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COVID-19
Independent Impact of Diabetes on the Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in 5,307 Patients in South Korea: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Sun Joon Moon, Eun-Jung Rhee, Jin-Hyung Jung, Kyung-Do Han, Sung-Rae Kim, Won-Young Lee, Kun-Ho Yoon
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(5):737-746.   Published online October 21, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0141
  • 10,601 View
  • 201 Download
  • 24 Web of Science
  • 23 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Inconsistent results have been observed regarding the independent effect of diabetes on the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We conducted a nationwide population-based cohort study to evaluate the relationship between diabetes and COVID-19 severity in South Korea.
Methods
Patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 aged ≥30 years were enrolled and medical claims data were obtained from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. Hospitalization, oxygen treatment, ventilator application, and mortality were assessed as severity outcomes. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed after adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities.
Results
Of 5,307 COVID-19 patients, the mean age was 56.0±14.4 years, 2,043 (38.5%) were male, and 770 (14.5%) had diabetes. The number of patients who were hospitalized, who received oxygen, who required ventilator support, and who died was 4,986 (94.0%), 884 (16.7%), 121 (2.3%), and 211 (4.0%), respectively. The proportion of patients with diabetes in the abovementioned outcome groups was 14.7%, 28.1%, 41.3%, 44.6%, showing an increasing trend according to outcome severity. In multivariate analyses, diabetes was associated with worse outcomes, with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.349 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.099 to 1.656; P=0.004) for oxygen treatment, an aOR of 1.930 (95% CI, 1.276 to 2.915; P<0.001) for ventilator use, and an aOR of 2.659 (95% CI, 1.896 to 3.729; P<0.001) for mortality.
Conclusion
Diabetes was associated with worse clinical outcomes in Korean patients with COVID-19, independent of other comorbidities. Therefore, patients with diabetes and COVID-19 should be treated with caution.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Impact of COVID-19 on the Microbiome and Inflammatory Status of Type 2 Diabetes Patients
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  • Independent Impact of Diabetes on the Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in 5,307 Patients in South Korea: A Nationwide-Cohort Study (Diabetes Metab J 2020;44:737-46)
    Kyuho Kim, Tae Jung Oh
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Covid-19
The Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection and Diabetes in Daegu, South Korea
Mi Kyung Kim, Jae-Han Jeon, Sung-Woo Kim, Jun Sung Moon, Nan Hee Cho, Eugene Han, Ji Hong You, Ji Yeon Lee, Miri Hyun, Jae Seok Park, Yong Shik Kwon, Yeon-Kyung Choi, Ki Tae Kwon, Shin Yup Lee, Eon Ju Jeon, Jin-Woo Kim, Hyo-Lim Hong, Hyun Hee Kwon, Chi Young Jung, Yin Young Lee, Eunyeoung Ha, Seung Min Chung, Jian Hur, June Hong Ahn, Na-young Kim, Shin-Woo Kim, Hyun Ha Chang, Yong Hoon Lee, Jaehee Lee, Keun-Gyu Park, Hyun Ah Kim, Ji-Hyun Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(4):602-613.   Published online August 12, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0146
  • 13,304 View
  • 206 Download
  • 67 Web of Science
  • 74 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic that had affected more than eight million people worldwide by June 2020. Given the importance of the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) for host immunity, we retrospectively evaluated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of moderate-to-severe COVID-19 in patients with diabetes.

Methods

We conducted a multi-center observational study of 1,082 adult inpatients (aged ≥18 years) who were admitted to one of five university hospitals in Daegu because of the severity of their COVID-19-related disease. The demographic, laboratory, and radiologic findings, and the mortality, prevalence of severe disease, and duration of quarantine were compared between patients with and without DM. In addition, 1:1 propensity score (PS)-matching was conducted with the DM group.

Results

Compared with the non-DM group (n=847), patients with DM (n=235) were older, exhibited higher mortality, and required more intensive care. Even after PS-matching, patients with DM exhibited more severe disease, and DM remained a prognostic factor for higher mortality (hazard ratio, 2.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.38 to 4.15). Subgroup analysis revealed that the presence of DM was associated with higher mortality, especially in older people (≥70 years old). Prior use of a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor or a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor did not affect mortality or the clinical severity of the disease.

Conclusion

DM is a significant risk factor for COVID-19 severity and mortality. Our findings imply that COVID-19 patients with DM, especially if elderly, require special attention and prompt intensive care.

