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Volume 44(6); December 2020
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Reviews
Drug/Regimen
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Evaluating the Evidence behind the Novel Strategy of Early Combination from Vision to Implementation
Päivi Maria Paldánius
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):785-801.   Published online September 15, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0179
  • 7,887 View
  • 304 Download
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex and progressive chronic disease characterised by elevating hyperglycaemia and associated need to gradually intensify therapy in order to achieve and maintain glycaemic control. Treating hyperglycaemia with sequential therapy is proposed to allow holistic assessment of the efficacy and risk-to-benefit ratio of each added component. However, there is an array of evidence supporting the scientific rationale for using synergistic, earlier, modern drug combinations to achieve glycaemic goals, delay the deterioration of glycaemic control, and, therefore, potentially preserve or slow down the declining β-cell function. Additionally, implementation of early combination(s) may lead to opportunities to combat clinical inertia and other hurdles to optimised disease management outcomes. This review aims to discuss the latest empirical evidence for long-term clinical benefits of this novel strategy of early combination in people with newly diagnosed T2DM versus the current widely-implemented treatment paradigm, which focuses on control of hyperglycaemia using lifestyle interventions followed by sequentially intensified (mostly metformin-based) monotherapy. The recent reported Vildagliptin Efficacy in combination with metfoRmin For earlY treatment of T2DM (VERIFY) study results have provided significant new evidence confirming long-term glycaemic durability and tolerability of a specific early combination in the management of newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve patients worldwide. These results have also contributed to changes in clinical treatment guidelines and standards of care while clinical implementation and individualised treatment decisions based on VERIFY results might face barriers beyond the existing scientific evidence.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • A retrospective cohort study of a community-based primary care program’s effects on pharmacotherapy quality in low-income Peruvians with type 2 diabetes and hypertension
    John E. Deaver, Gabriela M. Uchuya, Wayne R. Cohen, Janet A. Foote, Harry H. X. Wang
    PLOS Global Public Health.2024; 4(8): e0003512.     CrossRef
Drug/Regimen
Article image
Comprehensive Review of Current and Upcoming Anti-Obesity Drugs
Jang Won Son, Sungrae Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):802-818.   Published online December 23, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0258
  • 18,610 View
  • 1,141 Download
  • 77 Web of Science
  • 84 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Obesity is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and its prevalence continues to increase globally. Because obesity is a chronic, complex, and heterogeneous disease influenced by genetic, developmental, biological, and environmental factors, it is necessary to approach obesity with an integrated and comprehensive treatment strategy. As it is difficult to achieve and sustain successful long-term weight loss in most patients with obesity through lifestyle modifications (e.g., diet, exercise, and behavioral therapy), pharmacological approaches to the treatment of obesity should be considered as an adjunct therapy. Currently, four drugs (orlistat, naltrexone extended-release [ER]/bupropion ER, phentermine/topiramate controlled-release, and liraglutide) can be used long-term (>12 weeks) to promote weight loss by suppressing appetite or decreasing fat absorption. Pharmacotherapy for obesity should be conducted according to a proper assessment of the clinical evidence and customized to individual patients considering the characteristics of each drug and comorbidities associated with obesity. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety of these available long-term anti-obesity drugs and introduce other potential agents under investigation. Furthermore, we discuss the need for research on personalized obesity medicine.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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Technology/Device
Article image
Present and Future of Digital Health in Diabetes and Metabolic Disease
Sang Youl Rhee, Chiweon Kim, Dong Wook Shin, Steven R. Steinhubl
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):819-827.   Published online December 23, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0088
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
The use of information and communication technology (ICT) in medical and healthcare services goes beyond everyday life. Expectations of a new medical environment, not previously experienced by ICT, exist in the near future. In particular, chronic metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity, have a high prevalence and high social and economic burden. In addition, the continuous evaluation and monitoring of daily life is important for effective treatment and management. Therefore, the wide use of ICTbased digital health systems is required for the treatment and management of these diseases. In this article, we compiled a variety of digital health technologies introduced to date in the field of diabetes and metabolic diseases.

