Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Original Article

Guideline/Fact Sheet
Fatty Liver & Diabetes Statistics in Korea: Nationwide Data 2009 to 2017: Eugene Han, Kyung-Do Han, Yong-ho Lee, Kyung-Soo Kim, Sangmo Hong, Jung Hwan Park, Cheol-Young Park, on Behalf of Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(3):347-355. Published online March 29, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0444

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Background
This study investigated the changes of fatty liver disease prevalence in general Korean population.
Methods
This study analyzed data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service from 2009 to 2017 that included individuals aged 20 years or older who had undergone a medical health examination. Fatty liver disease was assessed using the fatty liver index (FLI). The disease severity was defined by FLI cutoff, ≥30 as moderate, and ≥60 as severe fatty liver disease.
Results
The prevalence of Korean adults aged 20 years or over with fatty liver disease (FLI ≥60) increased from 13.3% in 2009 to 15.5% in 2017 (P for trend <0.001). The increase in fatty liver disease prevalence was prominent in men (from 20.5% to 24.2%) and the young age (20 to 39 years) group (from 12.8% to 16.4%) (P for interaction <0.001). The prevalence of fatty liver disease was the highest in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM, 29.6%) population compared to that of prediabetes or normoglycemia (10.0% and 21.8%) in 2017. The prevalence of fatty liver disease had statistically increased in individuals with T2DM and prediabetes (P for trend <0.001). Its prevalence increased more steeply in the young-aged population with T2DM, from 42.2% in 2009 to 60.1% in 2017. When applying a lower FLI cutoff (≥30) similar results were observed.
Conclusion
The prevalence of fatty liver disease in the Korean population has increased. Individuals who are young, male, and have T2DM are vulnerable to fatty liver disease.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Reply to G. Wang et al
Joo-Hyun Park, Jung Yong Hong, Kyungdo Han
Journal of Clinical Oncology.2023; 41(32): 5070. CrossRef
Longitudinal changes in fatty liver index are associated with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: A nationwide cohort study in Korea
Min Gu Kang, Chang Hun Lee, Chen Shen, Jong Seung Kim, Ji Hyun Park
Journal of Hepatology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The Role of the Fatty Liver Index (FLI) in the Management of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review
Teodora Biciusca, Sorina Ionelia Stan, Mara Amalia Balteanu, Ramona Cioboata, Alice Elena Ghenea, Suzana Danoiu, Ana-Maria Bumbea, Viorel Biciusca
Diagnostics.2023; 13(21): 3316. CrossRef
Repeated detection of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease increases the incidence risk of type 2 diabetes in young adults
Jin Hwa Kim, Young Sang Lyu, Mee Kyoung Kim, Sang Yong Kim, Ki‐Hyun Baek, Ki‐Ho Song, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk‐Sang Kwon
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Lean or Non-obese Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients: Are They Really Lean?
Eugene Han, Yong-ho Lee
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2023; 29(4): 980. CrossRef
Approach to Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Ji Cheol Bae
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2023; 24(3): 107. CrossRef

Brief Report

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Rising Incidence of Diabetes in Young Adults in South Korea: A National Cohort Study: Hyun Ho Choi, Giwoong Choi, Hojun Yoon, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(5):803-807. Published online January 11, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0236

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We investigated the incidence of diagnosed diabetes in South Korean adults (aged ≥20 years) by analyzing data for the National Health Insurance Service–National Sample Cohort. From 2006 to 2015, the overall incidence rate of diagnosed diabetes decreased by approximately 0.1% per year until 2015. Although, this trend was observed in individuals aged 40 years or over, the rate increased slightly in the 20–29 and 30–39 years age groups, from 0.5 to 0.7 and 2.0 to 2.6 per 1,000 individuals, respectively. The proportion of obese young adults with diabetes increased remarkably, from 51.4% in 2006 to 72.4% in 2015. Thus, young adults need early identification and weight-control strategies to prevent diabetes.

Citations

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Diabetes screening in South Korea: a new estimate of the number needed to screen to detect diabetes
Kyoung Hwa Ha, Kyung Ae Lee, Kyung-Do Han, Min Kyong Moon, Dae Jung Kim
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Jae Hyun Bae, Kyung-Do Han, Seung-Hyun Ko, Ye Seul Yang, Jong Han Choi, Kyung Mook Choi, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Kyu Chang Won
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2022; 46(3): 417. CrossRef
젊은 2형 당뇨병 환자의 관리
재현 배
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Screening for Prediabetes and Diabetes in Korean Nonpregnant Adults: A Position Statement of the Korean Diabetes Association, 2022
Kyung Ae Lee, Dae Jung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Suk Chon, Min Kyong Moon
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2022; 46(6): 819. CrossRef

