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Type 1 Diabetes
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Global Burden of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Related Chronic Kidney Disease among Adolescents and Young Adults, and Projections to 2035: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Xiaoli Qu, Chongbin Liu, Lin Sun, Zhifeng Sheng
Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(4):812-825.   Published online March 10, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0544
  • 11,716 View
  • 304 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 4 Crossref
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Background
Type 1 diabetes mellitus related chronic kidney disease (T1DM-CKD) presents a global health challenge, with unclear trends and patterns among adolescents and young adults. This study analyzed the burden and risk factors of T1DM-CKD in individuals aged 15 to 39 from 1990 to 2021 and predicted future trends.
Methods
Using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2021, we analyzed the prevalence, incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and average annual percentage change (AAPC) of T1DM-CKD among youth across gender, sociodemographic index (SDI) areas, and data from 21 regions and 204 countries and territories. Risk factors were assessed and future trends were projected.
Results
Between 1990 and 2021, the global prevalence of T1DM-CKD aged 15 to 39 increased by 107.5% to 3.32 million, with an age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) of 111.44 per 100,000 (AAPC 1.33%). Incidence rose by 165.4% to 14,200, with an agestandardized incidence rate of 0.48 per 100,000 (AAPC 2.19%). However, age-standardized mortality rate (0.50 per 100,000, AAPC –0.87%) and age-standardized DALYs rate (30.61 per 100,000, AAPC –0.83%) decreased. ASPR increased across all SDI regions, especially in high-SDI countries. High fasting glucose remained the major risk factor influencing DALYs. By 2035, T1DM-CKD prevalence was projected to decrease to 2.86 million (ASPR 89.67 per 100,000).
Conclusion
The research revealed a global increase in T1DM-CKD among youth, with a shift towards younger onset and significant variations based on gender and location, emphasizing the importance of early prevention and management strategies for this demographic.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Tracking three decades of type 1 diabetes‐related chronic kidney disease in East Asia: Burden, age–sex patterns, and quality of care index
    Qiongfang Zhang, Huan Wang, Mei Sun, Yi Wu, Pan Xie
    Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease and its associated anemia, 1990 to 2021 and predictions to 2050: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021
    Qiao Qi, Yongtao Hu, Qiqi Shen, Kun Tang, Jie Yu, Yuexian Xu, Qingfeng Huang, Bingbing Hou, Zongyao Hao
    BMC Nephrology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Global Burden of Severe Heart Failure Attributable to Chronic Kidney Disease in Diabetes Populations: A Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
    Xingfang Wang, Dun Su
    British Journal of Hospital Medicine.2025; 86(8): 1.     CrossRef
  • Comprehensive epidemiological analysis of chronic kidney disease in adolescents and young adults (ages 10–24 years) from 1990 to 2021
    Zheping Yuan, Li Wei, Xuezhong Gong, Jun Li
    BMJ Open.2025; 15(10): e104587.     CrossRef
Guideline/Statement/Fact Sheet
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Prevalence, Incidence, and Metabolic Characteristics of Young Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in South Korea (2010–2020)
Ji Yoon Kim, Jiyoon Lee, Joon Ho Moon, Se Eun Park, Seung-Hyun Ko, Sung Hee Choi, Nam Hoon Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(2):172-182.   Published online March 1, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0826
  • 7,892 View
  • 446 Download
  • 9 Web of Science
  • 10 Crossref
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Background
This study aimed to examine trends in the prevalence, incidence, metabolic characteristics, and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among young adults in South Korea.
Methods
Young adults with T2DM were defined as individuals aged 19 to 39 years who met the diagnostic criteria for T2DM. Data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Customized Database (2010–2020, n=225,497–372,726) were analyzed to evaluate trends in T2DM prevalence, incidence, metabolic profiles, comorbidities, and antidiabetic drug prescription. Additional analyses were performed using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Results
The prevalence of T2DM in young adults significantly increased from 1.02% in 2010 to 2.02% in 2020 (P<0.001), corresponding to 372,726 patients in 2020. Over the same period, the incidence rate remained stable within the range of 0.36% to 0.45%. Prediabetes prevalence steadily increased from 15.53% to 20.92%, affecting 3.87 million individuals in 2020. The proportion of young adults with T2DM who were obese also increased, with 67.8% having a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m² and 31.6% having a BMI ≥30 kg/m² in 2020. The prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and fatty liver disease also increased, reaching 34.2%, 79.8%, and 78.9%, respectively, in 2020. Although the overall pharmacological treatment rate remained low, the prescription of antidiabetic medications with weight-reducing properties increased over the study period.
Conclusion
The prevalence of T2DM among young adults in South Korea nearly doubled over the past decade. The strong association with obesity and metabolic comorbidities emphasizes the urgent need for targeted prevention and management strategies tailored to this population.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Association between body weight time in target range and risk of type 2 diabetes in adults with obesity
    Soojin Park, Seohyun Kim, Sang Ho Park, Minkyeong Kim, You-Bin Lee, Sang-Man Jin, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jae Hyeon Kim, Gyuri Kim
    Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Diabetes Fact Sheet 2025: Comparative Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Obese and Non-Obese Diabetes in Korea
    Jin Hwa Kim, Bongseong Kim, Se Eun Park, Seung-Hyun Ko, Sung Hee Choi, Bong Soo Cha, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2026; 50(2): 267.     CrossRef
  • Diabetes Fact Sheet 2025: Special Edition on Diabetes with Obesity and in Pregnancy
    Se Eun Park, Se Hee Min, Jin Hwa Kim, Seung-Hwan Lee, Han Na Jung, Joon Ho Moon, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hyun Ko, Bong Soo Cha, Sung Hee Choi
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2026; 50(2): 255.     CrossRef
  • Association of temporal MASLD with type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and mortality
    Eugene Han, Kyung-Do Han, Yong-ho Lee, Kyung-Soo Kim, Sangmo Hong, Jung Hwan Park, Cheol-Young Park
    Cardiovascular Diabetology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Fenofibrate therapy and risk of heart failure outcomes in patients with Type 2 diabetes: a propensity-matched cohort study
    Ji Yoon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Jiyoon Lee, Dong-Hoon Kim, Sin Gon Kim
    European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy.2025; 11(7): 620.     CrossRef
  • Young Adults at Risk: Tackling the Surge of Early‑Onset Type 2 Diabetes in Korea
    Eun-Hee Cho
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(4): 542.     CrossRef
  • Young patients with type 2 diabetes have high relative risks for complications in a country with middle-high sociodemographic index, similarly to those countries with high index
    Gergő A. Molnár, Zoltán Kiss, István Wittmann
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring Versus Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in People With Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Non-Intensive Insulin Therapy in South Korea
    Ji Yoon Kim, Sabrina Ilham, Hamza Alshannaq, Richard F. Pollock, Martin Field, Gregory J. Norman, Sang-Man Jin, Jae Hyeon Kim
    Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Can screening for albuminuria detect type 2 diabetes mellitus?
    Mi Kyung Kim
    Kidney Research and Clinical Practice.2025; 44(6): 857.     CrossRef
  • Association between severe acute pancreatitis and new-onset diabetes: a propensity score-matched real-world study
    Djibril M. Ba, Phil A. Hart, Tian Qiu, Somashekar G. Krishna, Xiang Gao, Douglas L. Leslie, David Bradley, Jennifer Maranki, Kadiyatu Fofana, Vernon M. Chinchilli, Ariana R. Pichardo-Lowden
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
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Cardiovascular Disease & Diabetes Statistics in Korea: Nationwide Data 2010 to 2019
Jin Hwa Kim, Junyeop Lee, Kyungdo Han, Jae-Taek Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, on Behalf of the Diabetic Vascular Disease Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(6):1084-1092.   Published online November 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0275
  • 8,662 View
  • 222 Download
  • 7 Web of Science
  • 9 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
This study aimed to provide updated insights into the incidence and management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Korean adults with diabetes.
Methods
Using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service and Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we analyzed the representative national estimates of CVD in adults with diabetes.
Results