Citations

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Type 1 Diabetes
Article image
Time in Range from Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Novel Metric for Glycemic Control
Jee Hee Yoo, Jae Hyeon Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):828-839.   Published online December 23, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0257
Correction in: Diabetes Metab J 2021;45(5):795
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) has been the sole surrogate marker for assessing diabetic complications. However, consistently reported limitations of HbA1c are that it lacks detailed information on short-term glycemic control and can be easily interfered with by various clinical conditions such as anemia, pregnancy, or liver disease. Thus, HbA1c alone may not represent the real glycemic status of a patient. The advancement of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has enabled both patients and healthcare providers to monitor glucose trends for a whole single day, which is not possible with HbA1c. This has allowed for the development of core metrics such as time spent in time in range (TIR), hyperglycemia, or hypoglycemia, and glycemic variability. Among the 10 core metrics, TIR is reported to represent overall glycemic control better than HbA1c alone. Moreover, various evidence supports TIR as a predictive marker of diabetes complications as well as HbA1c, as the inverse relationship between HbA1c and TIR reveals. However, there are more complex relationships between HbA1c, TIR, and other CGM metrics. This article provides information about 10 core metrics with particular focus on TIR and the relationships between the CGM metrics for comprehensive understanding of glycemic status using CGM.

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Editorial
The Anti-Diabetic Drug Metformin from the Neuropathy Perspective
Jong Chul Won
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):840-841.   Published online December 23, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0252
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PDFPubReader   ePub   
Original Articles
Drug/Regimen
Article image
Metformin Preserves Peripheral Nerve Damage with Comparable Effects to Alpha Lipoic Acid in Streptozotocin/High-Fat Diet Induced Diabetic Rats
Sun Hee Kim, Tae Sun Park, Heung Yong Jin
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):842-853.   Published online May 28, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0190
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

Metformin is widely marketed medication for the treatment of diabetes, but its pharmacological effect on diabetic peripheral neuropathy remains unclear. In this study, the effect of metformin on peripheral nerves in diabetic rats was investigated using diverse neuronal parameters of nerve fibers.

Methods

Rats were assigned to one of four groups (n=7 to 10 per group): normal, diabetes mellitus (DM), DM+metformin (100 mg/kg), and DM+alpha lipoic acid (ALA, 100 mg/kg). DM was induced by streptozotocin/high-fat diet (STZ/HFD). After 12 weeks, the sensory thresholds to mechanical and heat stimuli were assessed. Repeated sensory tests, immunofluorescence microscopic comparison of peripheral nerves, and biochemical blood analysis were performed after 24 weeks.

Results

Both DM+metformin and DM+ALA groups showed similar trends to diverse sensory tests at 24 weeks compared to DM group although the degree of change were different according to the stimulated senses. There was no significant difference in the comparison of the intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) of peripheral nerves between the DM+metformin and DM+ALA groups (11.83±0.07 fibers/mm vs. 12.37±1.82 fibers/mm, respectively). Both groups showed preserved IENFD significantly compared with DM group (8.46±1.98 fibers/mm, P<0.05). Sciatic nerve morphology of the experimental animals showed a similar trend to the IENFD, with respect to axonal diameter, myelin sheath thickness, and myelinated fiber diameter.

Conclusion

Metformin has beneficial pharmacological effects on the preservation of peripheral nerves in diabetic rats and its effects are comparable to those of ALA.

