehyun Bae, Eugene Han, Hye Won Lee, Cheol-Young Park, Choon Hee Chung, Dae Ho Lee, Eun-Hee Cho, Eun-Jung Rhee, Ji Hee Yu, Ji Hyun Park, Ji-Cheol Bae, Jung Hwan Park, Kyung Mook Choi, Kyung-Soo Kim, Mi Hae Seo, Minyoung Lee, Nan-Hee Kim, So Hun Kim, Won-Young Lee, Woo Je Lee, Yeon-Kyung Choi, Yong-ho Lee, You-Cheol Hwang, Young Sang Lyu, Byung-Wan Lee, Bong-Soo Cha, on Behalf of the Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(6):1015-1028.   Published online November 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0541
  • 2,015 View
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Since the role of the liver in metabolic dysfunction, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, was demonstrated, studies on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) have shown associations between fatty liver disease and other metabolic diseases. Unlike the exclusionary diagnostic criteria of NAFLD, MAFLD diagnosis is based on the presence of metabolic dysregulation in fatty liver disease. Renaming NAFLD as MAFLD also introduced simpler diagnostic criteria. In 2023, a new nomenclature, steatotic liver disease (SLD), was proposed. Similar to MAFLD, SLD diagnosis is based on the presence of hepatic steatosis with at least one cardiometabolic dysfunction. SLD is categorized into metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-related/-associated liver disease, alcoholrelated liver disease, specific etiology SLD, and cryptogenic SLD. The term MASLD has been adopted by a number of leading national and international societies due to its concise diagnostic criteria, exclusion of other concomitant liver diseases, and lack of stigmatizing terms. This article reviews the diagnostic criteria, clinical relevance, and differences among NAFLD, MAFLD, and MASLD from a diabetologist’s perspective and provides a rationale for adopting SLD/MASLD in the Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association.
Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
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Artificial Light at Night and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Jong-Ha Baek, Yong Zhu, Chandra L. Jackson, Yong-Moon Mark Park
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(5):847-863.   Published online September 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0237
  • 4,526 View
  • 298 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
The widespread and pervasive use of artificial light at night (ALAN) in our modern 24-hour society has emerged as a substantial disruptor of natural circadian rhythms, potentially leading to a rise in unhealthy lifestyle-related behaviors (e.g., poor sleep; shift work). This phenomenon has been associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is a pressing global public health concern. However, to date, reviews summarizing associations between ALAN and T2DM have primarily focused on the limited characteristics of exposure (e.g., intensity) to ALAN. This literature review extends beyond prior reviews by consolidating recent studies from 2000 to 2024 regarding associations between both indoor and outdoor ALAN exposure and the incidence or prevalence of T2DM. We also described potential biological mechanisms through which ALAN modulates glucose metabolism. Furthermore, we outlined knowledge gaps and investigated how various ALAN characteristics beyond only light intensity (including light type, timing, duration, wavelength, and individual sensitivity) influence T2DM risk. Recognizing the detrimental impact of ALAN on sleep health and the behavioral correlates of physical activity and dietary patterns, we additionally summarized studies investigating the potential mediating role of each component in the relationship between ALAN and glucose metabolism. Lastly, we proposed implications of chronotherapies and chrononutrition for diabetes management in the context of ALAN exposure.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Impact of bedroom light exposure on glucose metabolic markers and the role of circadian-dependent meal timing: A population-based cross-sectional study
    Qi Li, Yu-xiang Xu, Xiu-zhen Lu, Yu-ting Shen, Yu-hui Wan, Pu-yu Su, Fang-biao Tao, Xin Chen, Ying Sun
    Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.2025; 290: 117589.     CrossRef
  • Circadian Deregulation: Back Facing the Sun Toward Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) Development
    Mariana Verdelho Machado
    Nutrients.2024; 16(24): 4294.     CrossRef
Original Article
Drug/Regimen
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Pioglitazone as Add-on Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled with Dapagliflozin and Metformin: Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Ji Hye Heo, Kyung Ah Han, Jun Hwa Hong, Hyun-Ae Seo, Eun-Gyoung Hong, Jae Myung Yu, Hye Seung Jung, Bong-Soo Cha
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(5):937-948.   Published online February 2, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0314
  • 7,558 View
  • 503 Download
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
This study assessed the efficacy and safety of triple therapy with pioglitazone 15 mg add-on versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled with metformin and dapagliflozin.