The age- and sex-standardized incidence rate of ischemic heart disease (IHD), ischemic stroke, and peripheral artery disease (PAD) decreased from 2010 to 2019 in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, an increase in the incidence of heart failure (HF) was observed during the same period. Only 4.96% of adults with diabetes and CVD achieved optimal control of all three risk factors (glycemic levels, blood pressure, and lipid control). Additionally, high-intensity statin treatment rates were 8.84% and 9.15% in individuals with IHD and ischemic stroke, respectively. Treatment with a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) or a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) was relatively low in 2019, with only 11.87%, 7.10%, and 11.05% of individuals with IHD, ischemic stroke, and HF, respectively, receiving SGLT2i treatment. Furthermore, only 1.08%, 0.79%, and 1.06% of patients with IHD, ischemic stroke, and HF, respectively, were treated with GLP-1RA.
Conclusion
The incidence of most CVD (IHD, ischemic stroke, and PAD) decreased between 2010 and 2019, whereas the incidence of HF increased. The overall use of high-intensity statins, SGLT2i, and GLP-1RA remained low among individuals with T2DM and CVD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Nationwide Big Data Studies of Endocrine Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database: Research Trends and Standardization of Operational Definitions
    Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Kyoung Jin Kim, Beom-Jun Kim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2026; 41(1): 86.     CrossRef
  • Big Data Research for Diabetes-Related Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database
    Kyung-Soo Kim, Bongseong Kim, Kyungdo Han
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(1): 13.     CrossRef
  • Heterogeneity in the development of diabetes-related complications: narrative review of the roles of ancestry and geographical determinants
    Andrea O. Y. Luk, Yingnan Fan, Baoqi Fan, Edith W. K. Chow, Tony C. K. O
    Diabetologia.2025; 68(11): 2386.     CrossRef
  • 2024 Cardio-cerebrovascular disease fact sheet in Korea
    Kyungdo Han, Jin-Hyung Jung, Sang-Suk Choi, Seung-Hyun Ko
    Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy.2025; 7(3): 85.     CrossRef
  • Fenofibrate therapy and risk of heart failure outcomes in patients with Type 2 diabetes: a propensity-matched cohort study
    Ji Yoon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Jiyoon Lee, Dong-Hoon Kim, Sin Gon Kim
    European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy.2025; 11(7): 620.     CrossRef
  • SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in PAD: A State-of-the-Art Review
    Alfredo Caturano, Damiano D’Ardes, Paola Giustina Simeone, Gianfranco Lessiani, Nicoletta Di Gregorio, Lorenzo Andreetto, Davide Grassi, Carla Serra, Francesca Santilli, Maria Teresa Guagnano, Fabio Piscaglia, Claudio Ferri, Francesco Cipollone, Andrea Bo
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(15): 5549.     CrossRef
  • Bridging the Gap between Evidence and Practice: Nationwide Retrospective Analysis of Lipid-Modifying Therapy Prescription Patterns in 5 Million Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Ahmed Hassan, Menna A. Keshk, Mohamed Reyad, Nourhan Ahmed, Omar Nassar, Aisha Siraj, Salem Badr, Sherif Eltawansy, Anoop Misra, Muhammed Amir Essibayi, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Mahmoud Nassar, Diaa Hakim
    ASIDE Internal Medicine.2025; 2(2): 6.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of ischemic cardiovascular events between dapagliflozin and empagliflozin in combination with metformin: A nationwide population-based cohort study
    Hayeon Kim, Seung Won Lee, Yejee Lim, Nayoung Han, Suin Kang, Youngjoo Byun, Kyungim Kim, Marwan Salih Al-Nimer
    PLOS One.2025; 20(10): e0333604.     CrossRef
  • Association of lifestyle change after H. pylori eradication with cardiovascular disease: a nationwide Korean NHIS cohort study
    Jinju Choi, Kyungdo Han, Cheol Min Shin, Jin-Hyung Jung, Se Yun Kim, Seung-Gyun Im, Hyemin Jo, Ho-Kyoung Lee, Eun Hyo Jin, Seung Joo Kang, Joo Hyun Lim, Yoon Jin Choi, Dong Ho Lee
    BMJ Public Health.2025; 3(2): e002701.     CrossRef
Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
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2023 Diabetic Kidney Disease Fact Sheet in Korea
Nam Hoon Kim, Mi-Hae Seo, Jin Hyung Jung, Kyung Do Han, Mi Kyung Kim, Nan Hee Kim, on Behalf of Diabetic Kidney Disease Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(3):463-472.   Published online March 19, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0310
  • 13,981 View
  • 649 Download
  • 20 Web of Science
  • 26 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
To investigate the prevalence, incidence, comorbidities, and management status of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetes-related end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in South Korea.
Methods
We used the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2019 to 2021, n=2,665) for the evaluation of prevalence, comorbidities, control rate of glycemia and comorbidities in DKD, and the Korean Health Insurance Service-customized database (2008 to 2019, n=3,950,857) for the evaluation of trends in the incidence and prevalence rate of diabetes-related ESKD, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors use for DKD, and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and mortality according to DKD stages. DKD was defined as albuminuria or low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Results
The prevalence of DKD was 25.4% (albuminuria, 22.0%; low eGFR, 6.73%) in patients with diabetes mellitus aged ≥30 years. Patients with DKD had a higher rate of comorbidities, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, and central obesity; however, their control rates were lower than those without DKD. Prescription rate of SGLT2 inhibitors with reduced eGFR increased steadily, reaching 5.94% in 2019. Approximately 70% of DKD patients were treated with RAS blockers. The prevalence rate of diabetesrelated ESKD has been steadily increasing, with a higher rate in older adults. ASCVD and mortality were significantly associated with an in increase in DKD stage.
Conclusion
DKD is prevalent among Korean patients with diabetes and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, which requiring intensive management of diabetes and comorbidities. The prevalence of diabetes-related ESKD has been increasing, especially in the older adults, during past decade.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • THE STATE OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM AND RENAL FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME. LITERATURE REVIEW
    S.U. Kazaryan, R.B. Bazarbekova, A.K. Dosanova, R.A. Kasymalieva, Zh.A. Nurlykaimova, K.S. Absatarova, M.M. Yakubova
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    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2026; 41(1): 86.     CrossRef
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    Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2026; 236: 113239.     CrossRef
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    Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(1): 13.     CrossRef
  • Effect of Glomerular Hyperfiltration on Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Seung Min Chung, Inha Jung, Da Young Lee, So Young Park, Ji Hee Yu, Jun Sung Moon, Ji A. Seo, Kyung-Do Han, Nan Hee Kim
    Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology.2025; 20(3): 410.     CrossRef
  • Impact of Muscle Quality on Muscle Strength and Physical Performance Beyond Muscle Mass or Diabetes Status
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  • A Machine Learning-Based Prediction Model for Diabetic Kidney Disease in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
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    Ji Eun Jun
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Guideline/Fact Sheet
Article image
Fatty Liver & Diabetes Statistics in Korea: Nationwide Data 2009 to 2017
Eugene Han, Kyung-Do Han, Yong-ho Lee, Kyung-Soo Kim, Sangmo Hong, Jung Hwan Park, Cheol-Young Park, on Behalf of Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association
Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(3):347-355.   Published online March 29, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0444
  • 11,814 View
  • 299 Download
  • 38 Web of Science
  • 37 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
This study investigated the changes of fatty liver disease prevalence in general Korean population.
Methods
This study analyzed data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service from 2009 to 2017 that included individuals aged 20 years or older who had undergone a medical health examination. Fatty liver disease was assessed using the fatty liver index (FLI). The disease severity was defined by FLI cutoff, ≥30 as moderate, and ≥60 as severe fatty liver disease.
Results
The prevalence of Korean adults aged 20 years or over with fatty liver disease (FLI ≥60) increased from 13.3% in 2009 to 15.5% in 2017 (P for trend <0.001). The increase in fatty liver disease prevalence was prominent in men (from 20.5% to 24.2%) and the young age (20 to 39 years) group (from 12.8% to 16.4%) (P for interaction <0.001). The prevalence of fatty liver disease was the highest in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM, 29.6%) population compared to that of prediabetes or normoglycemia (10.0% and 21.8%) in 2017. The prevalence of fatty liver disease had statistically increased in individuals with T2DM and prediabetes (P for trend <0.001). Its prevalence increased more steeply in the young-aged population with T2DM, from 42.2% in 2009 to 60.1% in 2017. When applying a lower FLI cutoff (≥30) similar results were observed.
Conclusion
The prevalence of fatty liver disease in the Korean population has increased. Individuals who are young, male, and have T2DM are vulnerable to fatty liver disease.

