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Basic Research
Mitochondrial Stress and Mitokines: Therapeutic Perspectives for the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases
Benyuan Zhang, Joon Young Chang, Min Hee Lee, Sang-Hyeon Ju, Hyon-Seung Yi, Minho Shong
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(1):1-18.   Published online January 3, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0115
  • 2,035 View
  • 255 Download
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Mitochondrial stress and the dysregulated mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) are linked to various diseases, including metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Mitokines, signaling molecules released by mitochondrial stress response and UPRmt, are crucial mediators of inter-organ communication and influence systemic metabolic and physiological processes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of mitokines, including their regulation by exercise and lifestyle interventions and their implications for various diseases. The endocrine actions of mitokines related to mitochondrial stress and adaptations are highlighted, specifically the broad functions of fibroblast growth factor 21 and growth differentiation factor 15, as well as their specific actions in regulating inter-tissue communication and metabolic homeostasis. Finally, we discuss the potential of physiological and genetic interventions to reduce the hazards associated with dysregulated mitokine signaling and preserve an equilibrium in mitochondrial stress-induced responses. This review provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial regulation of health and disease by exploring mitokine interactions and their regulation, which will facilitate the development of targeted therapies and personalized interventions to improve health outcomes and quality of life.
Basic Research
The Link between Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Sarcopenia: An Update Focusing on the Role of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 4
Min-Ji Kim, Ibotombi Singh Sinam, Zerwa Siddique, Jae-Han Jeon, In-Kyu Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(2):153-163.   Published online January 12, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0305
  • 4,858 View
  • 367 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Sarcopenia, defined as a progressive loss of muscle mass and function, is typified by mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of mitochondrial resilience. Sarcopenia is associated not only with aging, but also with various metabolic diseases characterized by mitochondrial dyshomeostasis. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs) are mitochondrial enzymes that inhibit the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which controls pyruvate entry into the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the subsequent adenosine triphosphate production required for normal cellular activities. PDK4 is upregulated in mitochondrial dysfunction-related metabolic diseases, especially pathologic muscle conditions associated with enhanced muscle proteolysis and aberrant myogenesis. Increases in PDK4 are associated with perturbation of mitochondria-associated membranes and mitochondrial quality control, which are emerging as a central mechanism in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease-associated muscle atrophy. Here, we review how mitochondrial dysfunction affects sarcopenia, focusing on the role of PDK4 in mitochondrial homeostasis. We discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of PDK4 on mitochondrial dysfunction in sarcopenia and show that targeting mitochondria could be a therapeutic target for treating sarcopenia.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Synthesis, activatory effects, molecular docking and ADME studies as rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase activators of ureido phenyl substituted 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives
    Mustafa Oğuzhan Kaya, Tuna Demirci, Ümit Çalışır, Oğuzhan Özdemir, Yeşim Kaya, Mustafa Arslan
    Research on Chemical Intermediates.2024; 50(1): 437.     CrossRef
  • Unraveling the causes of sarcopenia: Roles of neuromuscular junction impairment and mitochondrial dysfunction
    Yanmei Miao, Leiyu Xie, Jiamei Song, Xing Cai, Jinghe Yang, Xinglong Ma, Shaolin Chen, Peng Xie
    Physiological Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Metabolic clues to aging: exploring the role of circulating metabolites in frailty, sarcopenia and vascular aging related traits and diseases
    Zonghao Qian, Yuzhen Huang, Yucong Zhang, Ni Yang, Ziwei Fang, Cuntai Zhang, Le Zhang
    Frontiers in Genetics.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Inhibition of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 4 Protects Cardiomyocytes from lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mitochondrial Damage by Reducing Lactate Accumulation
    Tangtian Chen, Qiumin Xie, Bin Tan, Qin Yi, Han Xiang, Rui Wang, Qin Zhou, Bolin He, Jie Tian, Jing Zhu, Hao Xu
    Inflammation.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Effect of resistance training plus enriched probiotic supplement on sestrin2, oxidative stress, and mitophagy markers in elderly male Wistar rats
    Majid Mohabbat, Hamid Arazi
    Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Neuroprotective Effects and Therapeutic Potential of Dichloroacetate: Targeting Metabolic Disorders in Nervous System Diseases
    Yue Zhang, Meiyan Sun, Hongxiang Zhao, Zhengyan Wang, Yanan Shi, Jianxin Dong, Kaifang Wang, Xi Wang, Xingyue Li, Haiyan Qi, Xiaoyong Zhao
    International Journal of Nanomedicine.2023; Volume 18: 7559.     CrossRef
Basic Research
Revisiting the Bacterial Phylum Composition in Metabolic Diseases Focused on Host Energy Metabolism
Yeonmi Lee, Hui-Young Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(5):658-667.   Published online July 9, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0220
  • 9,007 View
  • 131 Download
  • 19 Web of Science
  • 19 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Over a hundred billion bacteria are found in human intestines. This has emerged as an environmental factor in metabolic diseases, such as obesity and related diseases. The majority of these bacteria belong to two dominant phyla, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Since the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes increases in people with obesity and in various animal models, it has been assumed that phylum composition causes the increase in occurrence of metabolic diseases over the past decade. However, this assumption has been challenged by recent studies that have found even an opposite association of phylum composition within metabolic diseases. Moreover, the gut microbiota affects host energy metabolism in various ways including production of metabolites and interaction with host intestinal cells to regulate signaling pathways that affect energy metabolism. However, the direct effect of gut bacteria on host energy intake, such as energy consumption by the bacteria itself and its effects on intestinal energy absorption, has been underestimated. This review aims to discuss whether increased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes is associated with the development of metabolic diseases, and whether energy competition between the bacteria and host is a missing part of the mechanism linking gut microbiota to metabolic diseases.