Review

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure in Diabetes: Jin Joo Park; Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(2):146-157. Published online March 25, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0282; Correction in: Diabetes Metab J 2021;45(5):796

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43 Citations

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The cardiovascular disease continuum begins with risk factors such as diabetes mellitus (DM), progresses to vasculopathy and myocardial dysfunction, and finally ends with cardiovascular death. Diabetes is associated with a 2- to 4-fold increased risk for heart failure (HF). Moreover, HF patients with DM have a worse prognosis than those without DM. Diabetes can cause myocardial ischemia via micro- and macrovasculopathy and can directly exert deleterious effects on the myocardium. Hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance can cause alterations in vascular homeostasis. Then, reduced nitric oxide and increased reactive oxygen species levels favor inflammation leading to atherothrombotic progression and myocardial dysfunction. The classification, diagnosis, and treatment of HF for a patient with and without DM remain the same. Until now, drugs targeting neurohumoral and metabolic pathways improved mortality and morbidity in HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Therefore, all HFrEF patients should receive guideline-directed medical therapy. By contrast, drugs modulating neurohumoral activity did not improve survival in HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) patients. Trials investigating whether sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors are effective in HFpEF are on-going. This review will summarize the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of HF in diabetes.

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Brief Report

Complications
Trends in Cardiovascular Complications and Mortality among Patients with Diabetes in South Korea: Jung Hwan Park, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Bo Yeon Kim, Jae Hyuk Lee, Dae Jung Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(1):120-124. Published online December 9, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0175; Correction in: Diabetes Metab J 2021;45(2):283

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We investigated the cardiovascular complications and mortality rates of patients with diabetes in South Korea. The rates of hospitalization due to cardiovascular complications and mortality were analyzed using the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort. From 2006 to 2015, the rates of hospitalization due to major cardiovascular complications decreased, while those due to heart failure (from 72 to 146 and 124 to 161 per 10,000 men and women, respectively) and peripheral artery disease (from 39 to 55 and 19 to 35 per 10,000 men and women, respectively) increased. In the period 2007 to 2015, the mortality rates for cancer, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, heart disease, and hypertensive disease all decreased. However, the mortality rate for pneumonia increased. We observed a continuous reduction in cardiovascular complications and mortality in adults with diabetes. However, with the increase in some diabetes complications, more efforts are needed to prevent diabetes complications.

Citations

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Trends in diabetes-related complications in Singapore, 2013–2020: A registry-based study
Joshua Kuan Tan, Nur Nasyitah Mohamed Salim, Gek Hsiang Lim, Sing Yi Chia, Julian Thumboo, Yong Mong Bee, Ferdinando Carlo Sasso
PLOS ONE.2022; 17(10): e0275920. CrossRef
Association between the Diabetes Drug Cost and Cardiovascular Events and Death in Korea: A National Health Insurance Service Database Analysis
Seung Min Chung, Ji-In Lee, Eugene Han, Hyun-Ae Seo, Eonju Jeon, Hye Soon Kim, Ji Sung Yoon
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(5): 759. CrossRef
Impact of hypoglycemia at the time of hospitalization for heart failure from emergency department on major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with and without type 2 diabetes
Seon-Ah Cha, Jae-Seung Yun, Gee-Hee Kim, Yu-Bae Ahn
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Heart Failure and Diabetes Mellitus: Dangerous Liaisons
Hae-Young Lee
International Journal of Heart Failure.2022; 4(4): 163. CrossRef
Diabetes and Stroke
Junghyun Noh
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Current trends in epidemiology of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk management in type 2 diabetes
Jae-Seung Yun, Seung-Hyun Ko
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Original Articles

Type 1 Diabetes
Incidence and Prevalence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus among Korean Children and Adolescents between 2007 and 2017: An Epidemiologic Study Based on a National Database: Hyun Wook Chae, Gi Hyeon Seo, Kyungchul Song, Han Saem Choi, Junghwan Suh, Ahreum Kwon, Sangmi Ha, Ho-Seong Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):866-874. Published online November 4, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0212