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Complications
The Risk of Diabetes on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Seung Min Chung, Yin Young Lee, Eunyeong Ha, Ji Sung Yoon, Kyu Chang Won, Hyoung Woo Lee, Jian Hur, Kyung Soo Hong, Jong Geol Jang, Hyun Jung Jin, Eun Young Choi, Kyeong-Cheol Shin, Jin Hong Chung, Kwan Ho Lee, June Hong Ahn, Jun Sung Moon
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(3):405-413.   Published online May 21, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0105
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   
Background

To determine the role of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we explored the clinical characteristics of patients with DM and compared risk factors such as age, glycemic control, and medications to those without DM.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of 117 confirmed patients with COVID-19 which conducted at a tertiary hospital in Daegu, South Korea. The primary outcome was defined as the severe and critical outcome (SCO), of which the composite outcomes of acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, intensive care unit care, and 28-day mortality. We analyzed what clinical features and glycemic control-related factors affect the prognosis of COVID-19 in the DM group.

Results

After exclusion, 110 participants were finally included. DM patients (n=29) was older, and showed higher blood pressure compared to non-DM patients. DM group showed higher levels of inflammation-related biomarkers and severity score, and highly progressed to SCO. After adjustment with other risk factors, DM increased the risk of SCO (odds ratio [OR], 10.771; P<0.001). Among the DM patients, SCO was more prevalent in elderly patients of ≥70 years old and age was an independent risk factor for SCO in patients with DM (OR, 1.175; P=0.014), while glycemic control was not. The use of medication did not affect the SCO, but the renin-angiotensin system inhibitors showed protective effects against acute cardiac injury (OR, 0.048; P=0.045).

Conclusion

The COVID-19 patients with DM had higher severity and resulted in SCO. Intensive and aggressive monitoring of COVID-19 clinical outcomes in DM group, especially in elderly patients is warranted.

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Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Multiple Biomarkers Improved Prediction for the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Singapore Chinese Men and Women
Yeli Wang, Woon-Puay Koh, Xueling Sim, Jian-Min Yuan, An Pan
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(2):295-306.   Published online November 22, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0020
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   
Background

Multiple biomarkers have performed well in predicting type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk in Western populations. However, evidence is scarce among Asian populations.

Methods

Plasma triglyceride-to-high density lipoprotein (TG-to-HDL) ratio, alanine transaminase (ALT), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), ferritin, adiponectin, fetuin-A, and retinol-binding protein 4 were measured in 485 T2DM cases and 485 age-and-sex matched controls nested within the prospective Singapore Chinese Health Study cohort. Participants were free of T2DM at blood collection (1999 to 2004), and T2DM cases were identified at the subsequent follow-up interviews (2006 to 2010). A weighted biomarker score was created based on the strengths of associations between these biomarkers and T2DM risks. The predictive utility of the biomarker score was assessed by the area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC).

Results

The biomarker score that comprised of four biomarkers (TG-to-HDL ratio, ALT, ferritin, and adiponectin) was positively associated with T2DM risk (P trend <0.001). Compared to the lowest quartile of the score, the odds ratio was 12.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.43 to 26.6) for those in the highest quartile. Adding the biomarker score to a base model that included smoking, history of hypertension, body mass index, and levels of random glucose and insulin improved AUC significantly from 0.81 (95% CI, 0.78 to 0.83) to 0.83 (95% CI, 0.81 to 0.86; P=0.002). When substituting the random glucose levels with glycosylated hemoglobin in the base model, adding the biomarker score improved AUC from 0.85 (95% CI, 0.83 to 0.88) to 0.86 (95% CI, 0.84 to 0.89; P=0.032).

Conclusion

A composite score of blood biomarkers improved T2DM risk prediction among Chinese.

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Review
Complications
Update on the Impact, Diagnosis and Management of Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Diabetes: What Is Defined, What Is New, and What Is Unmet
Vincenza Spallone
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(1):3-30.   Published online November 2, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0259
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

The burden of diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is expected to increase due to the diabetes epidemic and its early and widespread appearance. CAN has a definite prognostic role for mortality and cardiovascular morbidity. Putative mechanisms for this are tachycardia, QT interval prolongation, orthostatic hypotension, reverse dipping, and impaired heart rate variability, while emerging mechanisms like inflammation support the pervasiveness of autonomic dysfunction. Efforts to overcome CAN under-diagnosis are on the table: by promoting screening for symptoms and signs; by simplifying cardiovascular reflex tests; and by selecting the candidates for screening. CAN assessment allows for treatment of its manifestations, cardiovascular risk stratification, and tailoring therapeutic targets. Risk factors for CAN are mainly glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and, in addition, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and obesity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), while preliminary data regard glycaemic variability, vitamin B12 and D changes, oxidative stress, inflammation, and genetic biomarkers. Glycaemic control prevents CAN in T1DM, whereas multifactorial intervention might be effective in T2DM. Lifestyle intervention improves autonomic function mostly in pre-diabetes. While there is no conclusive evidence for a disease-modifying therapy, treatment of CAN manifestations is available. The modulation of autonomic function by SGLT2i represents a promising research field with possible clinical relevance.

