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Links between Thyroid Disorders and Glucose Homeostasis
Young Sil Eom, Jessica R. Wilson, Victor J. Bernet
Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(2):239-256.   Published online March 24, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0013
  • 20,267 View
  • 797 Download
  • 37 Web of Science
  • 35 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus often coexist and are closely related. Several studies have shown a higher prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus and vice versa. Thyroid hormone affects glucose homeostasis by impacting pancreatic β-cell development and glucose metabolism through several organs such as the liver, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, and the central nervous system. The present review discusses the effect of thyroid hormone on glucose homeostasis. We also review the relationship between thyroid disease and diabetes mellitus: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes, as well as guidelines for screening thyroid function with each disorder. Finally, we provide an overview of the effects of antidiabetic drugs on thyroid hormone and thyroid disorders.

Citations

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Original Article
Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
The Relationship between Thyroid Function and Different Obesity Phenotypes in Korean Euthyroid Adults
Jeong Mi Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Hyungi Lee, Eun Heui Kim, Mijin Kim, Jong Ho Kim, Yun Kyung Jeon, Sang Soo Kim, In Joo Kim, Yong Ki Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(6):867-878.   Published online April 3, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0130
  • 7,015 View
  • 78 Download
  • 19 Web of Science
  • 18 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   
Background

Thyroid disease and metabolic syndrome are both associated with cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between thyroid hormones and obesity sub-phenotypes using nationwide data from Korea, a country known to be iodine replete.

Methods

This study was based on data obtained from the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, administered from 2013 to 2015. A total of 13,873 participants aged ≥19 years were included, and classified into four groups: metabolically healthy non-obesity (MHNO), metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), metabolically unhealthy non-obesity (MUNO), and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) by body fat on the basis of body mass index and metabolic health.

Results

At baseline, serum free thyroxine (fT4) values were significantly higher in the MHNO phenotype (MHNO, 1.27±0.01 ng/dL; MHO, 1.25±0.01 ng/dL; MUNO, 1.24±0.01 ng/dL; MUO, 1.24±0.01 ng/dL, P<0.001) in total study population. However, this significant association no longer remained after adjustment for age, urine iodine concentration, and smoking (P=0.085). After adjustment for confounders, statistically significant association was observed between lower thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and MHNO phenotype (P=0.044). In men participants (not women), higher fT4 values were significantly associated with MHNO phenotype (P<0.001). However, no significant association was observed between thyroid function (TSH or fT4) and obesity phenotypes in groups classified by age (cutoff age of 55 years).

Conclusion

Although there was a difference by age and sex, we found that the decrease of TSH and the increase of fT4 values were associated with MHNO.

Citations

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Reviews
Altered Transendothelial Transport of Hormones as a Contributor to Diabetes
Nanyoung Yoon, Thanh Q. Dang, Helen Chasiotis, Scott P. Kelly, Gary Sweeney
Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(2):92-99.   Published online April 18, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2014.38.2.92
  • 4,774 View
  • 39 Download
  • 8 Web of Science
  • 8 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

The vascular endothelium is a dynamic structure responsible for the separation and regulated movement of biological material between circulation and interstitial fluid. Hormones and nutrients can move across the endothelium either via a transcellular or paracellular route. Transcellular endothelial transport is well understood and broadly acknowledged to play an important role in the normal and abnormal physiology of endothelial function. However, less is known about the role of the paracellular route. Although the concept of endothelial dysfunction in diabetes is now widely accepted, we suggest that alterations in paracellular transport should be studied in greater detail and incorporated into this model. In this review we provide an overview of endothelial paracellular permeability and discuss its potential importance in contributing to the development of diabetes and associated complications. Accordingly, we also contend that if better understood, altered endothelial paracellular permeability could be considered as a potential therapeutic target for diabetes.

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Insulin Resistance During Pregnancy.
Kyu Jeung Ahn
Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(2):77-82.   Published online April 1, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.2.77
  • 2,062 View
  • 28 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
Pregnancy is a complex metabolic state involving dramatic alterations in the hormonal or cytokine environments (increases in estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, cortisol, human chorionic gonadotropin, placental growth hormone and human placental lactogen, TNF-alpha, resistin, leptin, and a decrease in adiponectin) as well as an increasing burden of fuel utilization by the conceptus. Metabolically, the first trimester is characterized by increased insulin sensitivity and lipogenesis. The second and third trimesters, in contrast, are characterized by insulin resistance and increased lipolysis.

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