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Background
The incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) among children is high in Europe and the USA and relatively low in Asia, including Korea. The present study aimed to investigate the incidence and prevalence of childhood-onset T1DM in Korea and examine trends in incidence.
Methods
This study was conducted using the national registry data provided by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in Korea from 2007 to 2017. We included children aged 0 to 14 years who were newly registered with a T1DM diagnosis each year (code E10).
Results
A total of 29,013 children were registered. The overall incidence of T1DM was 4.45 per 100,000 persons (girls, 4.93; boys, 4.01). The overall incidence of childhood-onset T1DM in Korea increased from 3.70 in 2008 to 4.77 in 2016 (P=0.002). The incidence of T1DM increased from 3.07 in 2008 to 4.89 in 2016 (P<0.001) among boys. Although the incidence of the disease increased significantly among boys aged 5–9 and 10–14 years, it remained constant among girls (4.39 in 2008, 4.64 in 2016). The overall prevalence of childhood-onset T1DM in Korea increased from 32.85 in 2007 to 41.03 per 100,000 persons in 2017 (girls, 35.54 to 43.88; boys, 32.85 to 41.03).
Conclusion
We calculated relatively accurate incidence and prevalence of childhood-onset T1DM from a nation-based registry. The incidence increased by 3% to 4% every year from 2007 to 2017. The increasing trend is noteworthy compared with previous reports.

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Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2023; 14(3): 376. CrossRef
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Yuchuan Li, Kun Qian, Di Wu, Xinli Wang, Hong Cui, Geheng Yuan, Jinfang Yuan, Lijun Yang, Liya Wei, Bingyan Cao, Chang Su, Xuejun Liang, Min Liu, Wenjing Li, Miao Qin, Jiajia Chen, Xi Meng, Rui Wang, Shan Su, Xiaobo Chen, Hui Chen, Chunxiu Gong
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Yoonha Lee, Minseung Kim, Kyeongeun Oh, Eungu Kang, Young-Jun Rhie, Jieun Lee, Yong Hee Hong, Young-Lim Shin, Jae Hyun Kim
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Rihwa Choi, Wonseo Park, Gayoung Chun, Jiwon Lee, Sang Gon Lee, Eun Hee Lee
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Comparison of the clinical characteristics and outcomes of pediatric patients with and without diabetic ketoacidosis at the time of type 1 diabetes diagnosis
Young-Jun Seo, Chang Dae Kum, Jung Gi Rho, Young Suk Shim, Hae Sang Lee, Jin Soon Hwang
Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism.2022; 27(2): 126. CrossRef
Prevalence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents in North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous federal state in Germany, 2002-2020
C. Baechle, A. Stahl-Pehe, N. Prinz, T. Meissner, C. Kamrath, R.W. Holl, J. Rosenbauer
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2022; 190: 109995. CrossRef
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Sarah Wing-yiu Poon, Joanna Yuet-ling Tung, Wilfred Hing-sang Wong, Pik-to Cheung, Antony Chun-cheung Fu, Gloria Shir-wey Pang, Sharon Wing-yan To, Lap-ming Wong, Wai-yu Wong, Suk-yan Chan, Ho-chung Yau, Wing-shan See, Betty Wai-man But, Shirley Man-yee W
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Ju-Yeon Uhm, Mi-Young Choi
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Min Jeong Han, Jun Ho Heo
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Ye Seul Yang, Tae Seo Sohn
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Agostino Di Ciaula, Piero Portincasa
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Jieun Lee
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Jieun Lee, Jae Hyun Kim
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Trajectories in glycated hemoglobin and body mass index in children and adolescents with diabetes using the common data model
Yun Jeong Lee, Sooyoung Yoo, Soyoung Yi, Seok Kim, Chunggak Lee, Jihoon Cho, Soyeon Ahn, Sunkyu Choi, Hee Hwang, Young Ah Lee, Choong Ho Shin, Hyung-Jin Yoon, Kwangsoo Kim, Eunhye Song, Jin Ho Choi, Han Wook Yoo, Young-Hak Kim, Ji Seon Oh, Eun-Ae Kang, Ga
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Mi-Kyoung Cho, Mi-Young Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(14): 7623. CrossRef
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Mi-Kyoung Cho, Mi Young Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(17): 8914. CrossRef
Relationship between Diabetes Family Conflicts or Problem Recognition in Illness Self-Management and Quality of Life of Adolescents with T1DM and Their Parents
Mi-Kyoung Cho, Mi Young Kim
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Sun Joon Moon, Inha Jung, Cheol-Young Park
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History of insulin treatment of pediatric patients with diabetes in Korea
Jae Hyun Kim, Choong Ho Shin, Sei Won Yang
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A Position Statement of the Utilization and Support Status of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Korea
Won Jun Kim, Jae Hyun Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Jang Won Son, Ah Reum Khang, Su Kyoung Kwon, Ji Hye Kim, Tae Ho Kim, Ohk Hyun Ryu, Kyeong Hye Park, Sun Ok Song, Kang-Woo Lee, Woo Je Lee, Jung Hwa Jung, Ho-Chan Cho, Min Jeong Gu, Jeongrim Lee, Dal Lae Ju, Yeon Hee
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2021; 22(4): 225. CrossRef

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
The Association between Pulmonary Functions and Incident Diabetes: Longitudinal Analysis from the Ansung Cohort in Korea: Hoon Sung Choi, Sung Woo Lee, Jin Taek Kim, Hong Kyu Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(5):699-710. Published online April 16, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0109

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Background

We sought to explore whether reduced pulmonary function is an independent risk factor for incident diabetes in Koreans.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study of pulmonary function as a risk factor for incident diabetes using 10-year follow-up data from 3,864 middle-aged adults from the Ansung cohort study in Korea. The incidence of diabetes was assessed using both oral glucose tolerance tests and glycosylated hemoglobin levels.