Methods
In this multicenter, double-blind, randomized, phase 3 study, patients with T2DM with an inadequate response to treatment with metformin (≥1,000 mg/day) plus dapagliflozin (10 mg/day) were randomized to receive additional pioglitazone 15 mg/day (n=125) or placebo (n=125) for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels from baseline to week 24 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05101135).
Results
At week 24, the adjusted mean change from baseline in HbA1c level compared with placebo was significantly greater with pioglitazone treatment (–0.47%; 95% confidence interval, –0.61 to –0.33; P<0.0001). A greater proportion of patients achieved HbA1c <7% or <6.5% at week 24 with pioglitazone compared to placebo as add-on to 10 mg dapagliflozin and metformin (56.8% vs. 28% for HbA1c <7%, and 23.2% vs. 9.6% for HbA1c <6.5%; P<0.0001 for all). The addition of pioglitazone also significantly improved triglyceride, highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance levels, while placebo did not. The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar between the groups, and the incidence of fluid retention-related side effects by pioglitazone was low (1.5%).
Conclusion
Triple therapy with the addition of 15 mg/day of pioglitazone to dapagliflozin plus metformin was well tolerated and produced significant improvements in HbA1c in patients with T2DM inadequately controlled with dapagliflozin plus metformin.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Ideal Combination of Oral Hypoglycemic Agents for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Hye Soon Kim
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(5): 882.     CrossRef
Review
Others
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Holistic and Personalized Strategies for Managing in Elderly Type 2 Diabetes Patients
Jae-Seung Yun, Kyuho Kim, Yu-Bae Ahn, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hyun Ko
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(4):531-545.   Published online July 26, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0310
  • 4,513 View
  • 332 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Due to increased life expectancy and lifestyle changes, the prevalence of diabetes among the elderly in Korea is continuously rising, as is the associated public health burden. Diabetes management in elderly patients is complicated by age-related physiological changes, sarcopenia characterized by loss of muscle mass and function, comorbidities, and varying levels of functional, cognitive, and mobility abilities that lead to frailty. Moreover, elderly patients with diabetes frequently face multiple chronic conditions that elevate their risk of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and mortality; they are also prone to complications such as hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, diabetic ketoacidosis, and severe hypoglycemia. This review examines the characteristics of and management approaches for diabetes in the elderly, and advocates for a comprehensive yet personalized strategy.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Diabetes Fact Sheets in Korea 2024
    Se Eun Park, Seung-Hyun Ko, Ji Yoon Kim, Kyuho Kim, Joon Ho Moon, Nam Hoon Kim, Kyung Do Han, Sung Hee Choi, Bong Soo Cha
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(1): 24.     CrossRef
  • The effect of multidisciplinary team and experience-based co-design on the care of older adult patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial
    Yujun Zhuang, Hongjiang Ye, Xiaoyan Yang, Lifang Zheng, Zhizhen Chen, Jianjia Jiang, Lunpan Mou, Pingping Li, Jiawei Qin, Yaduan Dai, Yanling Mao
    Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2025; 221: 112028.     CrossRef
Sulwon Lecture 2024
Basic and Translational Research
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Overcoming β-Cell Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: CD36 Inhibition and Antioxidant System
Il Rae Park, Yong Geun Chung, Kyu Chang Won
Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(1):1-12.   Published online January 1, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0796
  • 1,301 View
  • 154 Download
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is marked by chronic hyperglycemia, gradually worsening β-cell failure, and insulin resistance. Glucotoxicity and oxidative stress cause β-cell failure by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, impairing insulin secretion, and disrupting transcription factors such as pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX-1) and musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family A (MafA). Cluster determinant 36 (CD36), an essential glycoprotein responsible for fatty acid uptake, exacerbates oxidative stress and induces the apoptosis of β-cells under hyperglycemic conditions through pathways involving ceramide, thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), and Rac1-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX)-mediated redoxosome formation. Targeting CD36 pathways has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Oral hypoglycemic agents, such as metformin, teneligliptin, and pioglitazone, have shown protective effects on β-cells by enhancing antioxidant defenses. These agents reduce glucotoxicity via mechanisms such as suppressing CD36 expression and stabilizing mitochondrial function. Additionally, novel insights into the glutathione antioxidant system and its role in β-cell survival underscore its therapeutic potential. This review focuses on the key contribution of oxidative stress and CD36 to β-cell impairment, the therapeutic promise of antioxidants, and the need for further research to apply these findings in clinical practice. Promising strategies targeting these mechanisms may help preserve β-cell function and slow T2DM progression.