Citations

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  • Behavior, intestinal health, and growth of small sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus in different color morphs
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  • Short-Term Alternate Feeding between Terrestrially Sourced Oil- and Fish Oil-Based Diets Modulates the Intestinal Microecology of Juvenile Turbot
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    Zhang Yanan, Ma Lu, Zhang Lu, Huo Jinhai, Wang Weiming
    Frontiers in Nutrition.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Claudia I. Gamboa-Gómez, Laura J. Barragán-Zúñiga, Fernando Guerrero-Romero, Gerardo Martínez-Aguilar, José Luis Gónzalez, Almendra A. Valenzuela-Ramírez, Juan A. Rojas-Contreras, Monica Anese, Maribel Cervantes Flores, Marilisa Alongi
    Journal of Functional Foods.2023; 111: 105889.     CrossRef
  • Gut Microbiota and Bacterial Translocation in the Pathogenesis of Liver Fibrosis
    Roman Maslennikov, Elena Poluektova, Oxana Zolnikova, Alla Sedova, Anastasia Kurbatova, Yulia Shulpekova, Natyia Dzhakhaya, Svetlana Kardasheva, Maria Nadinskaia, Elena Bueverova, Vladimir Nechaev, Anna Karchevskaya, Vladimir Ivashkin
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(22): 16502.     CrossRef
  • Eugenol, A Major Component of Clove Oil, Attenuates Adiposity, and Modulates Gut Microbiota in High‐Fat Diet‐Fed Mice
    Mengjie Li, Yuhan Zhao, Yanan Wang, Ruixuan Geng, Jingjing Fang, Seong‐Gook Kang, Kunlun Huang, Tao Tong
    Molecular Nutrition & Food Research.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Heimao tea polysaccharides ameliorate obesity by enhancing gut microbiota-dependent adipocytes thermogenesis in mice fed with high fat diet
    Yu Wang, Ting Li, Yueyue Liu, Chengcheng Yang, Lei Liu, Xiangnan Zhang, Xingbin Yang
    Food & Function.2022; 13(24): 13014.     CrossRef
  • The Interplay of Sex Steroids, the Immune Response, and the Intestinal Microbiota
    Fernanda Pace, Paula I. Watnick
    Trends in Microbiology.2021; 29(9): 849.     CrossRef
  • Heat stress on microbiota composition, barrier integrity, and nutrient transport in gut, production performance, and its amelioration in farm animals
    Amlan Kumar Patra, Indrajit Kar
    Journal of Animal Science and Technology.2021; 63(2): 211.     CrossRef
  • Mechanisms linking gut microbial metabolites to insulin resistance
    Hye Rim Jang, Hui-Young Lee
    World Journal of Diabetes.2021; 12(6): 730.     CrossRef
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    Lenka Tomasova, Marian Grman, Karol Ondrias, Marcin Ufnal
    Nutrition & Metabolism.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
Original Article
Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Sex-, Age-, and Metabolic Disorder-Dependent Distributions of Selected Inflammatory Biomarkers among Community-Dwelling Adults
So Mi Jemma Cho, Hokyou Lee, Jee-Seon Shim, Hyeon Chang Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(5):711-725.   Published online April 16, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0119
  • 5,920 View
  • 83 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