Citations

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  • Efficacy and safety of liraglutide in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease with or without type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
    Weihan Kong, Buwu Fang, Wei Xing
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    Joo-Hyun Park, Jung Yong Hong, Kyungdo Han, Jay J. Shen
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    Byungyoon Yun, Heejoo Park, Sang Hoon Ahn, Juyeon Oh, Beom Kyung Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon
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    Rosa Oh, Seohyun Kim, So Hyun Cho, Jiyoon Kim, You-Bin Lee, Sang-Man Jin, Kyu Yeon Hur, Gyuri Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(1): 80.     CrossRef
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    Kyung-Soo Kim, Bongseong Kim, Kyungdo Han
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(1): 13.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence, Incidence, and Metabolic Characteristics of Young Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in South Korea (2010–2020)
    Ji Yoon Kim, Jiyoon Lee, Joon Ho Moon, Se Eun Park, Seung-Hyun Ko, Sung Hee Choi, Nam Hoon Kim
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(2): 172.     CrossRef
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    So Hyun Cho, Gyuri Kim, Kyu-na Lee, Rosa Oh, Ji Yoon Kim, Myunghwa Jang, You-Bin Lee, Sang-Man Jin, Kyu Yeon Hur, Kyungdo Han, Jae Hyeon Kim
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    Joo-Hyun Park, Jung Yong Hong, Kyungdo Han, Wonseok Kang, Jay J. Shen
    Cancers.2025; 17(8): 1322.     CrossRef
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Brief Report
Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Rising Incidence of Diabetes in Young Adults in South Korea: A National Cohort Study
Hyun Ho Choi, Giwoong Choi, Hojun Yoon, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(5):803-807.   Published online January 11, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0236
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
We investigated the incidence of diagnosed diabetes in South Korean adults (aged ≥20 years) by analyzing data for the National Health Insurance Service–National Sample Cohort. From 2006 to 2015, the overall incidence rate of diagnosed diabetes decreased by approximately 0.1% per year until 2015. Although, this trend was observed in individuals aged 40 years or over, the rate increased slightly in the 20–29 and 30–39 years age groups, from 0.5 to 0.7 and 2.0 to 2.6 per 1,000 individuals, respectively. The proportion of obese young adults with diabetes increased remarkably, from 51.4% in 2006 to 72.4% in 2015. Thus, young adults need early identification and weight-control strategies to prevent diabetes.