Reviews
Lifestyle
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Ultra-Processed Foods and the Impact on Cardiometabolic Health: The Role of Diet Quality
Xiaowen Wang, Qi Sun
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(6):1047-1055.   Published online November 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0659
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
The consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) has surged globally, raising significant public health concerns due to their associations with a range of adverse health outcomes. This review aims to elucidate potential health impacts of UPF intake and underscore the importance of considering diet quality when interpreting study findings. UPF group, as classified by the Nova system based on the extent of industrial processing, contains numerous individual food items with a wide spectrum of nutrient profiles, as well as differential quality as reflected by their potential health effects. The quality of a given food may well misalign with the processing levels so that a UPF food can be nutritious and healthful whereas a non-UPF food can be of low quality and excess intake of which may lead to adverse health consequences. The current review argues that it is critical to focus on the nutritional content and quality of foods and their role within the overall dietary pattern rather than only the level of processing. Further research should dissect health effects of diet quality and food processing, investigate the health impacts of ingredients that render the UPF categorization, understand roles of metabolomics and the gut microbiome in mediating and modulating the health effects of food processing, and consider environmental sustainability in UPF studies. Emphasizing nutrient-dense healthful foods and dietary patterns shall remain the pivotal strategy for promoting overall health and preventing chronic diseases.
Pathophysiology
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Attention to Innate Circadian Rhythm and the Impact of Its Disruption on Diabetes
Da Young Lee, Inha Jung, So Young Park, Ji Hee Yu, Ji A Seo, Kyeong Jin Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Sin Gon Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Nan Hee Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(1):37-52.   Published online January 3, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0193
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Novel strategies are required to reduce the risk of developing diabetes and/or clinical outcomes and complications of diabetes. In this regard, the role of the circadian system may be a potential candidate for the prevention of diabetes. We reviewed evidence from animal, clinical, and epidemiological studies linking the circadian system to various aspects of the pathophysiology and clinical outcomes of diabetes. The circadian clock governs genetic, metabolic, hormonal, and behavioral signals in anticipation of cyclic 24-hour events through interactions between a “central clock” in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and “peripheral clocks” in the whole body. Currently, circadian rhythmicity in humans can be subjectively or objectively assessed by measuring melatonin and glucocorticoid levels, core body temperature, peripheral blood, oral mucosa, hair follicles, rest-activity cycles, sleep diaries, and circadian chronotypes. In this review, we summarized various circadian misalignments, such as altered light-dark, sleep-wake, rest-activity, fasting-feeding, shift work, evening chronotype, and social jetlag, as well as mutations in clock genes that could contribute to the development of diabetes and poor glycemic status in patients with diabetes. Targeting critical components of the circadian system could deliver potential candidates for the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the future.
Original Articles
Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
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Cardiovascular Disease & Diabetes Statistics in Korea: Nationwide Data 2010 to 2019
Jin Hwa Kim, Junyeop Lee, Kyungdo Han, Jae-Taek Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, on Behalf of the Diabetic Vascular Disease Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(6):1084-1092.   Published online November 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0275
  • 1,483 View
  • 125 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
This study aimed to provide updated insights into the incidence and management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Korean adults with diabetes.
Methods
Using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service and Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we analyzed the representative national estimates of CVD in adults with diabetes.
Results
The age- and sex-standardized incidence rate of ischemic heart disease (IHD), ischemic stroke, and peripheral artery disease (PAD) decreased from 2010 to 2019 in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, an increase in the incidence of heart failure (HF) was observed during the same period. Only 4.96% of adults with diabetes and CVD achieved optimal control of all three risk factors (glycemic levels, blood pressure, and lipid control). Additionally, high-intensity statin treatment rates were 8.84% and 9.15% in individuals with IHD and ischemic stroke, respectively. Treatment with a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) or a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) was relatively low in 2019, with only 11.87%, 7.10%, and 11.05% of individuals with IHD, ischemic stroke, and HF, respectively, receiving SGLT2i treatment. Furthermore, only 1.08%, 0.79%, and 1.06% of patients with IHD, ischemic stroke, and HF, respectively, were treated with GLP-1RA.