Results

During 37,118 person-years of follow-up, 583 participants developed diabetes (incidence rate: 15.7 per 1,000 person-years). The mean follow-up period was 8.0±3.7 years. Forced vital capacity (FVC; % predicted) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁; % predicted) were significantly correlated with incident diabetes in a graded manner after adjustment for sex, age, smoking, exercise, and metabolic parameters. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and confidence interval (CI) for diabetes were 1.408 (1.106 to 1.792) and 1.469 (1.137 to 1.897) in the first quartiles of FVC and FEV₁, respectively, when compared with the highest quartile. Furthermore, the FVC of the lowest first and second quartiles showed a significantly higher 10-year panel homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index, with differences of 0.095 (95% CI, 0.010 to 0.018; P=0.028) and 0.127 (95% CI, 0.044 to 0.210; P=0.003), respectively, when compared to the highest quartiles.

Conclusion

FVC and FEV₁ are independent risk factors for developing diabetes in Koreans. Pulmonary factors are possible risk factors for insulin resistance and diabetes.

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Independent and combined associations of multiple-heavy-metal exposure with lung function: a population-based study in US children
Yiting Chen, Anda Zhao, Rong Li, Wenhui Kang, Jinhong Wu, Yong Yin, Shilu Tong, Shenghui Li, Jianyu Chen
Environmental Geochemistry and Health.2023; 45(7): 5213. CrossRef
Role of Pulmonary Function in Predicting New-Onset Cardiometabolic Diseases and Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity
Guochen Li, Yanqiang Lu, Yanan Qiao, Die Hu, Chaofu Ke
Chest.2022; 162(2): 421. CrossRef
Reduced lung function predicts risk of incident type 2 diabetes: insights from a meta-analysis of prospective studies
Yunping Zhou, Fei Meng, Min Wang, Linlin Li, Pengli Yu, Yunxia Jiang
Endocrine Journal.2022; 69(3): 299. CrossRef
Development of Various Diabetes Prediction Models Using Machine Learning Techniques
Juyoung Shin, Jaewon Kim, Chanjung Lee, Joon Young Yoon, Seyeon Kim, Seungjae Song, Hun-Sung Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2022; 46(4): 650. CrossRef
Improving Machine Learning Diabetes Prediction Models for the Utmost Clinical Effectiveness
Juyoung Shin, Joonyub Lee, Taehoon Ko, Kanghyuck Lee, Yera Choi, Hun-Sung Kim
Journal of Personalized Medicine.2022; 12(11): 1899. CrossRef
The Association between Pulmonary Functions and Incident Diabetes: Longitudinal Analysis from the Ansung Cohort in Korea (Diabetes Metab J 2020;44: 699-710)
Hoon Sung Choi, Sung Woo Lee, Jin Taek Kim, Hong Kyu Lee
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(6): 944. CrossRef
The Association between Pulmonary Functions and Incident Diabetes: Longitudinal Analysis from the Ansung Cohort in Korea (Diabetes Metab J 2020;44: 699-710)
Jin Hwa Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(6): 940. CrossRef

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Intra-Abdominal Fat and High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Are Associated in a Non-Linear Pattern in Japanese-Americans: Sun Ok Song, You-Cheol Hwang, Steven E. Kahn, Donna L. Leonetti, Wilfred Y. Fujimoto, Edward J. Boyko; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(2):277-285. Published online March 10, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0008

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Background

We describe the association between high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration and computed tomography (CT)-measured fat depots.

Methods

We examined the cross-sectional associations between HDL-C concentration and intra-abdominal (IAF), abdominal subcutaneous (SCF), and thigh fat (TF) areas in 641 Japanese-American men and women. IAF, SCF, and TF were measured by CT at the level of the umbilicus and mid-thigh. The associations between fat area measurements and HDL-C were examined using multivariate linear regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, diabetes family history, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and body mass index (BMI). Non-linearity was assessed using fractional polynomials.

