Hwi Seung Kim; Woo Je Lee

doi:10.4093/dmj.2022.0166

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Response Clinical Efficacy of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Real-World Study (Diabetes Metab J 2022;46: 658-62): Hwi Seung Kim^1,2, Woo Je Lee^2,3; Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 2022;46(4):665-666.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0166
Published online: July 27, 2022

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¹Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Gwangmyeong, Korea

²Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

³Asan Diabetes Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Woo Je Lee

Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea E-mail: lwjatlas@naver.com

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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See the Original "Clinical Efficacy of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Real-World Study (Diabetes Metab J 2022;46: 658-62)" on page 663.

We appreciate Dr. Tomoyuki Kawada’s comments on our recent article, “Clinical efficacy of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist combination therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: real-world study” [1]. It is an honor to have the opportunity to respond to Dr. Kawada’s letter to Diabetes and Metabolism Journal.

First, we agree with Dr. Kawada that factors such as comorbidities, concurrent medications, and lifestyle could affect the results. However, as our study analyzed retrospectively collected data from medical chart reviews, information regarding lifestyle factors, such as exercise and nutritional intake, was insufficient. The primary aim of our study was to present evidence of combined sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist therapy in real-world practice. We believe that a prospective controlled study is necessary to consider all possible contributing factors.

Second, Dr. Kawada suggested undertaking a multiple regression analysis stratified by sex and the presentation of squared values of multiple regression coefficients (R²). We appreciate Dr. Kawada’s comment regarding the increase in the prevalence of dyslipidemia and obesity in menopause, which provided us with a different perspective for analyzing our results. First, the baseline characteristics were analyzed according to sex (Table 1). In our study population, dyslipidemia and obesity were more prevalent in males. We further conducted multiple regression analysis stratified by sex, and baseline glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was the only factor significantly affecting reduction in HbA1c level following combination therapy in both sexes (Table 2). The R² values of baseline HbA1c were 0.172 for the total population and 0.149 and 0.189 for males and females, respectively. We believe that the relatively low R² values are due to the small sample size of our study.

Last, Dr. Kawada proposed a discussion regarding the cardiovascular benefits of the combination of SGLT2 inhibitor and GLP-1 receptor agonist. We agree that these two drug classes, both individually and combined, are effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and death by different mechanisms [2–4]. However, this aspect is out of the scope of this study, as the primary outcome of our study was the efficacy of the combination therapy in terms of glycemic control for at least 1 year. As our study was not designed to show cardiovascular or renal protection effects and merely showed maintenance of glycemic control following combination therapy in real-world clinical practice, we did not focus on the mechanism of each drug for improving glucose metabolism and cardiovascular outcomes. We believe that a succeeding study analyzing the cardiovascular and renal benefits in real-world practice could provide better evidence on this subject.

We are grateful for Dr. Kawada’s comprehensive review and valuable comments on our study. The limitations Dr. Kawada identified in our study will be appropriately handled in future studies.

NOTES

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Table 1

Baseline characteristics according to sex

Characteristic	Male (n=61)	Female (n=43)
Age, yr	50.9±11.3	51.3±9.6
Hypertension	48 (78.7)	22 (51.2)
Dyslipidemia	61 (100)	40 (93.0)
Obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m²)	53 (86.9)	34 (79.1)
BMI, kg/m²	28.9±4.0	28.6±4.7
Body weight, kg	87.1±14.8	72.2±12.1

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

BMI, body mass index.

Table 2

Multiple linear regression analysis of HbA1c reduction after 1 year stratified by sex

Variable	Male		Female

	Standardized β	P value	Standardized β	P value
Age	0.233	0.237	0.138	0.450

Hypertension	−0.106	0.394	0.158	0.331

Duration of diabetes	0.050	0.737	0.229	0.130

Baseline weight	−0.007	0.970	0.182	0.386

Baseline HbA1c	0.420	0.002	0.444	0.012

Baseline FPG	0.122	0.360	0.108	0.559

HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose.

REFERENCES

1. Kim HS, Yoon T, Jung CH, Park JY, Lee WJ. Clinical efficacy of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist combination therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: real-world study. Diabetes Metab J 2022;46:658-62.Article PubMed PDF
2. Baviera M, Genovese S, Lepore V, Colacioppo P, Robusto F, Tettamanti M, et al. Lower risk of death and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes initiating glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists or sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors: a real-world study in two Italian cohorts. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021;23:1484-95.Article PubMed PDF
3. Wright AK, Carr MJ, Kontopantelis E, Leelarathna L, Thabit H, Emsley R, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular and heart failure events with SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and their combination in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2022;45:909-18.Article PubMed
4. Gomez-Huelgas R, Sanz-Canovas J, Cobos-Palacios L, Lopez-Sampalo A, Perez-Belmonte LM. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for cardiovascular and renal protection: a treatment approach far beyond their glucose-lowering effect. Eur J Intern Med 2022;96:26-33.Article PubMed

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Clinical Efficacy of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Real-World Study (Diabetes Metab J 2022;46: 658-62)

Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(4):665-666. Published online July 27, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0166

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Characteristic	Male (n=61)	Female (n=43)
Age, yr	50.9±11.3	51.3±9.6
Hypertension	48 (78.7)	22 (51.2)
Dyslipidemia	61 (100)	40 (93.0)
Obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m²)	53 (86.9)	34 (79.1)
BMI, kg/m²	28.9±4.0	28.6±4.7
Body weight, kg	87.1±14.8	72.2±12.1

Variable	Male		Female

	Standardized β	P value	Standardized β	P value
Age	0.233	0.237	0.138	0.450

Hypertension	−0.106	0.394	0.158	0.331

Duration of diabetes	0.050	0.737	0.229	0.130

Baseline weight	−0.007	0.970	0.182	0.386

Baseline HbA1c	0.420	0.002	0.444	0.012

Baseline FPG	0.122	0.360	0.108	0.559

Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to sex

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

BMI, body mass index.

Table 2 Multiple linear regression analysis of HbA1c reduction after 1 year stratified by sex

HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose.

Table 1

Table 2

About this article

Kim HS, Lee WJ. Clinical Efficacy of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Real-World Study (Diabetes Metab J 2022;46: 658-62). Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(4):665-666.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0166.

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