Conclusion
The incidence of most CVD (IHD, ischemic stroke, and PAD) decreased between 2010 and 2019, whereas the incidence of HF increased. The overall use of high-intensity statins, SGLT2i, and GLP-1RA remained low among individuals with T2DM and CVD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Big Data Research for Diabetes-Related Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database
    Kyung-Soo Kim, Bongseong Kim, Kyungdo Han
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(1): 13.     CrossRef
Others
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Comparative Effect of Glucose-Lowering Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Stroke Prevention: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
Ji Soo Kim, Gyeongsil Lee, Kyung-Il Park, Seung-Won Oh
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(2):312-320.   Published online January 26, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0421
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
There is still a lack of research on which diabetic drugs are more effective in preventing stroke. Our network metaanalysis aimed to compare cerebrovascular benefits among glucose-lowering treatments.
Methods
We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the ClinicalTrials.gov registry for clinical trials from inception through May 25, 2021. We included both prespecified cerebrovascular outcomes and cerebrovascular events reported as severe adverse events. Subgroup analyses were conducted by stroke subtype, publication type, age of patients, baseline glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular risks.
Results
Of 2,861 reports and 1,779 trials screened, 79 randomized controlled trials comprising 206,387 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In the pairwise meta-analysis, the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist was associated with a lower risk of total stroke compared with placebo (relative risk [RR], –0.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], –0.27 to –0.07). In the network meta- analysis, only the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor was associated with a reduction of total stroke, compared with placebo (RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.98). In the subgroup analyses, the use of SGLT-2 inhibitor and GLP-1 agonist was associated with a lower risk of stroke in those with high HbA1c (≥8.0) and low-risk of cardiovascular disease, respectively.
Conclusion
SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists were shown to be beneficial for stroke prevention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Sodium-glucose cotransporter protein 2 inhibition, plasma proteins, and ischemic stroke: A mediation Mendelian randomization and colocalization study
    Zhiqing Chen, Hongmei Meng, Yujin Guo, Huaiyu Sun, Wuqiong Zhang, Yu Guo, Shuai Hou
    Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases.2025; 34(1): 108136.     CrossRef
  • SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Agonists: A Beacon of Hope for Stroke Prevention in Diabetes
    Jae-Han Jeon
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(2): 213.     CrossRef
  • Reply to comment on: Association of glucose-lowering drugs with incident stroke and transient ischaemic attacks in primary care patients with type 2 diabetes: disease analyser database
    Wolfgang Rathmann, Karel Kostev
    Acta Diabetologica.2024; 61(8): 1081.     CrossRef
  • Empagliflozin: Primus Inter Pares Among Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors?
    Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai, Giacomo Frati, Mariangela Peruzzi, George W. Booz
    Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology.2024; 84(3): 271.     CrossRef
  • Impact of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Psoriasis and Cardiovascular Comorbidities: A Narrative Review
    Kathryn Haran, Chandler Johnson, Payton Smith, Zoë Venable, Allison Kranyak, Tina Bhutani, Caleb Jeon, Wilson Liao
    Psoriasis: Targets and Therapy.2024; Volume 14: 143.     CrossRef
Review
Others
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T-Cell Senescence in Human Metabolic Diseases
Ha Thi Nga, Thi Linh Nguyen, Hyon-Seung Yi
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(5):864-881.   Published online August 28, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0140
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Immunosenescence denotes a state of dysregulated immune cell function characterized by a confluence of factors, including arrested cell cycle, telomere shortening, markers of cellular stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, loss of proteostasis, epigenetic reprogramming, and secretion of proinflammatory mediators. This state primarily manifests during the aging process but can also be induced in various pathological conditions, encompassing chronic viral infections, autoimmune diseases, and metabolic disorders. Age-associated immune system alterations extend to innate and adaptive immune cells, with T-cells exhibiting heightened susceptibility to immunosenescence. In particular, senescent T-cells have been identified in the context of metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Recent investigations suggest a direct link between T-cell senescence, inflammation, and insulin resistance. The perturbation of biological homeostasis by senescent T-cells appears intricately linked to the initiation and progression of metabolic diseases, particularly through inflammation-mediated insulin resistance. Consequently, senescent T-cells are emerging as a noteworthy therapeutic target. This review aims to elucidate the intricate relationship between metabolic diseases and T-cell senescence, providing insights into the potential roles of senescent T-cells in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. Through a comprehensive examination of current research findings, this review seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between immunosenescence and metabolic health.