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Review
Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Article image
Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure in Diabetes
Jin Joo Park
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(2):146-157.   Published online March 25, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0282
Correction in: Diabetes Metab J 2021;45(5):796
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
The cardiovascular disease continuum begins with risk factors such as diabetes mellitus (DM), progresses to vasculopathy and myocardial dysfunction, and finally ends with cardiovascular death. Diabetes is associated with a 2- to 4-fold increased risk for heart failure (HF). Moreover, HF patients with DM have a worse prognosis than those without DM. Diabetes can cause myocardial ischemia via micro- and macrovasculopathy and can directly exert deleterious effects on the myocardium. Hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance can cause alterations in vascular homeostasis. Then, reduced nitric oxide and increased reactive oxygen species levels favor inflammation leading to atherothrombotic progression and myocardial dysfunction. The classification, diagnosis, and treatment of HF for a patient with and without DM remain the same. Until now, drugs targeting neurohumoral and metabolic pathways improved mortality and morbidity in HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Therefore, all HFrEF patients should receive guideline-directed medical therapy. By contrast, drugs modulating neurohumoral activity did not improve survival in HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) patients. Trials investigating whether sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors are effective in HFpEF are on-going. This review will summarize the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of HF in diabetes.

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Brief Report
Complications
Article image
Trends in Cardiovascular Complications and Mortality among Patients with Diabetes in South Korea
Jung Hwan Park, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Bo Yeon Kim, Jae Hyuk Lee, Dae Jung Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(1):120-124.   Published online December 9, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0175
Correction in: Diabetes Metab J 2021;45(2):283
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
We investigated the cardiovascular complications and mortality rates of patients with diabetes in South Korea. The rates of hospitalization due to cardiovascular complications and mortality were analyzed using the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort. From 2006 to 2015, the rates of hospitalization due to major cardiovascular complications decreased, while those due to heart failure (from 72 to 146 and 124 to 161 per 10,000 men and women, respectively) and peripheral artery disease (from 39 to 55 and 19 to 35 per 10,000 men and women, respectively) increased. In the period 2007 to 2015, the mortality rates for cancer, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, heart disease, and hypertensive disease all decreased. However, the mortality rate for pneumonia increased. We observed a continuous reduction in cardiovascular complications and mortality in adults with diabetes. However, with the increase in some diabetes complications, more efforts are needed to prevent diabetes complications.

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Original Articles
Type 1 Diabetes
Article image
Incidence and Prevalence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus among Korean Children and Adolescents between 2007 and 2017: An Epidemiologic Study Based on a National Database
Hyun Wook Chae, Gi Hyeon Seo, Kyungchul Song, Han Saem Choi, Junghwan Suh, Ahreum Kwon, Sangmi Ha, Ho-Seong Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):866-874.   Published online November 4, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0212
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
The incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) among children is high in Europe and the USA and relatively low in Asia, including Korea. The present study aimed to investigate the incidence and prevalence of childhood-onset T1DM in Korea and examine trends in incidence.
Methods
This study was conducted using the national registry data provided by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in Korea from 2007 to 2017. We included children aged 0 to 14 years who were newly registered with a T1DM diagnosis each year (code E10).
Results
A total of 29,013 children were registered. The overall incidence of T1DM was 4.45 per 100,000 persons (girls, 4.93; boys, 4.01). The overall incidence of childhood-onset T1DM in Korea increased from 3.70 in 2008 to 4.77 in 2016 (P=0.002). The incidence of T1DM increased from 3.07 in 2008 to 4.89 in 2016 (P<0.001) among boys. Although the incidence of the disease increased significantly among boys aged 5–9 and 10–14 years, it remained constant among girls (4.39 in 2008, 4.64 in 2016). The overall prevalence of childhood-onset T1DM in Korea increased from 32.85 in 2007 to 41.03 per 100,000 persons in 2017 (girls, 35.54 to 43.88; boys, 32.85 to 41.03).
Conclusion
We calculated relatively accurate incidence and prevalence of childhood-onset T1DM from a nation-based registry. The incidence increased by 3% to 4% every year from 2007 to 2017. The increasing trend is noteworthy compared with previous reports.

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Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Article image
The Association between Pulmonary Functions and Incident Diabetes: Longitudinal Analysis from the Ansung Cohort in Korea
Hoon Sung Choi, Sung Woo Lee, Jin Taek Kim, Hong Kyu Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(5):699-710.   Published online April 16, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0109
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

We sought to explore whether reduced pulmonary function is an independent risk factor for incident diabetes in Koreans.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study of pulmonary function as a risk factor for incident diabetes using 10-year follow-up data from 3,864 middle-aged adults from the Ansung cohort study in Korea. The incidence of diabetes was assessed using both oral glucose tolerance tests and glycosylated hemoglobin levels.

Results

During 37,118 person-years of follow-up, 583 participants developed diabetes (incidence rate: 15.7 per 1,000 person-years). The mean follow-up period was 8.0±3.7 years. Forced vital capacity (FVC; % predicted) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1; % predicted) were significantly correlated with incident diabetes in a graded manner after adjustment for sex, age, smoking, exercise, and metabolic parameters. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and confidence interval (CI) for diabetes were 1.408 (1.106 to 1.792) and 1.469 (1.137 to 1.897) in the first quartiles of FVC and FEV1, respectively, when compared with the highest quartile. Furthermore, the FVC of the lowest first and second quartiles showed a significantly higher 10-year panel homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index, with differences of 0.095 (95% CI, 0.010 to 0.018; P=0.028) and 0.127 (95% CI, 0.044 to 0.210; P=0.003), respectively, when compared to the highest quartiles.

Conclusion

FVC and FEV1 are independent risk factors for developing diabetes in Koreans. Pulmonary factors are possible risk factors for insulin resistance and diabetes.

Citations

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  • Respiratory rate and its associations with disease and lifestyle factors in the general population – results from the KORA-FF4 study
    Ina-Maria Rückert-Eheberg, Alexander Steger, Alexander Müller, Birgit Linkohr, Petra Barthel, Melanie Maier, Julia Allescher, Moritz F. Sinner, Konstantinos D. Rizas, Wolfgang Rathmann, Karl-Ludwig Laugwitz, Stefan Kääb, Annette Peters, Georg Schmidt, Xia
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  • Prenatal exposure to metal(loid)s mixture and childhood lung function: Exploring sex-specific associations
    Mayra J. Garza, Cecilia S. Alcala, Marcela Tamayo-Ortiz, Adriana Mercado-Garcia, Nadya Y. Rivera Rivera, Chris Gennings, Martha María Téllez-Rojo, Robert O. Wright, Rosalind J. Wright, Héctor Lamadrid-Figueroa, María José Rosa
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    Hye Ah Lee, Hyesook Park, Young Sun Hong
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  • The Association between Pulmonary Functions and Incident Diabetes: Longitudinal Analysis from the Ansung Cohort in Korea (Diabetes Metab J 2020;44: 699-710)
    Hoon Sung Choi, Sung Woo Lee, Jin Taek Kim, Hong Kyu Lee
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(6): 944.     CrossRef
  • The Association between Pulmonary Functions and Incident Diabetes: Longitudinal Analysis from the Ansung Cohort in Korea (Diabetes Metab J 2020;44: 699-710)
    Jin Hwa Kim
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Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Intra-Abdominal Fat and High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Are Associated in a Non-Linear Pattern in Japanese-Americans
Sun Ok Song, You-Cheol Hwang, Steven E. Kahn, Donna L. Leonetti, Wilfred Y. Fujimoto, Edward J. Boyko
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(2):277-285.   Published online March 10, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0008
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

We describe the association between high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration and computed tomography (CT)-measured fat depots.