Results

Mean±standard deviation of HDL-C concentration and IAF in men and women were 1.30±0.34 mg/dL, 105±55.3 cm², and 1.67±0.43 mg/dL, 74.4±46.6 cm² and differed significantly by gender for both comparisons (P<0.001). In univariate analysis, HDL-C concentration was significantly associated with CT-measured fat depots. In multivariate analysis, IAF was significantly and non-linearly associated with HDL-C concentration adjusted for age, sex, BMI, HOMA-IR, SCF, and TF (IAF: β=−0.1012, P<0.001; IAF²: β=0.0008, P<0.001). SCF was also negatively and linearly associated with HDL-C (β=−0.4919, P=0.001).

Conclusion

HDL-C does not linearly decline with increasing IAF in Japanese-Americans. A more complex pattern better fits this association.

Citations

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Obesity-related parameters in carriers of some BDNF genetic variants may depend on daily dietary macronutrients intake
Urszula Miksza, Edyta Adamska-Patruno, Witold Bauer, Joanna Fiedorczuk, Przemyslaw Czajkowski, Monika Moroz, Krzysztof Drygalski, Andrzej Ustymowicz, Elwira Tomkiewicz, Maria Gorska, Adam Kretowski
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Computed tomography-based investigation of the correlation of abdominal fat areas with metabolic syndrome
Kai-Yuan Cheng, Tsung-Hsien Yen, Jay Wu, Pei-Hsuan Li, Tian-Yu Shih
Journal of Radiological Science.2023; 48(1): 15. CrossRef
Lower High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration Is Independently Associated with Greater Future Accumulation of Intra-Abdominal Fat
Sun Ok Song, You-Cheol Hwang, Han Uk Ryu, Steven E. Kahn, Donna L. Leonetti, Wilfred Y. Fujimoto, Edward J. Boyko
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(4): 835. CrossRef

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Validation of Risk Prediction Models for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in a Prospective Korean Community-Based Cohort: Jae Hyun Bae, Min Kyong Moon, Sohee Oh, Bo Kyung Koo, Nam Han Cho, Moon-Kyu Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(3):458-469. Published online January 13, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0061

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Background

To investigate the performance of the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE) in a large, prospective, community-based cohort in Korea and to compare it with that of the Framingham Global Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score (FRS-CVD) and the Korean Risk Prediction Model (KRPM).

Methods

In the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KOGES)-Ansan and Ansung study, we evaluated calibration and discrimination of the PCE for non-Hispanic whites (PCE-WH) and for African Americans (PCE-AA) and compared their predictive abilities with the FRS-CVD and the KRPM.

Results

The present study included 7,932 individuals (3,778 men and 4,154 women). The PCE-WH and PCE-AA moderately overestimated the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) for men (6% and 13%, respectively) but underestimated the risk for women (−49% and −25%, respectively). The FRS-CVD overestimated ASCVD risk for men (91%) but provided a good risk prediction for women (3%). The KRPM underestimated ASCVD risk for men (−31%) and women (−31%). All the risk prediction models showed good discrimination in both men (C-statistic 0.730 to 0.735) and women (C-statistic 0.726 to 0.732). Recalibration of the PCE using data from the KOGES-Ansan and Ansung study substantially improved the predictive accuracy in men.

Conclusion

In the KOGES-Ansan and Ansung study, the PCE overestimated ASCVD risk for men and underestimated the risk for women. The PCE-WH and the FRS-CVD provided an accurate prediction of ASCVD in men and women, respectively.

