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Volume 36(6); December 2012
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Molecular Mechanisms of Appetite Regulation
Ji Hee Yu, Min-Seon Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(6):391-398.   Published online December 12, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.6.391
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

The prevalence of obesity has been rapidly increasing worldwide over the last several decades and has become a major health problem in developed countries. The brain, especially the hypothalamus, plays a key role in the control of food intake by sensing metabolic signals from peripheral organs and modulating feeding behaviors. To accomplish these important roles, the hypothalamus communicates with other brain areas such as the brainstem and reward-related limbic pathways. The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin and pancreatic β-cell-derived insulin inform adiposity to the hypothalamus. Gut hormones such as cholecystokinin, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide 1, and oxyntomodulin transfer satiety signals to the brain and ghrelin relays hunger signals. The endocannabinoid system and nutrients are also involved in the physiological regulation of food intake. In this article, we briefly review physiological mechanisms of appetite regulation.

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Smoking and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Sang Ah Chang
Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(6):399-403.   Published online December 12, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.6.399
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Cigarette smoking is a well-known risk factor in many diseases, including various kinds of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Many studies have also reported the unfavorable effects of smoking for diabetes mellitus. Smoking increases the risk of developing diabetes, and aggravates the micro- and macro-vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Smoking is associated with insulin resistance, inflammation and dyslipidemia, but the exact mechanisms through which smoking influences diabetes mellitus are not clear. However, smoking cessation is one of the important targets for diabetes control and the prevention diabetic complications.

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Periodontitis and Insulin Resistance: Casual or Causal Relationship?
Abhijit N. Gurav
Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(6):404-411.   Published online December 12, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.6.404
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Insulin resistance (IR) is now considered as a chronic and low level inflammatory condition. It is closely related to altered glucose tolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, abdominal obesity, and coronary heart disease. IR is accompanied by the increase in the levels of inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1 and 6, tumor necrosis factor-α. These inflammatory cytokines also play a crucial part in pathogenesis and progression of insulin resistance. Periodontitis is the commonest of oral diseases, affecting tooth investing tissues. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are released in the disease process of periodontitis. Periodontitis can be attributed with exacerbation of IR. Data in the literature supports a "two way relationship" between diabetes and periodontitis. Periodontitis is asymptomatic in the initial stages of disease process and it often escapes diagnosis. This review presents the blurred nexus between periodontitis and IR, underlining the pathophysiology of the insidious link. The knowledge of the association between periodontitis and IR can be valuable in planning effectual treatment modalities for subjects with altered glucose homeostasis and diabetics. Presently, the studies supporting this association are miniscule. Further studies are mandatory to substantiate the role of periodontitis in the deterioration of IR.

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Editorial
Regional Adiposity, Adipokines, and Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes
Jee-Young Oh
Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(6):412-414.   Published online December 12, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.6.412
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    Sebastião Freitas de Medeiros, Matheus Antônio Souto de Medeiros, Bruna Barcelo Barbosa, Márcia Marly Winck Yamamoto
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    Haibing Yu, Lin Xu, Hao Liu, Jialu Huang, Ling Luo, Rong Chen, Jian Xu, Chunwen Lin, Weiying Chen, Yuxun Xie, Huihuang Yang, Danli Kong, Yuanlin Ding, Xiang Zhou
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Original Articles
Relation of Absolute or Relative Adiposity to Insulin Resistance, Retinol Binding Protein-4, Leptin, and Adiponectin in Type 2 Diabetes
You Lim Kim, Tae Kyun Kim, Eun Sun Cheong, Dong Geum Shin, Gyu Sik Choi, Jihye Jung, Kyung-Ah Han, Kyung Wan Min
Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(6):415-421.   Published online December 12, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.6.415
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Central fat mass (CFM) correlates with insulin resistance and increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications; however, peripheral fat mass (PFM) is associated with insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation of absolute and relative regional adiposity to insulin resistance index and adipokines in type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Total of 83 overweighted-Korean women with type 2 diabetes were enrolled, and rate constants for plasma glucose disappearance (KITT) and serum adipokines, such as retinol binding protein-4 (RBP4), leptin, and adiponectin, were measured. Using dual X-ray absorptiometry, trunk fat mass (in kilograms) was defined as CFM, sum of fat mass on the lower extremities (in kilograms) as PFM, and sum of CFM and PFM as total fat mass (TFM). PFM/TFM ratio, CFM/TFM ratio, and PFM/CFM ratio were defined as relative adiposity.