Inflammatory cytokines are increasingly utilized to detect high-risk individuals for cardiometabolic diseases. However, with large population and assay methodological heterogeneity, no clear reference currently exists.

Methods

Among participants of the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center cohort, of community-dwelling adults aged 30 to 64 without overt cardiovascular diseases, we presented distributions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and -β, interleukin (IL)-1α, -1β, and 6, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and -3 and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) with and without non-detectable (ND) measurements using multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Then, we compared each markers by sex, age, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, using the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test.

Results

In general, there were inconsistencies in direction and magnitude of differences in distributions by sex, age, and prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders. Overall, the median and the 99th percentiles were higher in men than in women. Older participants had higher TNF-α, high sensitivity IL-6 (hsIL-6), MCP-1, hsCRP, TNF-β, and MCP-3 median, after excluding the NDs. Participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus had higher median for all assayed biomarkers, except for TNF-β, IL-1α, and MCP-3, in which the medians for both groups were 0.00 due to predominant NDs. Compared to normotensive group, participants with hypertension had higher TNF-α, hsIL-6, MCP-1, and hsCRP median. When stratifying by dyslipidemia prevalence, the comparison varied significantly depending on the treatment of NDs.

Conclusion

Our findings provide sex-, age-, and disease-specific reference values to improve risk prediction and diagnostic performance for inflammatory diseases in both population- and clinic-based settings.

Citations

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  • Characterizing CD8+ TEMRA Cells in CP/CPPS Patients: Insights from Targeted Single-Cell Transcriptomic and Functional Investigations
    Fei Zhang, Qintao Ge, Jialin Meng, Jia Chen, Chaozhao Liang, Meng Zhang
    ImmunoTargets and Therapy.2024; Volume 13: 111.     CrossRef
  • Association between physical activity and inflammatory markers in community-dwelling, middle-aged adults
    So Mi Jemma Cho, Hokyou Lee, Jee-Seon Shim, Justin Y. Jeon, Hyeon Chang Kim
    Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism.2021; 46(7): 828.     CrossRef
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    Thomas S. Buttle, Claire Y. Hummerstone, Thippeswamy Billahalli, Richard J. B. Ward, Korina E. Barnes, Natalie J. Marshall, Viktoria C. Spong, Graham H. Bothamley, Selvakumar Subbian
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Reviews
Pathophysiology
Regulation of Systemic Glucose Homeostasis by T Helper Type 2 Cytokines
Yea Eun Kang, Hyun Jin Kim, Minho Shong
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(5):549-559.   Published online October 24, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0157
  • 6,724 View
  • 93 Download
  • 9 Web of Science
  • 10 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Obesity results in an inflammatory microenvironment in adipose tissue, leading to the deterioration of tissue protective mechanisms. Although recent studies suggested the importance of type 2 immunity in an anti-inflammatory microenvironment in adipose tissue, the regulatory effects of T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines on systemic metabolic regulation are not fully understood. Recently, we identified the roles of the Th2 cytokine (interleukin 4 [IL-4] and IL-13)-induced adipokine, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), in adipose tissue in regulating systemic glucose metabolism via signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) activation. Moreover, we showed that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is required to maintain these macrophage-regulating autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways via Th2 cytokine-induced secretion of GDF15. In this review, we discuss how the type 2 immune response and Th2 cytokines regulate metabolism in adipose tissue. Specifically, we review the systemic regulatory roles of Th2 cytokines in metabolic disease and the role of mitochondria in maintenance of type 2 responses in adipose tissue homeostasis.