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Moderation of Weight Misperception on the Associations Between Obesity Indices and Estimated Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Kayoung Lee
International Journal of Behavioral Medicine.2023; 30(1): 89. CrossRef
Validation of the general Framingham Risk Score (FRS), SCORE2, revised PCE and WHO CVD risk scores in an Asian population
Sazzli Shahlan Kasim, Nurulain Ibrahim, Sorayya Malek, Khairul Shafiq Ibrahim, Muhammad Firdaus Aziz, Cheen Song, Yook Chin Chia, Anis Safura Ramli, Kazuaki Negishi, Nafiza Mat Nasir
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Principles of cardiovascular risk management in perimenopausal women with type 2 diabetes
F. O. Ushanova, T. Yu. Demidova, T. N. Korotkova
FOCUS. Endocrinology.2023; 4(2): 19. CrossRef
Prediction of the 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the Korean population
Sangwoo Park, Yong-Giun Kim, Soe Hee Ann, Young-Rak Cho, Shin-Jae Kim, Seungbong Han, Gyung-Min Park
Epidemiology and Health.2023; : e2023052. CrossRef
Triglyceride-Glucose Index Predicts Future Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: A 16-Year Follow-up in a Prospective, Community-Dwelling Cohort Study
Joon Ho Moon, Yongkang Kim, Tae Jung Oh, Jae Hoon Moon, Soo Heon Kwak, Kyong Soo Park, Hak Chul Jang, Sung Hee Choi, Nam H. Cho
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(4): 406. CrossRef
Assessing the Validity of the Criteria for the Extreme Risk Category of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
Kyung-Soo Kim, Sangmo Hong, Kyungdo Han, Cheol-Young Park
Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis.2022; 11(1): 73. CrossRef
Mediation of Grip Strength on the Association Between Self-Rated Health and Estimated Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Kayoung Lee
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2022; 20(6): 344. CrossRef
Implications of the heterogeneity between guideline recommendations for the use of low dose aspirin in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Xiao-Ying Li, Li Li, Sang-Hoon Na, Francesca Santilli, Zhongwei Shi, Michael Blaha
American Journal of Preventive Cardiology.2022; 11: 100363. CrossRef
The Risk of Cardiovascular Disease According to Chewing Status Could Be Modulated by Healthy Diet in Middle-Aged Koreans
Hyejin Chun, Jongchul Oh, Miae Doo
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Management of Cardiovascular Risk in Perimenopausal Women with Diabetes
Catherine Kim
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Alessandra M. Campos-Staffico, David Cordwin, Venkatesh L. Murthy, Michael P. Dorsch, Jasmine A. Luzum
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Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Multiple Biomarkers Improved Prediction for the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Singapore Chinese Men and Women: Yeli Wang, Woon-Puay Koh, Xueling Sim, Jian-Min Yuan, An Pan; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(2):295-306. Published online November 22, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0020

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Background

Multiple biomarkers have performed well in predicting type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk in Western populations. However, evidence is scarce among Asian populations.

Methods

Plasma triglyceride-to-high density lipoprotein (TG-to-HDL) ratio, alanine transaminase (ALT), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), ferritin, adiponectin, fetuin-A, and retinol-binding protein 4 were measured in 485 T2DM cases and 485 age-and-sex matched controls nested within the prospective Singapore Chinese Health Study cohort. Participants were free of T2DM at blood collection (1999 to 2004), and T2DM cases were identified at the subsequent follow-up interviews (2006 to 2010). A weighted biomarker score was created based on the strengths of associations between these biomarkers and T2DM risks. The predictive utility of the biomarker score was assessed by the area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC).

Results

The biomarker score that comprised of four biomarkers (TG-to-HDL ratio, ALT, ferritin, and adiponectin) was positively associated with T2DM risk (P trend <0.001). Compared to the lowest quartile of the score, the odds ratio was 12.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.43 to 26.6) for those in the highest quartile. Adding the biomarker score to a base model that included smoking, history of hypertension, body mass index, and levels of random glucose and insulin improved AUC significantly from 0.81 (95% CI, 0.78 to 0.83) to 0.83 (95% CI, 0.81 to 0.86; P=0.002). When substituting the random glucose levels with glycosylated hemoglobin in the base model, adding the biomarker score improved AUC from 0.85 (95% CI, 0.83 to 0.88) to 0.86 (95% CI, 0.84 to 0.89; P=0.032).

Conclusion

A composite score of blood biomarkers improved T2DM risk prediction among Chinese.

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Ji Hye Huh, Eun Roh, Seong Jin Lee, Sung-Hee Ihm, Kyung-Do Han, Jun Goo Kang
Diabetes Care.2023; 46(2): 305. CrossRef
The association between retinol-binding protein 4 and risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Xiaomeng Tan, Han Zhang, Limin Liu, Zengli Yu, Xinxin Liu, Lingling Cui, Yao Chen, Huanhuan Zhang, Zhan Gao, Zijian Zhao
International Journal of Environmental Health Research.2023; : 1. CrossRef
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PRIYANKA JADHAV, VINOTHINI SELVARAJU, SARITH P SATHIAN, RAMAKRISHNAN SWAMINATHAN
Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Strikes and Gutters: Biomarkers and anthropometric measures for predicting diagnosed diabetes mellitus in adults in low- and middle-income countries
Sally Sonia Simmons
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Dalia Ghareeb Mohammad, Hamdy Omar, Taghrid B. El-Abaseri, Wafaa Omar, Shaymaa Abdelraheem
Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders.2021; 20(1): 649. CrossRef
Biomarker Score in Risk Prediction: Beyond Scientific Evidence and Statistical Performance
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Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(2): 245. CrossRef

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Plasma CD36 and Incident Diabetes: A Case-Cohort Study in Danish Men and Women: Yeli Wang, Jingwen Zhu, Sarah Aroner, Kim Overvad, Tianxi Cai, Ming Yang, Anne Tjønneland, Aase Handberg, Majken K. Jensen; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(1):134-142. Published online October 18, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0273

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Background

Membrane CD36 is a fatty acid transporter implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. We aimed to evaluate the association between plasma CD36 levels and diabetes risk and to examine if the association was independent of adiposity among Danish population.