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Original Articles
Epidemiology
Depression and Mortality in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, 2003 to 2013: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Jong-Hyun Jeong, Yoo Hyun Um, Seung-Hyun Ko, Jong-Heon Park, Joong-Yeol Park, Kyungdo Han, Kyung-Soo Ko
Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(4):296-302.   Published online August 3, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.4.296
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Previous reports have demonstrated a bidirectional relationship between depression and diabetes mellitus (DM), accentuating a need for more intensive depression screening in DM patients. There is a relative paucity of data on the mortality of depressed DM patients in Korea.

Methods

Retrospective data from January 2003 to December 2013 were collected for adult type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients older than 30 years using the National Health Information database maintained by the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS). Demographic characteristics were analyzed with descriptive statistics, and the annual prevalence of depression was estimated. Mortality rates and hazard ratios for each age group (stratified into six age groups) of patients diagnosed with T2DM in 2003 were estimated using a Cox proportional hazard method, with the Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival curve showing the overall survival rates according to the T2DM status until the given year of 2013.

Results

The annual prevalence of depression was consistently higher in T2DM group from 2003 to 2013. The mortality hazard ratio was higher in the depressed in all age groups, and the risk was higher in male groups and in younger-aged groups.

Conclusion

Depression was significantly associated with a high mortality risk in T2DM patients; hence, a more systematic surveillance of T2DM patients to identify risk factors for depression might contribute significantly to reducing mortality risk in this group of patients.

Citations

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Poor Prognosis Factors and Risk Factors of Amputation in Foot ulcers in Diabetes.
Mi Jung Eun, Jung Hoon Lee, Jin Ho Kim, Ji Eun Lee, Jae Hong Kim, Kyu Chang Won, In Ho Jo, Hyoung Woo Lee
Korean Diabetes J. 2004;28(4):304-314.   Published online August 1, 2004
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Foot ulcers are a common complication of diabetes mellitus, and their prevalence is increased relative to those without diabetes. Foot ulcers and related complications represent an important cause of morbidity among patients with diabetes mellitus. Most of the poor prognosis factors and amputation risk factors of diabetic foot ulcers have been found to be largely affected by male sex, inadequate blood glucose control, vascular disease, neuropathy, end organ defects, and the depth and size of ulcers, prior ulcer history, infection and ischemia. Currently, the poor prognosis factors and amputation risk factors of diabetic foot ulcers in the Korean diabetic population are unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify the poor prognosis factors of diabetic foot ulcers and the risk factors of lower extremity amputation. METHODS: This study comprised of involved 37 male and 14 female diabetics with foot ulcers aged 23 to 83 years. According to the results of treatment, the patients were divided into 4 groups; complete healing (CH), partial healing (PH), unhealing (UH), and amputation (AM) groups. The baseline characteristics of the study subjects (gender, age, duration of diabetes, BMI, drinking, smoking, insulin therapy, blood pressure, whole blood count, renal function test and the size and depth of ulcer, prior ulcer history, osteomyelitis, infection, ischemia, neuropathy and retinopathy) were examined. RESULTS: The following characteristics were not significantly related to the poor prognosis factors and amputation risk factors of diabetic foot ulcers: age, duration of diabetes, BMI; drinking, smoking, insulin therapy, blood pressure, whole blood count and renal function test. The following characteristics were significantly related to the poor prognosis factors and amputation risk factors of diabetic foot ulcers: male (p=0.021), ischemia (p<0.05), infection (p<0.01), osteomyelitis (p<0.01), prior ulcer history (p<0.05), retinopathy (p<0.05), size of ulcer (p<0.001) and depth of ulcer (p<0.001). The size and depth of an ulcer, prior ulcer history, ischemia and infection were found to be associated with poor prognosis factors of treatment and risk factors of amputation in diabetic foot ulcer patients by a multiple regression test (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study shows that the size and depth of an ulcer, prior ulcer history, ischemia and infection are poor prognosis factors of diabetic foot ulcer and amputation risk factors However, further studies will be required due to the smaill size of our study population.

Diabetes Metab J : Diabetes & Metabolism Journal