Citations

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    Fengmin Liu, Fangqin You, Lihang Yang, Siyun Wang, Diya Xie
    Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2024; 38(6): 108737.     CrossRef
  • The Protective Role of Caffeine against Histological and Ultrastructural Changes of Peripheral Nerve in Type 2 Diabetic Rats
    Manal A. Othman, Bhagath Kumar Potu, Aisha Rashid, Ayesha Fatima, Wael Amin Nasr El-Din
    Cell and Tissue Biology.2024; 18(5): 535.     CrossRef
  • Effect of Metformin on the Functional and Electrophysiological Recovery of Crush Injury-Induced Facial Nerve Paralysis in Diabetic Rats
    Kyung Hoon Sun, Cheol Hee Choi, Gwang-Won Cho, Chul Ho Jang
    Journal of Personalized Medicine.2023; 13(9): 1317.     CrossRef
  • Is metformin neuroprotective against diabetes mellitus-induced neurodegeneration? An updated graphical review of molecular basis
    Fatemeh Karami, Hamidreza Jamaati, Natalie Coleman-Fuller, Maryam Shokrian Zeini, A. Wallace Hayes, Mina Gholami, Mahsa Salehirad, Mohammad Darabi, Majid Motaghinejad
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  • Early Diagnosis through Estimation of Inflammatory Biomarkers and the Neuroprotective Role of Metformin in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
    Laxmi Sri, Prabhakar Orsu
    International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology(IJPSN).2023; 16(2): 6427.     CrossRef
  • Bidirectional association between diabetic peripheral neuropathy and vitamin B12 deficiency: Two longitudinal 9-year follow-up studies using a national sample cohort
    Heung Yong Jin, Kyung Ae Lee, Yu Ji Kim, In Sun Gwak, Tae Sun Park, Sang Woo Yeom, Jong Seung Kim
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  • Metformin Preserves Peripheral Nerve Damage with Comparable Effects to Alpha Lipoic Acid in Streptozotocin/High-Fat Diet Induced Diabetic Rats (Diabetes Metab J 2020;44:842-53)
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Type 1 Diabetes
Article image
Differential Profile of Plasma Circular RNAs in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Yangyang Li, Ying Zhou, Minghui Zhao, Jing Zou, Yuxiao Zhu, Xuewen Yuan, Qianqi Liu, Hanqing Cai, Cong-Qiu Chu, Yu Liu
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):854-865.   Published online July 13, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0151
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

No currently available biomarkers or treatment regimens fully meet therapeutic needs of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Circular RNA (circRNA) is a recently identified class of stable noncoding RNA that have been documented as potential biomarkers for various diseases. Our objective was to identify and analyze plasma circRNAs altered in T1DM.

Methods

We used microarray to screen differentially expressed plasma circRNAs in patients with new onset T1DM (n=3) and age-/gender-matched healthy controls (n=3). Then, we selected six candidates with highest fold-change and validated them by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in independent human cohort samples (n=12). Bioinformatic tools were adopted to predict putative microRNAs (miRNAs) sponged by these validated circRNAs and their downstream messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to gain further insights into T1DM pathogenesis.

Results

We identified 68 differentially expressed circRNAs, with 61 and seven being up- and downregulated respectively. Four of the six selected candidates were successfully validated. Curations of their predicted interacting miRNAs revealed critical roles in inflammation and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Functional relations were visualized by a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. GO and KEGG analyses identified multiple inflammation-related processes that could be potentially associated with T1DM pathogenesis, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, inflammatory mediator regulation of transient receptor potential channels and leukocyte activation involved in immune response.

Conclusion

Our study report, for the first time, a profile of differentially expressed plasma circRNAs in new onset T1DM. Further in silico annotations and bioinformatics analyses supported future application of circRNAs as novel biomarkers of T1DM.

Citations

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    Yuhong Zhong, Juan Xia, Li Liao, Mohammad Reza Momeni
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    Manuela Cabiati, Giovanni Federico, Silvia Del Ry
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    Ge Song, YiQian Zhang, YiHua Jiang, Huan Zhang, Wen Gu, Xiu Xu, Jing Yao, ZhengFang Chen
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    Lei Ren
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    Simranjeet Kaur, Caroline Frørup, Aashiq H. Mirza, Tina Fløyel, Reza Yarani, Maikel L. Colli, Jesper Johannesen, Joachim Størling, Decio L. Eizirik, Flemming Pociot
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    Haipeng Pang, Wenqi Fan, Xiajie Shi, Shuoming Luo, Yimeng Wang, Jian Lin, Yang Xiao, Xia Li, Gan Huang, Zhiguo Xie, Zhiguang Zhou, Jinhui Liu
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    Wenfeng Yin, Ziwei Zhang, Zilin Xiao, Xia Li, Shuoming Luo, Zhiguang Zhou
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Type 1 Diabetes
Article image
Incidence and Prevalence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus among Korean Children and Adolescents between 2007 and 2017: An Epidemiologic Study Based on a National Database
Hyun Wook Chae, Gi Hyeon Seo, Kyungchul Song, Han Saem Choi, Junghwan Suh, Ahreum Kwon, Sangmi Ha, Ho-Seong Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):866-874.   Published online November 4, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0212
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
The incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) among children is high in Europe and the USA and relatively low in Asia, including Korea. The present study aimed to investigate the incidence and prevalence of childhood-onset T1DM in Korea and examine trends in incidence.
Methods
This study was conducted using the national registry data provided by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in Korea from 2007 to 2017. We included children aged 0 to 14 years who were newly registered with a T1DM diagnosis each year (code E10).
Results
A total of 29,013 children were registered. The overall incidence of T1DM was 4.45 per 100,000 persons (girls, 4.93; boys, 4.01). The overall incidence of childhood-onset T1DM in Korea increased from 3.70 in 2008 to 4.77 in 2016 (P=0.002). The incidence of T1DM increased from 3.07 in 2008 to 4.89 in 2016 (P<0.001) among boys. Although the incidence of the disease increased significantly among boys aged 5–9 and 10–14 years, it remained constant among girls (4.39 in 2008, 4.64 in 2016). The overall prevalence of childhood-onset T1DM in Korea increased from 32.85 in 2007 to 41.03 per 100,000 persons in 2017 (girls, 35.54 to 43.88; boys, 32.85 to 41.03).
Conclusion
We calculated relatively accurate incidence and prevalence of childhood-onset T1DM from a nation-based registry. The incidence increased by 3% to 4% every year from 2007 to 2017. The increasing trend is noteworthy compared with previous reports.