Methods

We conducted a case-cohort study nested within the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health study among participants free of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer and with blood samples and anthropometric measurements (height, weight, waist circumference, and body fat percentage) at baseline (1993 to 1997). CD36 levels were measured in 647 incident diabetes cases that occurred before December 2011 and a total of 3,515 case-cohort participants (236 cases overlap).

Results

Higher plasma CD36 levels were associated with higher diabetes risk after adjusting for age, sex and other lifestyle factors. The hazard ratio (HR) comparing high versus low tertile of plasma CD36 levels was 1.36 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00 to 1.86). However, the association lost its significance after further adjustment for different adiposity indices such as body mass index (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.87 to 1.73), waist circumference (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.68) or body fat percentage (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.66). Moreover, raised plasma CD36 levels were moderately associated with diabetes risk among lean participants, but the association was not present among overweight/obese individuals.

Conclusion

Higher plasma CD36 levels were associated with higher diabetes risk, but the association was not independent of adiposity. In this Danish population, the association of CD36 with diabetes risk could be either mediated or confounded by adiposity.

Citations

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The Multifunctionality of CD36 in Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications—Update in Pathogenesis, Treatment and Monitoring
Kamila Puchałowicz, Monika Ewa Rać
Cells.2020; 9(8): 1877. CrossRef
The Role of CD36 in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: β-Cell Dysfunction and Beyond
Jun Sung Moon, Udayakumar Karunakaran, Elumalai Suma, Seung Min Chung, Kyu Chang Won
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(2): 222. CrossRef

Epidemiology
Plasma Fetuin-A Levels and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in A Chinese Population: A Nested Case-Control Study: Yeli Wang, Woon-Puay Koh, Majken K. Jensen, Jian-Min Yuan, An Pan; Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(4):474-486. Published online March 20, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0171

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Background

Fetuin-A is a hepatokine that involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Previous epidemiological studies have found a positive association between blood fetuin-A and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk among Caucasians and African Americans. We aimed to investigate the prospective relationship between fetuin-A and T2DM in an Asian population for the first time.

Methods

A nested case-control study was established within a prospective cohort of Chinese living in Singapore. At blood collection (1999 to 2004), all participants were free of diagnosed T2DM and aged 50 to 79 years. At subsequent follow-up (2006 to 2010), 558 people reported to have T2DM and were classified as incident cases, and 558 controls were randomly chosen from the participants who did not develop T2DM to match with cases on age, sex, dialect group, and date of blood collection. Plasma fetuin-A levels were measured retrospectively in cases and controls using samples collected at baseline. Conditional logistic regression models were used to compute the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Restricted cubic spline analysis was used to examine a potential non-linear association between fetuin-A levels and T2DM risk.

Results

Compared with those in the lowest fetuin-A quintile, participants in the highest quintile had a two-fold increased risk of developing T2DM (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.21 to 3.51). A non-linear association was observed (P nonlinearity=0.005), where the association between fetuin-A levels and T2DM risk plateaued at plasma concentrations around 830 µg/mL.

Conclusion

There is a positive association between plasma fetuin-A levels and risk of developing T2DM in this Chinese population.

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Reviews

Complications
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Diabetes. Part I: Epidemiology and Diagnosis: Yong-ho Lee, Yongin Cho, Byung-Wan Lee, Cheol-Young Park, Dae Ho Lee, Bong-Soo Cha, Eun-Jung Rhee; Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(1):31-45. Published online December 17, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0011; Correction in: Diabetes Metab J 2019;43(5):731

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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diabetes are common metabolic disorders whose prevalence rates are expected to rise worldwide, corresponding to aging and increasingly obese populations. Compared to the general population (around 25%), 50% to 70% of people with diabetes have NAFLD, and NAFLD severity (including fibrosis) tends to be worsened by the presence of diabetes. NAFLD is considered an emerging risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus and a contributor to the development of chronic diabetes-related complications. This reciprocal relationship demonstrates the importance of confirming suspected NAFLD in patients with diabetes. Due to the invasive nature of liver biopsy to assess NAFLD status, various alternative non-invasive modalities have been developed and validated. Here, we summarized the epidemiology of NAFLD in patients with diabetes and reviewed currently available imaging modalities and biomarker-based prediction models for their ability to detect liver steatosis and/or fibrosis.