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Clinical Diabetes & Therapeutics
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Diabetes: Part II: Treatment
Kyung-Soo Kim, Byung-Wan Lee, Yong Jin Kim, Dae Ho Lee, Bong-Soo Cha, Cheol-Young Park
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(2):127-143.   Published online April 15, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0034
  • 7,673 View
  • 140 Download
  • 25 Web of Science
  • 35 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diabetes are common metabolic disorders that are often comorbid conditions. Among many proposed treatments, weight reduction is the only approved option for NAFLD to date. However, it is not easy to maintain weight loss by lifestyle modification alone; pharmacological treatments are helpful in this regard. Although many drugs have been investigated, pioglitazone could be a first-line therapy in patients with NAFLD and diabetes. Many more drugs are currently being developed and investigated, and it is likely that combination strategies will be used for future treatment of NAFLD and diabetes. Attention should be paid to the management of NAFLD and diabetes and efforts should be made to intervene early and individualize treatment of NAFLD in patients with diabetes.

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    Kyung-Soo Kim, Yeon Kyung Choi, Mi Jin Kim, Jung Wook Hwang, Kyunghoon Min, Sang Youn Jung, Soo-Kyung Kim, Yong-Soo Choi, Yong-Wook Cho
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    Kyung-Soo Kim, Sangmo Hong, Hong-Yup Ahn, Cheol-Young Park
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    Sook Jung Lee, Byung-Wan Lee
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    A. E. Bagriy, A. D. Zubov, M. V. Khomenko, E. S. Mikhailichenko, E. A. Pylaeva, N. A. Khaustova, E. V. Bryukhovetskaya
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    Louise Cremonesini, Emma Harkin
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Original Article
Clinical Diabetes & Therapeutics
Early Assessment of the Risk for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Can Fasting Parameters of Glucose Metabolism Contribute to Risk Prediction?
Veronica Falcone, Grammata Kotzaeridi, Melanie Hanne Breil, Ingo Rosicky, Tina Stopp, Gülen Yerlikaya-Schatten, Michael Feichtinger, Wolfgang Eppel, Peter Husslein, Andrea Tura, Christian S. Göbl
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(6):785-793.   Published online March 12, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0218
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

An early identification of the risk groups might be beneficial in reducing morbidities in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Therefore, this study aimed to assess the biochemical predictors of glycemic conditions, in addition to fasting indices of glucose disposal, to predict the development of GDM in later stage and the need of glucose-lowering medication.

Methods

A total of 574 pregnant females (103 with GDM and 471 with normal glucose tolerance [NGT]) were included. A metabolic characterization was performed before 15+6 weeks of gestation by assessing fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FI), fasting C-peptide (FCP), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Thereafter, the patients were followed-up until the delivery.

Results

Females with NGT had lower levels of FPG, FI, FCP, or HbA1c at the early stage of pregnancy, and therefore, showed an improved insulin action as compared to that in females who developed GDM. Higher fasting levels of FPG and FCP were associated with a higher risk of developing GDM. Moreover, the predictive accuracy of this metabolic profiling was also good to distinguish the patients who required glucose-lowering medications. Indices of glucose disposal based on C-peptide improved the predictive accuracy compared to that based on insulin. A modified quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKIc) showed the best differentiation in terms of predicting GDM (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve [ROC-AUC], 72.1%) or need for pharmacotherapy (ROC-AUC, 83.7%).

Conclusion

Fasting measurements of glucose and C-peptide as well as the surrogate indices of glycemic condition could be used for stratifying pregnant females with higher risk of GDM at the beginning of pregnancy.

Citations

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