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Complications
Article image
Serum Levels of Adipocyte Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Are Associated with Rapid Renal Function Decline in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Preserved Renal Function
Da Hea Seo, Moonsuk Nam, Mihye Jung, Young Ju Suh, Seong Hee Ahn, Seongbin Hong, So Hun Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):875-886.   Published online July 10, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0221
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

Recent studies have demonstrated that the levels of adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) are closely associated with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to examine the association between serum A-FABP level and rapid renal function decline in patients with T2DM and preserved renal function.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study of 452 patients with T2DM and preserved renal function who had serial measurements of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Rapid renal function decline was defined as an eGFR decline of >4% per year. The association between baseline serum A-FABP level and rapid renal function decline was investigated.

Results

Over a median follow-up of 7 years, 82 participants (18.1%) experienced rapid renal function decline. Median A-FABP levels were significantly higher in patients with rapid renal function decline, compared to non-decliners (20.2 ng/mL vs. 17.2 ng/mL, P=0.005). A higher baseline level of A-FABP was associated with a greater risk of developing rapid renal function decline, independent of age, sex, duration of diabetes, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, history of cardiovascular disease, baseline eGFR, urine albumin creatinine ratio, total cholesterol, glycosylated hemoglobin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and use of thiazolidinedione, insulin, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II-receptor blockers and statin (odds ratio, 3.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.53 to 6.29; P=0.002).

Conclusion

A high level of serum A-FABP is associated with an increased risk of rapid renal function decline in patients with T2DM and preserved renal function. This suggests that A-FABP could play a role in the progression of DKD in the early stages.