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Complications
Update on the Impact, Diagnosis and Management of Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Diabetes: What Is Defined, What Is New, and What Is Unmet: Vincenza Spallone; Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(1):3-30. Published online November 2, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0259

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Abstract PDF PubReader

The burden of diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is expected to increase due to the diabetes epidemic and its early and widespread appearance. CAN has a definite prognostic role for mortality and cardiovascular morbidity. Putative mechanisms for this are tachycardia, QT interval prolongation, orthostatic hypotension, reverse dipping, and impaired heart rate variability, while emerging mechanisms like inflammation support the pervasiveness of autonomic dysfunction. Efforts to overcome CAN under-diagnosis are on the table: by promoting screening for symptoms and signs; by simplifying cardiovascular reflex tests; and by selecting the candidates for screening. CAN assessment allows for treatment of its manifestations, cardiovascular risk stratification, and tailoring therapeutic targets. Risk factors for CAN are mainly glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and, in addition, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and obesity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), while preliminary data regard glycaemic variability, vitamin B12 and D changes, oxidative stress, inflammation, and genetic biomarkers. Glycaemic control prevents CAN in T1DM, whereas multifactorial intervention might be effective in T2DM. Lifestyle intervention improves autonomic function mostly in pre-diabetes. While there is no conclusive evidence for a disease-modifying therapy, treatment of CAN manifestations is available. The modulation of autonomic function by SGLT2i represents a promising research field with possible clinical relevance.

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Epidemiology
The Evidence for an Obesity Paradox in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Seung Jin Han, Edward J. Boyko; Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(3):179-187. Published online May 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0055

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Although overweight/obesity is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, there is increasing evidence that overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus experience lower mortality compared with patients of normal weight. This paradoxical finding, known as the “obesity paradox,” occurs in other chronic diseases, and in type 2 diabetes mellitus is particularly perplexing given that lifestyle intervention with one goal being weight reduction is an important feature of the management of this condition. We summarize in this review the findings from clinical and epidemiologic studies that have investigated the association between overweight and obesity (usually assessed using body mass index [BMI]) and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus and discuss potential causes of the obesity paradox. We conclude that most studies show evidence of an obesity paradox, but important conflicting findings still exist. We also evaluate if potential bias might explain the obesity paradox in diabetes, including, for example, the presence of confounding factors, measurement error due to use of BMI as an index of obesity, and reverse causation.

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Original Article

Epidemiology
Predictors of Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japanese Americans with Normal Fasting Glucose Level: You-Cheol Hwang, Wilfred Y. Fujimoto, Steven E. Kahn, Donna L. Leonetti, Edward J. Boyko; Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(3):198-206. Published online April 25, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.0100

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Background

Little is known about the natural course of normal fasting glucose (NFG) in Asians and the risk factors for future diabetes.

Methods

A total of 370 Japanese Americans (163 men, 207 women) with NFG levels and no history of diabetes, aged 34 to 75 years, were enrolled. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed at baseline, 2.5, 5, and 10 years after enrollment.

Results

During 10 years of follow-up, 16.1% of participants met criteria for diabetes diagnosis, and 39.6% of subjects still had NFG levels at the time of diabetes diagnosis. During 5 years of follow-up, age (odds ratio [OR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.10; P=0.026) and family history of diabetes (OR, 3.24; 95% CI, 1.42 to 7.40; P=0.005) were independently associated with future diabetes diagnosis; however, fasting glucose level was not an independent predictor. During 10 years of follow-up, family history of diabetes (OR, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.37 to 5.54; P=0.004), fasting insulin level (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.02; P=0.037), and fasting glucose level (OR, 3.69; 95% CI, 1.13 to 12.01; P=0.030) were associated with diabetes diagnosis independent of conventional risk factors for diabetes.

Conclusion

A substantial number of subjects with NFG at baseline still remained in the NFG range at the time of diabetes diagnosis. A family history of diabetes and fasting insulin and glucose levels were associated with diabetes diagnosis during 10 years of follow-up; however, fasting glucose level was not associated with diabetes risk within the relatively short-term follow-up period of 5 years in subjects with NFG.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

J-shape relationship between normal fasting plasma glucose and risk of type 2 diabetes in the general population: results from two cohort studies
Linfeng He, Wenbin Zheng, Zeyu Li, Lu Chen, Wen Kong, Tianshu Zeng
Journal of Translational Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Fasting plasma glucose and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a group of Chinese people with normoglycemia and without obesity
Ziqiong Wang, Zheng Liu, Sen He
Journal of Diabetes.2021; 13(7): 601. CrossRef
Hidden Risks behind Normal Fasting Glucose: Is It Significant?
Seung-Hwan Lee
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2018; 42(3): 196. CrossRef

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