1Division of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
2Wunschbaby Institut Feichtinger, Vienna, Austria.
3Metabolic Unit, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy.
Copyright © 2019 Korean Diabetes Association
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS:
Conception or design: G.K., M.H.B., C.S.G.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: V.F., G.K., M.H.B., I.R., T.S., G.Y.S., M.F., W.E., P.H., A.T., C.S.G.
Drafting the work or revising: V.F., A.T., C.S.G.
Final approval of the manuscript: V.F., G.K., M.H.B., I.R., T.S., G.Y.S., M.F., W.E., P.H., A.T., C.S.G.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or number (%).
NGT, normal glucose tolerance; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; BMIPG, pregestational body mass index; GDM-PT, GDM with pharmacotherapy; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FI, fasting insulin; FCP, fasting C-Peptide; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-B, homeostatic model assessment of beta-cell function; QUICKIi, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index from insulin; QUICKIc, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index from C-peptide; IGIi, insulinogenic index from insulin; IGIc, insulinogenic index from C-peptide.
aP value for NGT vs. GDM.
Values are presented area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC-AUC).
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GDM-PT, GDM with pharmacotherapy; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ROC-AUC, area under the receiver operating characteristics curve; BMIPG, pregestational body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FI, fasting insulin; FCP, fasting C-Peptide; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-B, homeostatic model assessment of beta-cell function; QUICKIi, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index from insulin; QUICKIc, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index from C-peptide; IGIi, insulinogenic index from insulin; IGIc, insulinogenic index from C-peptide.
OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; rho, Spearman's rank correlation; BMIPG, pregestational body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FI, fasting insulin; FCP, fasting C-Peptide; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; NS, not significant; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-B, homeostatic model assessment of beta-cell function; QUICKIi, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index from insulin; QUICKIc, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index from C-peptide; IGIi, insulinogenic index from insulin; IGIc, insulinogenic index from C-peptide.
Characteristic | No. of observation | NGT | No. of observation | GDM | P valuea |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, yr | 471 | 31.3±5.7 | 103 | 32.7±5.6 | 0.022 |
Parity | 471 | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 103 | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 0.224 |
BMI, kg/m² | 471 | 24.8±4.9 | 103 | 28.0±6.0 | <0.001 |
BMIPG, kg/m² | 471 | 24.3±5.0 | 103 | 27.1±5.9 | <0.001 |
Multiple pregnancy | 471 | 47 (10.0) | 103 | 9 (8.7) | 0.701 |
GDM-PT | - | 40 (38.8) | - | ||
FPG, mg/dL | 470 | 80.4±5.6 | 103 | 85.1±7.4 | <0.001 |
FI, µU/mL | 456 | 7.5 (5.4–10.5) | 99 | 11.0 (7.4–16.9) | <0.001 |
FCP, ng/mL | 456 | 1.50 (1.30–1.90) | 100 | 2.10 (1.50–2.73) | <0.001 |
HbA1c, % | 467 | 4.96±0.30 | 101 | 5.13±0.32 | <0.001 |
HbA1c, mmol/mol | 467 | 30.8±3.29 | 101 | 32.5±3.49 | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR (dimensionless) | 456 | 1.49 (1.04–2.17) | 99 | 2.23 (1.53–3.50) | <0.001 |
HOMA-B (dimensionless) | 455 | 167 (118–236) | 99 | 181 (120–299) | 0.046 |
QUICKIi (dimensionless)×102 | 456 | 36.0 (34.0–38.1) | 99 | 33.8 (31.7–35.8) | <0.001 |
QUICKIc (dimensionless)×102 | 456 | 48.0 (45.6–50.2) | 100 | 44.4 (42.2–47.6) | <0.001 |
IGIi, µU/mg | 456 | 9.37 (6.85–13.2) | 99 | 12.9 (8.63–20.3) | <0.001 |
IGIc, ng/mg | 456 | 1.89 (1.57–2.29) | 100 | 2.41 (1.81–3.22) | <0.001 |
Variable | OR | 95% CI | P value | ROC-AUC |
---|---|---|---|---|
GDM | ||||