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    Jixin Xing, Linxi Huang, Weifu Ren, Xiaobin Mei
    Renal Failure.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Amr M. Shaker, Maggie E. Mohamed, Tarek Ramzy, Mayssa I. Ali
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    Xi Zhao, Shu Chun Zhou, Xiu Fang Wang, Hong Wu Liao
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    Bang-Gee Hsu, Chin-Yee Mah, Du-An Wu, Ming-Chun Chen
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    Weijing Lai, Min Shi, Rongshuang Huang, Ping Fu, Liang Ma
    European Journal of Pharmacology.2022; 931: 175224.     CrossRef
  • Serum fatty acid-binding protein 4 levels and responses of pancreatic islet β-cells and α-cells in patients with type 2 diabetes
    Hong Wang, Jie Cao, Jian-bin Su, Xue-qin Wang, Xing Wang, Dong-mei Zhang, Xiao-hua Wang
    Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Low-Expression Variant of FABP4 Is Associated With Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 Diabetes
    Emma H. Dahlström, Jani Saksi, Carol Forsblom, Nicoline Uglebjerg, Nina Mars, Lena M. Thorn, Valma Harjutsalo, Peter Rossing, Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia, Perttu J. Lindsberg, Niina Sandholm, Per-Henrik Groop
    Diabetes.2021; 70(10): 2391.     CrossRef
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Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Article image
A Vegetable Dietary Pattern Is Associated with Lowered Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese Women
Qiong Chen, Weiwei Wu, Hailan Yang, Ping Zhang, Yongliang Feng, Keke Wang, Ying Wang, Suping Wang, Yawei Zhang
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):887-896.   Published online September 11, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0138
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Identification of modifiable dietary factors, which are involved in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), could inform strategies to prevent GDM.
Methods
We examined the dietary patterns in a Chinese population and evaluated their relationship with GDM risk using a case-control study including 1,464 cases and 8,092 control subjects. Propensity score matching was used to reduce the imbalance of covariates between cases and controls. Dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis while their associations with GDM risk were evaluated using logistic regression models.
Results
A “vegetable” dietary pattern was characterized as the consumption of green leafy vegetables (Chinese little greens and bean seedling), other vegetables (cabbages, carrots, tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes, mushrooms, peppers, bamboo shoots, agarics, and garlic), and bean products (soybean milk, tofu, kidney beans, and cowpea). For every quartile increase in the vegetables factor score during 1 year prior to conception, the first trimester, and the second trimester of pregnancy, the GDM risk lowered by 6% (odds ratio [OR], 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89 to 0.99), 7% (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88 to 0.99), and 9% (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86 to 0.96).
Conclusion
In conclusion, our study suggests that the vegetable dietary pattern is associated with lower GDM risk; however, the interpretation of the result should with caution due to the limitations in our study, and additional studies are necessary to explore the underlying mechanism of this relationship.

Citations

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  • Analyzing Protein and Glucose Levels in Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Health Centers in Port Harcourt, Rivers State
    BIEBUMA Tamunoitekena Blessing, Aleruchi Owhonka, Egbono Frank Fubara
    International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology.2024; : 512.     CrossRef
  • Association of Vegetables-Fruits Dietary Patterns with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Mediating Effects of Gut Microbiota
    Xiaoxi Shan, Caixia Peng, Hanshuang Zou, Yunfeng Pan, Minchan Wu, Qingqing Xie, Qian Lin
    Nutrients.2024; 16(14): 2300.     CrossRef
  • Are Maternal Dietary Patterns During Pregnancy Associated with the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus? A Systematic Review of Observational Studies
    Charikleia Kyrkou, Apostolos P. Athanasiadis, Michael Chourdakis, Stefania Kada, Costas G. Biliaderis, Georgios Menexes, Alexandra-Maria Michaelidou
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    Victoria Lambert, Sonia Edith Muñoz, Carla Gil, María Dolores Román
    Nutrition Journal.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Fruit, vegetable, and fruit juice consumption and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Yan-Ping Liao, Qing-Xiang Zheng, Xiu-Min Jiang, Xiao-Qian Chen, Xiao-Xia Gao, Yu-Qing Pan
    Nutrition Journal.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The effects of plant-based dietary patterns on the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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    Patricia Guevara-Ramírez, Elius Paz-Cruz, Santiago Cadena-Ullauri, Viviana A. Ruiz-Pozo, Rafael Tamayo-Trujillo, Maria L. Felix, Daniel Simancas-Racines, Ana Karina Zambrano
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    Swetha Sampathkumar, Durga Parkhi, Yonas Ghebremichael-Weldeselassie, Nithya Sukumar, Ponnusamy Saravanan
    Nutrition & Diabetes.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Crosslink among Inflammation, Nitroxidative Stress, Intestinal Microbiota and Alternative Therapies
    Elaine Luiza Santos Soares de Mendonça, Marilene Brandão Tenório Fragoso, Jerusa Maria de Oliveira, Jadriane Almeida Xavier, Marília Oliveira Fonseca Goulart, Alane Cabral Menezes de Oliveira
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    Jie Gao, Xue Gu, Manqian Zhang, Xingwang Zu, Fukui Shen, Xiaotao Hou, Erwei Hao, Gang Bai
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  • Effect of dietary pattern on pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus and its clinical significance
    Jianping Wang, Zuoliang Xie, Peipei Chen, Yuhuan Wang, Baoqing Li, Fen Dai
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    Weijia Wu, Nu Tang, Jingjing Zeng, Jin Jing, Li Cai
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    Rui Zhao, Leilei Zhou, Gang Lei, Shanshan Wang, Yan Li, Xuefeng Yang, Guoping Xiong, Liping Hao
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COVID-19
Article image
Does Diabetes Increase the Risk of Contracting COVID-19? A Population-Based Study in Korea
Sung-Youn Chun, Dong Wook Kim, Sang Ah Lee, Su Jung Lee, Jung Hyun Chang, Yoon Jung Choi, Seong Woo Kim, Sun Ok Song
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):897-907.   Published online December 23, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0199
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
This study aimed to determine the infection risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with diabetes (according to treatment method).
Methods
Claimed subjects to the Korean National Health Insurance claims database diagnosed with COVID-19 were included. Ten thousand sixty-nine patients with COVID-19 between January 28 and April 5, 2020, were included. Stratified random sampling of 1:5 was used to select the control group of COVID-19 patients. In total 50,587 subjects were selected as the control group. After deleting the missing values, 60,656 subjects were included.
Results
Adjusted odds ratio (OR) indicated that diabetic insulin users had a higher risk of COVID-19 than subjects without diabetes (OR, 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03 to 1.53; P=0.0278). In the subgroup analysis, infection risk was higher among diabetes male insulin users (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.89), those between 40 and 59 years (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.13 to 2.44). The infection risk was higher in diabetic insulin users with 2 to 4 years of morbidity (OR, 1.744; 95% CI, 1.003 to 3.044).
Conclusion
Some diabetic patients with certain conditions would be associated with a higher risk of acquiring COVID-19, highlighting their need for special attention. Efforts are warranted to ensure that diabetic patients have minimal exposure to the virus. It is important to establish proactive care and screening tests for diabetic patients suspected with COVID-19 for timely disease diagnosis and management.

