Fig. 1Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence interval (CI) for diabetes mellitus for each kilogram increase in trunk fat, arm fat, and leg fat in (A) men and (B) women.
Table 1Characteristics of the study population according to the presence of DM
Characteristic |
Men |
Women |
Non-DM (n=2,514) |
DM (n=513) |
P value |
Non-DM (n=3,079) |
DM (n=469) |
P value |
Age, yr |
63.24±8.85 |
64.29±8.38 |
0.011 |
63.68±8.88 |
67.04±7.97 |
<0.001 |
Weight, kg |
65.08±9.60 |
67.84±9.66 |
<0.001 |
56.06±8.56 |
58.91±9.07 |
<0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
23.44±2.91 |
24.43±2.90 |
<0.001 |
23.92±3.16 |
25.24±3.36 |
<0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm |
84.38±8.50 |
88.32±8.67 |
<0.001 |
81.49±9.15 |
87.04±9.23 |
<0.001 |
Current smoking |
847 (33.8) |
164 (32.0) |
0.424 |
140 (4.6) |
16 (23.4) |
0.272 |
Regular exercise |
471 (18.8) |
83 (16.2) |
0.169 |
392 (12.8) |
43 (9.2) |
0.031 |
SBP, mm Hg |
124.13±17.16 |
125.67±16.33 |
0.061 |
125.53±17.87 |
131.44±18.24 |
<0.001 |
DBP, mm Hg |
77.03±10.45 |
75.35±10.26 |
<0.001 |
76.43±10.05 |
75.70±10.15 |
0.144 |
Fasting glucose, mmol/L |
5.4±0.6 |
8.1±2.6 |
<0.001 |
5.84±1.54 |
5.84±1.28 |
<0.001 |
HOMA-β |
104.24±52.73 |
61.42±55.92 |
<0.001 |
117.37±53.01 |
75.72±66.83 |
<0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L |
4.85±0.92 |
4.69±0.99 |
0.025 |
5.28±0.91 |
5.17±1.01 |
0.025 |
LDL-C, mmol/L |
2.80±0.89 |
2.57±0.96 |
<0.001 |
3.22±0.83 |
3.05±0.91 |
<0.001 |
HDL-C, mmol/L |
1.18±0.29 |
1.08±0.26 |
<0.001 |
1.25±0.28 |
1.16±0.27 |
<0.001 |
Triglyceride, mmol/L |
3.68±2.23 |
4.25±2.40 |
<0.001 |
3.46±1.95 |
4.17±2.26 |
<0.001 |
Total body fat, % |
21.98±5.23 |
23.44±4.91 |
<0.001 |
33.85±5.59 |
34.85±5.05 |
<0.001 |
Truncal fat mass, kg |
8.06±3.12 |
9.29±2.99 |
<0.001 |
10.15±3.28 |
11.73±3.35 |
<0.001 |
Arm fat mass, kg |
1.50±0.52 |
1.65±0.51 |
<0.001 |
2.32±0.73 |
2.55±0.78 |
<0.001 |
Leg fat mass, kg |
3.89±1.31 |
3.98±1.29 |
0.141 |
5.77±1.68 |
5.44±1.70 |
<0.001 |
ASM/weight, % |
31.77±2.71 |
30.49±2.49 |
0.036 |
25.02±2.65 |
24.17±2.46 |
<0.001 |
Leg muscle mass, kg |
15.26±2.23 |
15.33±2.38 |
0.510 |
10.62±1.56 |
10.76±1.62 |
0.090 |
Glucose lowering drug use |
|
|
|
|
|
|
No medication |
- |
124 (24.2) |
- |
- |
52 (10.1) |
- |
Insulin |
- |
34 (6.6) |
- |
- |
40 (8.5) |
- |
Oral anti-hypoglycemic agent |
- |
355 (69.2) |
- |
- |
377 (80.4) |
- |
Current smoking |
847 (338) |
164 (32.0) |
0.424 |
140 (4.6) |
16 (3.4) |
0.273 |
Regular exercise |
471 (18.8) |
83 (16.2) |
0.169 |
393 (12.8) |
43 9 (9.25) |
0.030 |
Total energy intake, kcal |
2,022.1±792.9 |
2,112.1±772.1 |
0.023 |
1,480.5±698.2 |
1,563.1±593.5 |
0.008 |
Hormone replacement (women) |
- |
- |
- |
478 (16.3) |
53 (12%) |
0.019 |
Table 2Partial correlations between leg fat mass and parameters
Variable |
Leg fat mass, kg |
Men |
Women |
Body composition |
|
|
BMI, kg/m2
|
0.66a
|
0.72a
|
Truncal fat mass, kg |
0.83a
|
0.68a
|
Arm fat mass, kg |
0.85a
|
0.78a
|
Appendicular skeletal muscle, kg |
0.33a
|
0.35a
|
Leg muscle mass, kg |
0.36a
|
0.37a
|
Metabolic parameter |
|
|
HbA1c, % |
−0.10b
|
−0.14c
|
Fasting glucose, mg/dL |
−0.07 |
−0.09b
|
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
0.09b
|
0.01 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
−0.15c
|
0.01 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL |
0.11b
|
−0.01 |
HOMA-β |
0.22a
|
0.13a
|
Table 3Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence interval for diabetes mellitus according to sex-specific leg fat mass quartiles
Sex |
Leg fat mass |
Quartile 1 |
Quartile 2 |
Quartile 3 |
Quartile 4 |
P for trend |
Mena
|
Reference |
0.45 (0.34–0.61) |
0.36 (0.26–0.49) |
0.16 (0.11–0.25) |
<0.001 |
Womenb
|
Reference |
0.44 (0.32–0.59) |
0.35 (0.25–0.49) |
0.16 (0.11–0.25) |
<0.001 |
Table 4Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence interval for diabetes mellitus according to body composition group
Sex |
Body composition group |
LF-LM |
LF-HM |
HF-LM |
HF-HM |
P for trend |
Mena
|
Reference |
1.31 (0.88–1.96) |
0.69 (0.49–0.96) |
0.60 (0.39–0.90) |
<0.001 |
Womenb
|
Reference |
1.38 (1.02–1.87) |
0.47 (0.32–0.69) |
0.57 (0.40–0.81) |
<0.001 |