Methods

We examined the cross-sectional associations between HDL-C concentration and intra-abdominal (IAF), abdominal subcutaneous (SCF), and thigh fat (TF) areas in 641 Japanese-American men and women. IAF, SCF, and TF were measured by CT at the level of the umbilicus and mid-thigh. The associations between fat area measurements and HDL-C were examined using multivariate linear regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, diabetes family history, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and body mass index (BMI). Non-linearity was assessed using fractional polynomials.

Results

Mean±standard deviation of HDL-C concentration and IAF in men and women were 1.30±0.34 mg/dL, 105±55.3 cm2, and 1.67±0.43 mg/dL, 74.4±46.6 cm2 and differed significantly by gender for both comparisons (P<0.001). In univariate analysis, HDL-C concentration was significantly associated with CT-measured fat depots. In multivariate analysis, IAF was significantly and non-linearly associated with HDL-C concentration adjusted for age, sex, BMI, HOMA-IR, SCF, and TF (IAF: β=−0.1012, P<0.001; IAF2: β=0.0008, P<0.001). SCF was also negatively and linearly associated with HDL-C (β=−0.4919, P=0.001).

Conclusion

HDL-C does not linearly decline with increasing IAF in Japanese-Americans. A more complex pattern better fits this association.

Citations

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Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Validation of Risk Prediction Models for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in a Prospective Korean Community-Based Cohort
Jae Hyun Bae, Min Kyong Moon, Sohee Oh, Bo Kyung Koo, Nam Han Cho, Moon-Kyu Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(3):458-469.   Published online January 13, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0061
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

To investigate the performance of the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE) in a large, prospective, community-based cohort in Korea and to compare it with that of the Framingham Global Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score (FRS-CVD) and the Korean Risk Prediction Model (KRPM).

Methods

In the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KOGES)-Ansan and Ansung study, we evaluated calibration and discrimination of the PCE for non-Hispanic whites (PCE-WH) and for African Americans (PCE-AA) and compared their predictive abilities with the FRS-CVD and the KRPM.

Results

The present study included 7,932 individuals (3,778 men and 4,154 women). The PCE-WH and PCE-AA moderately overestimated the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) for men (6% and 13%, respectively) but underestimated the risk for women (−49% and −25%, respectively). The FRS-CVD overestimated ASCVD risk for men (91%) but provided a good risk prediction for women (3%). The KRPM underestimated ASCVD risk for men (−31%) and women (−31%). All the risk prediction models showed good discrimination in both men (C-statistic 0.730 to 0.735) and women (C-statistic 0.726 to 0.732). Recalibration of the PCE using data from the KOGES-Ansan and Ansung study substantially improved the predictive accuracy in men.

Conclusion

In the KOGES-Ansan and Ansung study, the PCE overestimated ASCVD risk for men and underestimated the risk for women. The PCE-WH and the FRS-CVD provided an accurate prediction of ASCVD in men and women, respectively.

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Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Multiple Biomarkers Improved Prediction for the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Singapore Chinese Men and Women
Yeli Wang, Woon-Puay Koh, Xueling Sim, Jian-Min Yuan, An Pan
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(2):295-306.   Published online November 22, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0020
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  • 11 Web of Science
  • 12 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

Multiple biomarkers have performed well in predicting type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk in Western populations. However, evidence is scarce among Asian populations.

Methods

Plasma triglyceride-to-high density lipoprotein (TG-to-HDL) ratio, alanine transaminase (ALT), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), ferritin, adiponectin, fetuin-A, and retinol-binding protein 4 were measured in 485 T2DM cases and 485 age-and-sex matched controls nested within the prospective Singapore Chinese Health Study cohort. Participants were free of T2DM at blood collection (1999 to 2004), and T2DM cases were identified at the subsequent follow-up interviews (2006 to 2010). A weighted biomarker score was created based on the strengths of associations between these biomarkers and T2DM risks. The predictive utility of the biomarker score was assessed by the area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC).

Results

The biomarker score that comprised of four biomarkers (TG-to-HDL ratio, ALT, ferritin, and adiponectin) was positively associated with T2DM risk (P trend <0.001). Compared to the lowest quartile of the score, the odds ratio was 12.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.43 to 26.6) for those in the highest quartile. Adding the biomarker score to a base model that included smoking, history of hypertension, body mass index, and levels of random glucose and insulin improved AUC significantly from 0.81 (95% CI, 0.78 to 0.83) to 0.83 (95% CI, 0.81 to 0.86; P=0.002). When substituting the random glucose levels with glycosylated hemoglobin in the base model, adding the biomarker score improved AUC from 0.85 (95% CI, 0.83 to 0.88) to 0.86 (95% CI, 0.84 to 0.89; P=0.032).

Conclusion

A composite score of blood biomarkers improved T2DM risk prediction among Chinese.

Citations

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Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Plasma CD36 and Incident Diabetes: A Case-Cohort Study in Danish Men and Women
Yeli Wang, Jingwen Zhu, Sarah Aroner, Kim Overvad, Tianxi Cai, Ming Yang, Anne Tjønneland, Aase Handberg, Majken K. Jensen
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(1):134-142.   Published online October 18, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0273
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Background

Membrane CD36 is a fatty acid transporter implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. We aimed to evaluate the association between plasma CD36 levels and diabetes risk and to examine if the association was independent of adiposity among Danish population.

Methods

We conducted a case-cohort study nested within the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health study among participants free of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer and with blood samples and anthropometric measurements (height, weight, waist circumference, and body fat percentage) at baseline (1993 to 1997). CD36 levels were measured in 647 incident diabetes cases that occurred before December 2011 and a total of 3,515 case-cohort participants (236 cases overlap).