Citations

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    Hyungmin Kim, Song Hee Hong
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    Marta Moniz, Sofia Pereira, Patricia Soares, Pedro Aguiar, Helena Donato, Andreia Leite
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    Han Na Jang, Sun Joon Moon, Jin Hyung Jung, Kyung-Do Han, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee
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    Matthew Harris, John Hart, Oashe Bhattacharya, Fiona M. Russell
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    Brenda Eskenazi, Stephen Rauch, Enrico Iurlaro, Robert B. Gunier, Albertina Rego, Michael G. Gravett, Paolo Ivo Cavoretto, Philippe Deruelle, Perla K. García-May, Mohak Mhatre, Mustapha Ado Usman, Mohamed Elbahnasawy, Saturday Etuk, Raffaele Napolitano, S
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    Evangelia Tzeravini, Eleftherios Stratigakos, Chris Siafarikas, Anastasios Tentolouris, Nikolaos Tentolouris
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    Ruben Ramirez Zegarra, Andrea Dall’Asta, Alberto Revelli, Tullio Ghi
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    Norma Latif Fitriyani, Muhammad Syafrudin, Siti Maghfirotul Ulyah, Ganjar Alfian, Syifa Latif Qolbiyani, Muhammad Anshari
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Basic Research
Article image
Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Metabolism of Voglibose In Vitro and In Vivo
Mahesh Raj Nepal, Mi Jeong Kang, Geon Ho Kim, Dong Ho Cha, Ju-Hyun Kim, Tae Cheon Jeong
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):908-918.   Published online April 6, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0147
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

Voglibose, an α-glucosidase inhibitor, inhibits breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugar units in intestine. Studies showed that voglibose metabolism in the liver might be negligible due to its poor intestinal absorption. Numerous microorganisms live in intestine and have several roles in metabolism and detoxification of various xenobiotics. Due to the limited information, the possible metabolism of voglibose by intestinal microbiota was investigated in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

For the in vitro study, different concentrations of voglibose were incubated with intestinal contents, prepared from both vehicle- and antibiotics-treated mice, to determine the decreased amount of voglibose over time by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Similarly, in vivo pharmacodynamic effect of voglibose was determined following the administration of voglibose and starch in vehicle- and antibiotic-pretreated non-diabetic and diabetic mice, by measuring the modulatory effects of voglibose on blood glucose levels.