Results

Median age was 55.9 years, mean body mass index 27.2 kg/m2, and mean HbA1c level 7.12±0.84%. KITT was positively associated with PMF/TFM ratio, PMF/CFM ratio, and negatively with CFM/TFM ratio, but was not associated with TFM, PFM, or CFM. RBP4 levels also had a significant relationship with PMF/TFM ratio and PMF/CFM ratio. Adiponectin, leptin, and apolipoprotein A levels were related to absolute adiposity, while only adiponectin to relative adiposity. In correlation analysis, KITT in type 2 diabetes was positively related with HbA1c, fasting glucose, RBP4, and free fatty acid.

Conclusion

These results suggest that increased relative amount of peripheral fat mass may aggravate insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes.

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Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes and Impaired Glucose Regulation with Associated Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Depression in an Urbanizing Rural Community in Bangladesh: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Bishwajit Bhowmik, Sanjida Binte Munir, Israt Ara Hossain, Tasnima Siddiquee, Lien My Diep, Sharif Mahmood, Hajera Mahtab, A. K. Azad Khan, Akhtar Hussain
Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(6):422-432.   Published online December 12, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.6.422
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

To determine the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and impaired glucose regulation (impaired fasting glucose [IFG] and impaired glucose tolerance [IGT]) in an urbanizing rural population of Bangladesh and associated cardiometabolic risk indicators and depression.

Methods

A total of 2,293 subjects aged ≥20 years in an urbanizing rural Bangladeshi community were investigated. Socio-demographic and anthropometric details, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2 hours after 75 g plasma glucose (2hPG), glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting serum insulin and lipid profiles were studied. Presence of depressive symptoms using Montogomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale was also assessed.

Results

The prevalence of IFG, IGT, IFG+IGT, and T2DM were 3.4%, 4.0%, 1.2%, and 7.9%, respectively. The prevalence of T2DM and impaired glucose regulation differed between males and females, but, both increased with age in both sexes. FPG and 2hPG had positive correlation. Employing logistic regression, it was found that increased age, waist to hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and depression were independent risk indicators for diabetes. Both insulin resistance and β-cell deficiency were significantly related for causation of diabetes. Among the study population, 26.2% had general obesity, 39.8% central obesity, 15.5% hypertension, 28.7% dyslipidemia, 17.6% family history of diabetes, and 15.3% had depression. Physical inactivity and smoking habits were significantly higher in male.

Conclusion

Rising prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in this urbanizing rural population exist as a significant but hidden public health problem. Depression and other cardiometabolic risk indicators including obesity, hypertension, and dyslipdemia were also prevalent in this population.

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Chronic Kidney Disease and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Chinese with Type 2 Diabetes
Qing-Lin Lou, Xiao-Jun Ouyang, Liu-Bao Gu, Yong-Zhen Mo, Ronald Ma, Jennifer Nan, Alice Kong, Wing-Yee So, Gary Ko, Juliana Chan, Chun-Chung Chow, Rong-Wen Bian
Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(6):433-442.   Published online December 12, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.6.433
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

To determine the frequency of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its associated risk factors in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients, we conducted a cross-sectional study in Nanjing, China, in the period between January 2008 and December 2009.

Methods

Patients with type 2 diabetes under the care by Jiangsu Province Official Hospital, Nanjing, China were invited for assessment. CKD was defined as the presence of albuminuria or estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Albuminuria was defined as urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g.

Results

We recruited 1,521 urban Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes (mean age, 63.9±12.0 years). The frequency of CKD and albuminuria was 31.0% and 28.9%, respectively. After adjusted by age and sex, hypertension, anemia and duration of diabetes were significantly associated with CKD with odds ratio (95% confidence interval) being 1.93 (1.28 to 2.93), 1.70 (1.09 to 2.64), and 1.03 (1.00 to 1.06), respectively.

Conclusion

In conclusion, CKD was common in the urban Nanjing Chinese with type 2 diabetes. Strategies to prevent or delay progression of kidney disease in diabetes should be carried out at the early disease course of type 2 diabetes.