Age, yr | 1.04 | 1.01–1.09 | 0.025 | 56.6 |
BMIPG, kg/m² | 1.09 | 1.05–1.13 | <0.001 | 65.5 |
FPG, mg/dL | 1.13 | 1.09–1.18 | <0.001 | 68.1 |
FI, µU/mL | 1.09 | 1.06–1.13 | <0.001 | 67.2 |
FCP, ng/mL | 2.42 | 1.80–3.31 | <0.001 | 70.6 |
HbA1c, mmol/mol | 1.19 | 1.11–1.28 | <0.001 | 65.3 |
HOMA-IR (dimensionless) | 1.54 | 1.33–1.81 | <0.001 | 68.6 |
HOMA-B (dimensionless)×10–2 | 1.16 | 0.99–1.35 | 0.061 | 56.4 |
QUICKIi (dimensionless)×102 | 0.80 | 0.74–0.86 | <0.001 | 68.6 |
QUICKIc (dimensionless)×102 | 0.79 | 0.74–0.85 | <0.001 | 72.1 |
IGIi, µU/mg | 1.07 | 1.04–1.10 | <0.001 | 65.5 |
IGIc, ng/mg | 1.88 | 1.47–2.46 | <0.001 | 68.0 |
GDM-PT | ||||
Age, yr | 1.05 | 0.99–1.11 | 0.118 | 56.1 |
BMIPG, kg/m² | 1.10 | 1.05–1.15 | <0.001 | 68.7 |
FPG, mg/dL | 1.20 | 1.14–1.27 | <0.001 | 79.8 |
FI, µU/mL | 1.11 | 1.06–1.15 | <0.001 | 77.2 |
FCP, ng/mL | 2.77 | 1.95–4.07 | <0.001 | 82.2 |
HbA1c, mmol/mol | 1.29 | 1.16–1.45 | <0.001 | 69.7 |
HOMA-IR (dimensionless) | 1.65 | 1.39–2.00 | <0.001 | 78.8 |
HOMA-B (dimensionless)×10–2 | 1.20 | 0.98–1.45 | 0.054 | 62.4 |
QUICKIi (dimensionless)×102 | 0.67 | 0.58–0.76 | <0.001 | 78.8 |
QUICKIc (dimensionless)×102 | 0.68 | 0.61–0.76 | <0.001 | 83.7 |
IGIi, µU/mg | 1.08 | 1.04–1.12 | <0.001 | 74.9 |
IGIc, ng/mg | 2.05 | 1.51–2.83 | <0.001 | 79.1 |
Variable | OGTT0 | OGTT60 | OGTT120 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rho | P value | rho | P value | rho | P value | |
Age | 0.10 | 0.026 | 0.16 | <0.001 | 0.16 | <0.001 |
BMIPG | 0.28 | <0.001 | 0.26 | <0.001 | 0.16 | <0.001 |
FPG | 0.48 | <0.001 | 0.19 | <0.001 | 0.15 | 0.001 |
FI | 0.31 | <0.001 | 0.25 | <0.001 | 0.18 | <0.001 |
FCP | 0.35 | <0.001 | 0.28 | <0.001 | 0.18 | <0.001 |
HbA1c | 0.21 | <0.001 | 0.13 | 0.003 | 0.08 | NS |
HOMA-IR | 0.35 | <0.001 | 0.26 | <0.001 | 0.19 | <0.001 |
HOMA-B | –0.02 | NS | 0.12 | 0.010 | 0.09 | NS |
QUICKIi | –0.35 | <0.001 | –0.26 | <0.001 | –0.19 | <0.001 |
QUICKIc | –0.41 | <0.001 | –0.30 | <0.001 | –0.20 | <0.001 |
IGIi | 0.25 | <0.001 | 0.23 | <0.001 | 0.16 | <0.001 |
IGIc | 0.26 | <0.001 | 0.25 | <0.001 | 0.15 | 0.002 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or number (%). NGT, normal glucose tolerance; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; BMIPG, pregestational body mass index; GDM-PT, GDM with pharmacotherapy; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FI, fasting insulin; FCP, fasting C-Peptide; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-B, homeostatic model assessment of beta-cell function; QUICKIi, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index from insulin; QUICKIc, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index from C-peptide; IGIi, insulinogenic index from insulin; IGIc, insulinogenic index from C-peptide. a
Values are presented area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC-AUC). GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GDM-PT, GDM with pharmacotherapy; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ROC-AUC, area under the receiver operating characteristics curve; BMIPG, pregestational body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FI, fasting insulin; FCP, fasting C-Peptide; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-B, homeostatic model assessment of beta-cell function; QUICKIi, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index from insulin; QUICKIc, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index from C-peptide; IGIi, insulinogenic index from insulin; IGIc, insulinogenic index from C-peptide.
OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; rho, Spearman's rank correlation; BMIPG, pregestational body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FI, fasting insulin; FCP, fasting C-Peptide; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; NS, not significant; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-B, homeostatic model assessment of beta-cell function; QUICKIi, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index from insulin; QUICKIc, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index from C-peptide; IGIi, insulinogenic index from insulin; IGIc, insulinogenic index from C-peptide.