Results

Higher plasma CD36 levels were associated with higher diabetes risk after adjusting for age, sex and other lifestyle factors. The hazard ratio (HR) comparing high versus low tertile of plasma CD36 levels was 1.36 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00 to 1.86). However, the association lost its significance after further adjustment for different adiposity indices such as body mass index (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.87 to 1.73), waist circumference (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.68) or body fat percentage (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.66). Moreover, raised plasma CD36 levels were moderately associated with diabetes risk among lean participants, but the association was not present among overweight/obese individuals.

Conclusion

Higher plasma CD36 levels were associated with higher diabetes risk, but the association was not independent of adiposity. In this Danish population, the association of CD36 with diabetes risk could be either mediated or confounded by adiposity.

Citations

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    Nahuel Garcia, Maiken Mellergaard, Carlos Salomon, Pilar Sepulveda, Peter Kristensen, Aase Handberg
    Obesity Reviews.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Monika Rac
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    Constantine E Kosmas, Andreas Sourlas, Konstantinos Oikonomakis, Eleni-Angeliki Zoumi, Aikaterini Papadimitriou, Christina E Kostara
    Journal of International Medical Research.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Kamila Puchałowicz, Monika Ewa Rać
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  • The Role of CD36 in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: β-Cell Dysfunction and Beyond
    Jun Sung Moon, Udayakumar Karunakaran, Elumalai Suma, Seung Min Chung, Kyu Chang Won
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(2): 222.     CrossRef
Epidemiology
Plasma Fetuin-A Levels and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in A Chinese Population: A Nested Case-Control Study
Yeli Wang, Woon-Puay Koh, Majken K. Jensen, Jian-Min Yuan, An Pan
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(4):474-486.   Published online March 20, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0171
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

Fetuin-A is a hepatokine that involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Previous epidemiological studies have found a positive association between blood fetuin-A and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk among Caucasians and African Americans. We aimed to investigate the prospective relationship between fetuin-A and T2DM in an Asian population for the first time.

Methods

A nested case-control study was established within a prospective cohort of Chinese living in Singapore. At blood collection (1999 to 2004), all participants were free of diagnosed T2DM and aged 50 to 79 years. At subsequent follow-up (2006 to 2010), 558 people reported to have T2DM and were classified as incident cases, and 558 controls were randomly chosen from the participants who did not develop T2DM to match with cases on age, sex, dialect group, and date of blood collection. Plasma fetuin-A levels were measured retrospectively in cases and controls using samples collected at baseline. Conditional logistic regression models were used to compute the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Restricted cubic spline analysis was used to examine a potential non-linear association between fetuin-A levels and T2DM risk.

Results

Compared with those in the lowest fetuin-A quintile, participants in the highest quintile had a two-fold increased risk of developing T2DM (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.21 to 3.51). A non-linear association was observed (P nonlinearity=0.005), where the association between fetuin-A levels and T2DM risk plateaued at plasma concentrations around 830 µg/mL.

Conclusion

There is a positive association between plasma fetuin-A levels and risk of developing T2DM in this Chinese population.

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Reviews
Complications
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Diabetes. Part I: Epidemiology and Diagnosis
Yong-ho Lee, Yongin Cho, Byung-Wan Lee, Cheol-Young Park, Dae Ho Lee, Bong-Soo Cha, Eun-Jung Rhee
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(1):31-45.   Published online December 17, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0011
Correction in: Diabetes Metab J 2019;43(5):731
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diabetes are common metabolic disorders whose prevalence rates are expected to rise worldwide, corresponding to aging and increasingly obese populations. Compared to the general population (around 25%), 50% to 70% of people with diabetes have NAFLD, and NAFLD severity (including fibrosis) tends to be worsened by the presence of diabetes. NAFLD is considered an emerging risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus and a contributor to the development of chronic diabetes-related complications. This reciprocal relationship demonstrates the importance of confirming suspected NAFLD in patients with diabetes. Due to the invasive nature of liver biopsy to assess NAFLD status, various alternative non-invasive modalities have been developed and validated. Here, we summarized the epidemiology of NAFLD in patients with diabetes and reviewed currently available imaging modalities and biomarker-based prediction models for their ability to detect liver steatosis and/or fibrosis.

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Complications
Update on the Impact, Diagnosis and Management of Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Diabetes: What Is Defined, What Is New, and What Is Unmet
Vincenza Spallone
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(1):3-30.   Published online November 2, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0259
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

The burden of diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is expected to increase due to the diabetes epidemic and its early and widespread appearance. CAN has a definite prognostic role for mortality and cardiovascular morbidity. Putative mechanisms for this are tachycardia, QT interval prolongation, orthostatic hypotension, reverse dipping, and impaired heart rate variability, while emerging mechanisms like inflammation support the pervasiveness of autonomic dysfunction. Efforts to overcome CAN under-diagnosis are on the table: by promoting screening for symptoms and signs; by simplifying cardiovascular reflex tests; and by selecting the candidates for screening. CAN assessment allows for treatment of its manifestations, cardiovascular risk stratification, and tailoring therapeutic targets. Risk factors for CAN are mainly glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and, in addition, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and obesity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), while preliminary data regard glycaemic variability, vitamin B12 and D changes, oxidative stress, inflammation, and genetic biomarkers. Glycaemic control prevents CAN in T1DM, whereas multifactorial intervention might be effective in T2DM. Lifestyle intervention improves autonomic function mostly in pre-diabetes. While there is no conclusive evidence for a disease-modifying therapy, treatment of CAN manifestations is available. The modulation of autonomic function by SGLT2i represents a promising research field with possible clinical relevance.

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Epidemiology
The Evidence for an Obesity Paradox in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Seung Jin Han, Edward J. Boyko
Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(3):179-187.   Published online May 31, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0055
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Although overweight/obesity is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, there is increasing evidence that overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus experience lower mortality compared with patients of normal weight. This paradoxical finding, known as the “obesity paradox,” occurs in other chronic diseases, and in type 2 diabetes mellitus is particularly perplexing given that lifestyle intervention with one goal being weight reduction is an important feature of the management of this condition. We summarize in this review the findings from clinical and epidemiologic studies that have investigated the association between overweight and obesity (usually assessed using body mass index [BMI]) and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus and discuss potential causes of the obesity paradox. We conclude that most studies show evidence of an obesity paradox, but important conflicting findings still exist. We also evaluate if potential bias might explain the obesity paradox in diabetes, including, for example, the presence of confounding factors, measurement error due to use of BMI as an index of obesity, and reverse causation.