Citations

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  • Immunomodulation for accelerated atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus
    Elena Bartoloni, Fabio Cacciapaglia, Gian Luca Erre, Elisa Gremese, Andreina Manfredi, Matteo Piga, Garifallia Sakellariou, Francesca Romana Spinelli, Ombretta Viapiana, Fabiola Atzeni
    Autoimmunity Reviews.2025; 24(4): 103760.     CrossRef
  • The immune health assessment technique of the elderly population and its application and promotion in the prevention and treatment of common aged diseases
    Qing Li, Ling-bing Meng
    Journal of Aging and Rehabilitation.2024; 1(4): 93.     CrossRef
Original Articles
Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
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Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality
Rosa Oh, Seohyun Kim, So Hyun Cho, Jiyoon Kim, You-Bin Lee, Sang-Man Jin, Kyu Yeon Hur, Gyuri Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(1):80-91.   Published online August 28, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0042
  • 2,457 View
  • 206 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Given the association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic risks, a new term, metabolic dysfunction- associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has been proposed. We aimed to explore the association between MASLD and all-cause, cause-specific mortalities.
Methods
We included individuals with steatotic liver disease (SLD) from the Korean National Health Insurance Service. Moreover, SLD was defined as a fatty liver index ≥30. Furthermore, MASLD, metabolic alcohol-associated liver disease (MetALD), and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) with metabolic dysfunction (MD) were categorized based on alcohol consumption and MD. We also analyzed all-cause, liver-, cancer-, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)- and cardiovascular (CV)-related mortalities.
Results
This retrospective nationwide cohort study included 1,298,993 individuals aged 40 to 79 years for a mean follow-up duration of 9.04 years. The prevalence of MASLD, MetALD, and ALD with MD was 33.11%, 3.93%, and 1.00%, respectively. Relative to the “no SLD” group, multivariable analysis identified that MASLD (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26 to 1.31), MetALD (aHR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.32 to 1.44), and ALD with MD group (aHR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.68 to 1.93) have a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality. Furthermore, MASLD, MetALD, ALD with MD groups showed higher liver-, cancer-, and HCC-related mortality than “no SLD” group. While all-cause specific mortalities increase from MASLD to MetALD to ALD with MD, the MetALD group shows a lower risk of CV-related mortality compared to MASLD. However, ALD with MD group still have a higher risk of CV-related mortality compared to MASLD.
Conclusion
SLD is associated with an increased risk of all-cause, liver-, cancer-, HCC-, and CV-related mortalities.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Levels in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD), Metabolic Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease (MetALD), and Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) with Metabolic Dysfunction
    Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
    Biomolecules.2024; 14(11): 1468.     CrossRef
Guideline/Statement/Fact Sheet
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Diabetes Fact Sheets in Korea 2024
Se Eun Park, Seung-Hyun Ko, Ji Yoon Kim, Kyuho Kim, Joon Ho Moon, Nam Hoon Kim, Kyung Do Han, Sung Hee Choi, Bong Soo Cha
Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(1):24-33.   Published online January 1, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0818
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  • 153 Download
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, management, and comorbidities of diabetes mellitus among Korean adults.
Methods
Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2022) were analyzed to assess the prevalence, treatment, risk factors, and comorbidities of diabetes. Comparisons between young and older adults with diabetes were emphasized.
Results
Among Korean adults aged ≥30 years, the prevalence of diabetes is 15.5% during 2021–2022. Of these, 74.7% were aware of their condition, 70.9% received antidiabetic treatment, and only 32.4% achieved glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) <6.5%. Moreover, 15.9% met the integrated management targets, which included HbA1c <6.5%, blood pressure <140/85 mm Hg, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <100 mg/dL. In young adults aged 19 to 39 years, the prevalence of diabetes was 2.2%. Among them, 43.3% were aware of their condition, 34.6% received treatment, and 29.6% achieved HbA1c <6.5%. Obesity affected 87.1%, and 26.9% had both hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Among adults aged ≥65 years, the prevalence of diabetes was 29.3%, with awareness, treatment, and control rates of 78.8%, 75.7%, and 31.2%, respectively. Integrated management targets (HbA1c <7.5%, hypertension, and lipids) were achieved by 40.1%.
Conclusion
Diabetes mellitus remains highly prevalent among Korean adults, with significant gaps in integrated glycemic, blood pressure, and lipid control. Older adults with diabetes show higher awareness and treatment rates but limited integrated management outcomes. Young adults with diabetes bear a significant burden of obesity and comorbidities, alongside low awareness and treatment rates. Therefore, early intervention programs, education, and strategies tailored to younger populations are urgently required.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Diabetes in Korean Adults: Prevalence, Management, and Comorbidities
    Sung Hoon Yu
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(1): 22.     CrossRef

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