Results

The in vitro results indicated that the remaining voglibose could be significantly decreased when incubated with the intestinal contents from normal mice compared to those from antibiotic-treated mice, which had less enzyme activities. The in vivo results showed that the antibiotic pretreatment resulted in reduced metabolism of voglibose. This significantly lowered blood glucose levels in antibiotic-pretreated mice compared to the control animals.

Conclusion

The present results indicate that voglibose would be metabolized by the intestinal microbiota, and that this metabolism might be pharmacodynamically critical in lowering blood glucose levels in mice.

Citations

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    Liyang Jia, Shiqiong Huang, Boyu Sun, Yongguang Shang, Chunsheng Zhu
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    Dongmei Wang, Jieying Liu, Liyuan Zhou, Qian Zhang, Ming Li, Xinhua Xiao
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Basic Research
Article image
Hypoxia Increases β-Cell Death by Activating Pancreatic Stellate Cells within the Islet
Jong Jin Kim, Esder Lee, Gyeong Ryul Ryu, Seung-Hyun Ko, Yu-Bae Ahn, Ki-Ho Song
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):919-927.   Published online May 11, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0181
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

Hypoxia can occur in pancreatic islets in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are activated during hypoxia. Here we aimed to investigate whether PSCs within the islet are also activated in hypoxia, causing β-cell injury.

Methods

Islet and primary PSCs were isolated from Sprague Dawley rats, and cultured in normoxia (21% O2) or hypoxia (1% O2). The expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), as measured by immunostaining and Western blotting, was used as a marker of PSC activation. Conditioned media (hypoxia-CM) were obtained from PSCs cultured in hypoxia.

Results

Islets and PSCs cultured in hypoxia exhibited higher expressions of α-SMA than did those cultured in normoxia. Hypoxia increased the production of reactive oxygen species. The addition of N-acetyl-L-cysteine, an antioxidant, attenuated the hypoxia-induced PSC activation in islets and PSCs. Islets cultured in hypoxia-CM showed a decrease in cell viability and an increase in apoptosis.

Conclusion

PSCs within the islet are activated in hypoxia through oxidative stress and promote islet cell death, suggesting that hypoxia-induced PSC activation may contribute to β-cell loss in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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Brief Reports
Complications
Article image
Diabetic Retinopathy and Related Clinical Practice for People with Diabetes in Korea: A 10-Year Trend Analysis
Yoo-Ri Chung, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Kihwang Lee, Dae Jung Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):928-932.   Published online July 10, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0096
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   

We performed a retrospective cohort study including people diagnosed with diabetes from 2006 to 2015 according to the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort database, to analyze the changes in the prevalence, screening rate, and treatment patterns for diabetic retinopathy (DR) over 10 years. The proportion of people who underwent fundus screening for DR steadily increased over the past decade. The prevalence of DR increased from 13.4% in 2006 to 15.9% in 2015, while that of proliferative DR steadily decreased from 1.29% in 2006 to 1.16% in 2015. The proportion of patients undergoing retinal photocoagulation constantly decreased. The prevalence of DR increased over the past decade, while its severity seemed to have improved, with a decreased rate of proliferative DR and retinal photocoagulation. A higher proportion of patients underwent ophthalmic screening using fundus examination, but still less than 30% of patients with diabetes underwent comprehensive examination in 2015.

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Complications
Article image
Trends in the Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality of End-Stage Kidney Disease in South Korea
Min-Jeong Lee, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim, Inwhee Park
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):933-937.   Published online December 23, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0156
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Knowledge of the epidemiologic characteristics of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients is essential. The trends in the prevalence, incidence, and mortality rates of ESKD were analyzed retrospectively using the Korean National Health Insurance ServiceNational Sample Cohort database between 2006 and 2015. From 2006 to 2015, the incidence of ESKD decreased from 28.6 to 24.0 per 100,000 people and showed a decreasing pattern with or without diabetes mellitus. However, the incidence of those aged ≥75 years increased, as did the mean age at the onset of ESKD. From 2007 to 2015, the prevalence of ESKD increased in all age groups, but particularly in those aged ≥75 years. The prevalence of ESKD differed by sex and diabetes mellitus status and this gap widened over time. Mortality rates in ESKD patients remained relatively constant throughout the study period. However, mortality rates in ESKD without diabetes decreased over the same period.

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