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Original Articles
Epidemiology
Predictors of Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japanese Americans with Normal Fasting Glucose Level
You-Cheol Hwang, Wilfred Y. Fujimoto, Steven E. Kahn, Donna L. Leonetti, Edward J. Boyko
Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(3):198-206.   Published online April 25, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.0100
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

Little is known about the natural course of normal fasting glucose (NFG) in Asians and the risk factors for future diabetes.

Methods

A total of 370 Japanese Americans (163 men, 207 women) with NFG levels and no history of diabetes, aged 34 to 75 years, were enrolled. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed at baseline, 2.5, 5, and 10 years after enrollment.

Results

During 10 years of follow-up, 16.1% of participants met criteria for diabetes diagnosis, and 39.6% of subjects still had NFG levels at the time of diabetes diagnosis. During 5 years of follow-up, age (odds ratio [OR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.10; P=0.026) and family history of diabetes (OR, 3.24; 95% CI, 1.42 to 7.40; P=0.005) were independently associated with future diabetes diagnosis; however, fasting glucose level was not an independent predictor. During 10 years of follow-up, family history of diabetes (OR, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.37 to 5.54; P=0.004), fasting insulin level (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.02; P=0.037), and fasting glucose level (OR, 3.69; 95% CI, 1.13 to 12.01; P=0.030) were associated with diabetes diagnosis independent of conventional risk factors for diabetes.

Conclusion

A substantial number of subjects with NFG at baseline still remained in the NFG range at the time of diabetes diagnosis. A family history of diabetes and fasting insulin and glucose levels were associated with diabetes diagnosis during 10 years of follow-up; however, fasting glucose level was not associated with diabetes risk within the relatively short-term follow-up period of 5 years in subjects with NFG.

Citations

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  • Associations of the Gap Between 2-Hour Post-Load Plasma Glucose and Fasting Blood Glucose With All-Cause or Cardiovascular Mortality in US Normoglycemic Adults
    Weiwei Liu, Zhiming Liu, Chen Ding, Jie Li, Haifeng Jiang
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    Ziqiong Wang, Zheng Liu, Sen He
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    Seung-Hwan Lee
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Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Korea through an Investigation of the National Registration Project of Type 1 Diabetes for the Reimbursement of Glucometer Strips with Additional Analyses Using Claims Data
Sun Ok Song, Young Duk Song, Joo Young Nam, Kyeong Hye Park, Ji-Hae Yoon, Kyung-Mi Son, Young Ko, Dong-Ha Lim
Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(1):35-45.   Published online December 1, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.1.35
  • 9,319 View
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  • 58 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in Korea. In addition, we planned to do a performance analysis of the Registration Project of Type 1 diabetes for the reimbursement of consumable materials.

Methods

To obtain nationwide data on the incidence and prevalence of T1DM, we extracted claims data from July 2011 to August 2013 from the Registration Project of Type 1 diabetes on the reimbursement of consumable materials in the National Health Insurance (NHI) Database. For a more detailed analysis of the T1DM population in Korea, stratification by gender, age, and area was performed, and prevalence and incidence were calculated.

Results

Of the 8,256 subjects enrolled over the 26 months, the male to female ratio was 1 to 1.12, the median age was 37.1 years, and an average of 136 new T1DM patients were registered to the T1DM registry each month, resulting in 1,632 newly diagnosed T1DM patients each year. We found that the incidence rate of new T1DM cases was 3.28 per 100,000 people. The average proportion of T1DM patients compared with each region's population was 0.0125%. The total number of insurance subscribers under the universal compulsory NHI in Korea was 49,662,097, and the total number of diabetes patients, excluding duplication, was 3,762,332.

Conclusion

The prevalence of T1DM over the course of the study was approximately 0.017% to 0.021% of the entire population of Korea, and the annual incidence of T1DM was 3.28:100,000 overall and 3.25:100,000 for Koreans under 20 years old.

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Reviews
Current Concepts in Diabetic Retinopathy
Su Jeong Song, Tien Yin Wong
Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(6):416-425.   Published online December 15, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2014.38.6.416
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

For the past several decades, tremendous efforts have been made to decrease the complications of diabetes, including diabetic retinopathy. New diagnostic modalities like ultrawide field fundus fluorescein angiography and spectral domain optical coherence tomography has allowed more accurate diagnosis of early diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. Antivascular endothelial growth factors are now extensively used to treat diabetic retinopathy and macular edema with promising results. There remains uncertainty over the long term effects and the socioeconomic costs of these agents.

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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Women: Similarities and Differences from Other Racial/Ethnic Groups
Catherine Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(1):1-12.   Published online February 19, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2014.38.1.1
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) reflects defects in insulin secretion in response to the metabolic demands of pregnancy. While GDM is increasingly common worldwide due in large part to the obesity epidemic, its frequency is relatively low in Korean women. In this report, the prevalence and risk factors for GDM, perinatal outcomes, and postpartum course are compared in non-Korean and Korean women. While Koreans and non-Koreans with GDM share pathophysiology and complications, there may be differences in the role of obesity and thus the effectiveness of interventions targeting obesity in GDM women. Further investigations of the effectiveness of weight loss interventions and pharmacotherapy specifically among Korean women are needed. Dietary and other lifestyle data from Korean populations could inform prevention and treatment strategies in other countries which suffer from significantly higher prevalences of GDM.

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Diabetes Epidemics in Korea: Reappraise Nationwide Survey of Diabetes "Diabetes in Korea 2007"
Ie Byung Park, Jaiyong Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Choon Hee Chung, Jee-Young Oh, Seok Won Park, Juneyoung Lee, Kyung Mook Choi, Kyung Wan Min, Jeong Hyun Park, Hyun Shik Son, Chul Woo Ahn, Hwayoung Kim, Sunhee Lee, Im Bong Lee, Injeoung Choi, Sei Hyun Baik
Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(4):233-239.   Published online August 14, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.4.233
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

There are many studies on the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and economic burden of diabetes across the past four decades in Korea. Nonetheless, there is a dearth of nationwide study regarding diabetes encompassing all age group. Eight years ago, the Committee on the Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus of Korean Diabetes Association collaborated with Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service to evaluate the status of diabetes care and characteristics in diabetic patients in Korea. In 2007, the collaborative task force team published a comprehensive survey titled "Diabetes in Korea 2007." In this review, we reappraise the diabetic epidemics from the joint report and suggest further studies that are needed to be investigated in the future.