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    Paithoon Sonthon, Supannee Promthet, Siribha Changsirikulchai, Ram Rangsin, Bandit Thinkhamrop, Suthee Rattanamongkolgul, Cameron P. Hurst, Cheng Hu
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Relationships between Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity and Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes
Byung Kil Ha, Bong Gun Kim, Dong Hyun Kim, Soon Il Lee, Soon Myung Jung, Ja Young Park, Chang Won Lee, Sang Soo Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, In Ju Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(6):443-451.   Published online December 12, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.6.443
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) is known to be a good surrogate marker of clinical atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a major predictor for developing neuropathy. The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between baPWV and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted involving 692 patients with type 2 diabetes. The correlation between increased baPWV and DPN, neurological symptoms, and neurological assessment was analyzed. DPN was examined using the total symptom score (TSS), ankle reflexes, the vibration test, and the 10-g monofilament test. DPN was defined as TSS ≥2 and an abnormal neurological assessment. Data were expressed as means±standard deviation for normally distributed data and as median (interquartile range) for non-normally distributed data. Independent t-tests or chi-square tests were used to make comparisons between groups, and a multiple logistic regression test was used to evaluate independent predictors of DPN. The Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test was used to adjust for age.

Results

Patients with DPN had higher baPWV and systolic blood pressure, and were more likely to be older and female, when compared to the control group. According to univariate analysis of risk factors for DPN, the odds ratio of the baPWV ≥1,600 cm/sec was 1.611 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.072 to 2.422; P=0.021) and the odds ratio in female was 1.816 (95% CI, 1.195 to 2.760; P=0.005).

Conclusion

Increased baPWV was significantly correlated with peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Citations

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  • Factors Affecting Arterial Stiffness and Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
    Tomoki Furuya, Shinji Kitahama, Yuma Tamura, Susumu Ogawa, Yuki Nakatani, Takanori Yasu
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    Angela Beros, John Sluyter, Robert Keith Rhodes Scragg
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    Po-Lei Lee, Kuo-Wei Wang, Chen-Yuan Hsiao
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Education as Prescription for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Compliance and Efficacy in Clinical Practice
Mi Yeon Kim, Sunghwan Suh, Sang-Man Jin, Se Won Kim, Ji Cheol Bae, Kyu Yeon Hur, Sung Hye Kim, Mi Yong Rha, Young Yun Cho, Myung-Shik Lee, Moon Kyu Lee, Kwang-Won Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(6):452-459.   Published online December 12, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.6.452
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Diabetes self-management education has an important role in diabetes management. The efficacy of education has been proven in several randomized trials. However, the status of diabetes education programs in real Korean clinical practice has not yet been evaluated in terms of patient compliance with the education prescription.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed clinical and laboratory data from all patients who were ordered to undergo diabetes education during 2009 at Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (n=2,291). After excluding ineligible subjects, 588 patients were included in the analysis.

Results

Among the 588 patients, 433 received education. The overall compliance rate was 73.6%, which was significantly higher in the subjects with a short duration or living in a rural area compared to those with a long duration (85.0% vs. 65.1%, respectively; P<0.001) or living in an urban area (78.2% vs. 70.4%, respectively; P=0.037). The hemoglobin A1c decreased greater in the compliant group (from 7.84±1.54 at baseline to 6.79±1.06 at 3 months and 6.97±1.20 at 12 months after prescription in the compliant group vs. from 7.74±1.25 to 7.14±1.02 and 7.24±1.24 in the non-compliant group; P=0.001). The decrease in hemoglobin A1c was greater in the subjects with a short duration (P=0.032).

Conclusion

In our study a large percent of patients refuse to get education despite having a prescription from their physician. This refusal rate was higher in the patients with long-standing diabetes or in urban residence. Furthermore, education was more effective in patients with a short duration of diabetes in clinical practice.

Citations

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  • Clinical Effects of a Home Care Pilot Program for Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study
    Sejeong Lee, KyungYi Kim, Ji Eun Kim, Yura Hyun, Minyoung Lee, Myung-Il Hahm, Sang Gyu Lee, Eun Seok Kang
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Letter
Letter: The Risk of Bladder Cancer in Korean Diabetic Subjects Treated with Pioglitazone (Diabetes Metab J 2012;36:371-8)
Sang-Yong Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(6):460-461.   Published online December 12, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.6.460
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  • Thiazolidinedione drugs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: past, present and future
    Melissa A. Davidson, Donald R. Mattison, Laurent Azoulay, Daniel Krewski
    Critical Reviews in Toxicology.2018; 48(1): 52.     CrossRef
Response
Response: The Risk of Bladder Cancer in Korean Diabetic Subjects Treated with Pioglitazone (Diabetes Metab J 2012;36:371-8)
Sun Ok Song, Kwang Joon Kim, Byung-Wan Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(6):462-463.   Published online December 12, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.6.462
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Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Comparison of the effect between pioglitazone and metformin in treating patients with PCOS:a meta-analysis
    Yifeng Xu, Yanxiang Wu, Qin Huang
    Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics.2017; 296(4): 661.     CrossRef

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