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The Epidemiology of Diabetes in Korea
Dae Jung Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(4):303-308.   Published online August 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.4.303
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Diabetes is an increasing global health problem worldwide. Diabetes and its complications have become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Korea. The prevalence of diabetes in Korea has increased six- to seven-fold from 1.5% to 9.9% in the past 40 years. The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose also increased to about 20% in 2009. The International Diabetes Federation has estimated that the prevalence of diabetes will rise to 11.4% in 2030. Possible risk factors for diabetes in Korea are age, male gender, obesity, prediabetes, gestational diabetes, smoking, decreased physical activity, and short sleep duration. With increasing obesity, especially in childhood, and improved longevity, the prevalence of diabetes is expected to dramatically increase more than previously estimated. Therefore, public efforts to introduce healthy lifestyle changes and diabetic prevention programs are necessary to reduce the global epidemic of diabetes.

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Original Articles
Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and Prediabetes in Dalseong-gun, Daegu City, Korea
Jung-Eun Lee, Sung-Chang Jung, Gui-Hwa Jung, Sung-Woo Ha, Bo-Wan Kim, Shung-Chull Chae, Wee-Hyun Park, Ji-Sun Lim, Jin-Hoon Yang, Sin Kam, Byung-Yeol Chun, Jong-Yeon Kim, Jung-Jeung Lee, Kyeong-Soo Lee, Moon-Young Ahn, Young-Ae Kim, Jung-Guk Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(3):255-263.   Published online June 30, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.3.255
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

The aim of the present study was to determine the population-based prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and prediabetes in a rural district of Daegu City, Korea.

Methods

Between August and November 2003, a community-based health survey of adults aged 20 years and older was performed in the rural district of Dalseong-gun in Daegu City. A total of 1,806 of all eligible individuals agreed to participate. Fasting plasma glucose was measured in all participants. Two hour oral glucose tolerance was measured in the 1,773 participants for whom there was neither an established diagnosis of DM nor evidence of DM according to fasting glucose levels. The prevalence of DM and prediabetes was determined according to the 2003 criteria of the American Diabetes Association. Subjects with prediabetes were classified into one of three categories of glucose intolerance: isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG); isolated impaired glucose tolerance (IGT); or combined IFG and IGT.

Results

The prevalence of DM was 12.2%. The highest prevalence rates were observed in subjects in their seventies. A total of 34.7% of all subjects who were assigned a diagnosis of DM in the present study had not been diagnosed previously. The prevalence of prediabetes was 22.7%. The highest prevalence rates were observed in subjects in their fifties.

Conclusion

The present study identified prevalence rates of 12.2% for DM (age-standardized prevalence rate [ASR], 6.8%), and 22.7% for prediabetes (ASR 18.5%). These results emphasize the need for community health promotion strategies to prevent or delay the onset of DM in individuals with prediabetes.

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Increasing Trend in the Number of Severe Hypoglycemia Patients in Korea
Jin Taek Kim, Tae Jung Oh, Ye An Lee, Jun Ho Bae, Hyo Jeong Kim, Hye Seung Jung, Young Min Cho, Kyong Soo Park, Soo Lim, Hak Chul Jang, Hong Kyu Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(2):166-172.   Published online April 30, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.2.166
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

To investigate whether the number of subjects with severe hypoglycemia who are brought to a hospital emergency department is increasing and to identify whether there have been changes in the demographic and clinical characteristics of those subjects.

Methods

We analyzed data from the Emergency Departments of two general hospitals in Seoul, Korea. We included data from all adult subjects with type 2 diabetes who presented to an emergency department with severe hypoglycemia between January 1, 2004 and December 30, 2009.

Results

A total of 740 cases of severe hypoglycemia were identified. The mean subject age was 69±12 years, mean duration of diabetes was 13.8±9.3 years, and 53.2% of subjects were receiving insulin therapy. We observed a sharp rise in the number of cases between 2006 and 2007. Stages 3-5 chronic kidney disease was diagnosed in 31.5% of subjects, and low C-peptide levels (<0.6 ng/mL) were found in 25.5%. The mean subject age, duration of diabetes, HbA1c level, and renal and insulin secretory function values did not change significantly during the study period. The proportion of glimepiride use increased, while use of gliclazide decreased among sulfonylurea users. Use of insulin analogues increased, while use of NPH/RI decreased among insulin users.

Conclusion

We identified a sharp increase in the number of subjects with severe hypoglycemia presenting to an emergency room since 2006. The clinical characteristics of these subjects did not change markedly during the study period. Nationwide studies are warranted to further clarify this epidemic of severe hypoglycemia.

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Reviews
The Epidemiology of Diabetes in Korea: From the Economics to Genetics
Nam H. Cho
Korean Diabetes J. 2010;34(1):10-15.   Published online February 28, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.1.10
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

To determine the factors responsible for the dramatic increase in the prevalence of diabetes in Korea. A computerized literature survey was conducted to evaluate the risk factors for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Korea, including genome-wide association studies. National Statistics gross national income data was integrated with the reported prevalence of diabetes to evaluate the relationship between diabetes and the economic growth. The strength of the association was evaluated using measures of effect size, such as odds ratio and relative risks. The putative risk factors identified in Korean studies are very similar to the risk factors identified from the other countries, including genetic background. Genome-wide association studies reported relative risks of 1.5 or less, indicating that no single gene is associated with the risk of T2DM. The scientific evidence suggests that the dramatic increase in the incidence and prevalence of T2DM in Korea is related to the economic development of Korea, which has a direct influence on health policy, as well as an individual's health behaviors. We expect to observe the current diabetes incidence rates until the key risk factors are present for long enough in our society, at which point we would expect to start observing a more gradual increase in both the incidence and prevalence of T2DM in Korea.

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Epidemiologic Characteristics of Diabetes Mellitus in Korea: Current Status of Diabetic Patients Using Korean Health Insurance Database.
Ie Byung Park, Sei Hyun Baik
Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(5):357-362.   Published online October 1, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.5.357
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The aim of article is to introduce the current status of diabetes care and characteristics in diabetic patients in Korea, which is a joint report by Korean Diabetes Association (KDA) and Health Insurance Review Agency (HIRA) ("Diabetes in Korea 2007") and to review the recent published data about the current status of diabetes mellitus in Korea.

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    Korean Journal of Plant Resources.2012; 25(2): 184.     CrossRef
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    Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2012; 19(3): 353.     CrossRef
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  • Adiponectin is Associated with Impaired Fasting Glucose in the Non-Diabetic Population
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    Epidemiology and Health.2011; 33: e2011007.     CrossRef
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    Journal of Korean Diabetes.2011; 12(2): 113.     CrossRef
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Diabetes Metab J : Diabetes & Metabolism Journal
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