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To Determine the Risk-Based Screening Interval for Diabetic Retinopathy: Development and Validation of Risk Algorithm from a Retrospective Cohort Study
Jinxiao Lian, Ching So, Sarah Morag McGhee, Thuan-quoc Thach, Cindy Lo Kuen Lam, Colman Siu Cheung Fung, Alfred Siu Kei Kwong, Jonathan Cheuk Hung Chan
Received March 21, 2024  Accepted July 24, 2024  Published online October 31, 2024  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0142    [Epub ahead of print]
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
The optimal screening interval for diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains controversial. This study aimed to develop a risk algorithm to predict the individual risk of referable sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) in a mainly Chinese population and to provide evidence for risk-based screening intervals.
Methods
The retrospective cohort data from 117,418 subjects who received systematic DR screening in Hong Kong between 2010 and 2016 were included to develop and validate the risk algorithm using a parametric survival model. The risk algorithm can be used to predict the individual risk of STDR within a specific time interval, or the time to reach a specific risk margin and thus to allocate a screening interval. The calibration performance was assessed by comparing the cumulative STDR events versus predicted risk over 2 years, and discrimination by using receiver operative characteristics (ROC) curve.
Results
Duration of diabetes, glycosylated hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, presence of chronic kidney disease, diabetes medication, and age were included in the risk algorithm. The validation of prediction performance showed that there was no significant difference between predicted and observed STDR risks in males (5.6% vs. 5.1%, P=0.724) or females (4.8% vs. 4.6%, P=0.099). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78 to 0.81) for males and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.79 to 0.83) for females.
Conclusion
The risk algorithm has good prediction performance for referable STDR. Using a risk-based screening interval allows us to allocate screening visits disproportionally more to those at higher risk, while reducing the frequency of screening of lower risk people.
Complications
Article image
Glycemic Control and Retinal Microvascular Changes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients without Clinical Retinopathy
Kangmin Lee, Ga Hye Lee, Seung Eun Lee, Jee Myung Yang, Kunho Bae
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(5):983-992.   Published online March 13, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0149
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
To investigate the association of glycemic control and retinal microvascular changes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) without diabetic retinopathy (DR).
Methods
This retrospective, observational, cohort study included patients with T2DM without DR. The patients were categorized into intensive control (IC; mean glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] ≤7.0%) and moderate control (MC; mean HbA1c >7.0%) groups. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and swept-source OCT angiography (OCTA) image parameters were compared between three groups, including healthy controls.
Results
In total, 259 eyes of 259 participants (88 IC, 81 MC, and 90 controls) were included. The foveal avascular zone area was significantly larger in the MC group than IC and control groups (all P<0.05). The IC group had lower vessel density in the superficial retinal layer and deep retinal layer than the controls (all P<0.05). The choriocapillaris (CC) flow deficit (FD) was significantly greater in the MC group than in the IC and control groups (18.2%, 16.7%, and 14.2%, respectively; all P<0.01). In multivariate regression analysis, CC-FD was associated with the mean HbA1c level (P=0.008). There were no significant differences in OCT parameters among the groups.
Conclusion
OCTA revealed that early CC impairment is associated with HbA1c levels; the CC changes precede clinically apparent DR. The OCTA parameters differed among the groups according to the degree of glycemic control. Our results suggest that microvascular changes precede DR and are closely related to glycemic control.
Drug/Regimen
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Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy between Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists
Tzu-Yi Lin, Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang, Shih-Chieh Shao, Edward Chia-Cheng Lai, Sunir J. Garg, Kuan-Jen Chen, Je-Ho Kang, Wei-Chi Wu, Chi-Chun Lai, Yih-Shiou Hwang
Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(3):394-404.   Published online March 6, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0221
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  • 17 Web of Science
  • 19 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
To compare risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR) between patients taking sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) and those taking glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs) in routine care.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study emulating a target trial included patient data from the multi-institutional Chang Gung Research Database in Taiwan. Totally, 33,021 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using SGLT2is and GLP1-RAs between 2016 and 2019 were identified. 3,249 patients were excluded due to missing demographics, age <40 years, prior use of any study drug, a diagnosis of retinal disorders, a history of receiving vitreoretinal procedure, no baseline glycosylated hemoglobin, or no follow-up data. Baseline characteristics were balanced using inverse probability of treatment weighting with propensity scores. DR diagnoses and vitreoretinal interventions served as the primary outcomes. Occurrence of proliferative DR and DR receiving vitreoretinal interventions were regarded as vision-threatening DR.
Results
There were 21,491 SGLT2i and 1,887 GLP1-RA users included for the analysis. Patients receiving SGLT2is and GLP-1 RAs exhibited comparable rate of any DR (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR], 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 1.03), whereas the rate of proliferative DR (SHR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.68) was significantly lower in the SGLT2i group. Also, SGLT2i users showed significantly reduced risk of composite surgical outcome (SHR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.70).
Conclusion
Compared to those taking GLP1-RAs, patients receiving SGLT2is had a lower risk of proliferative DR and vitreoretinal interventions, although the rate of any DR was comparable between the SGLT2i and GLP1-RA groups. Thus, SGLT2is may be associated with a lower risk of vision-threatening DR but not DR development.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Diabetic Retinopathy Progression and Systemic Complications
    Ehsan Rahimy, Euna B. Koo, Karen M. Wai, Cassie A. Ludwig, Andrea L. Kossler, Prithvi Mruthyunjaya
    American Journal of Ophthalmology.2025; 270: 93.     CrossRef
  • Incretin‐based drugs and the risk of diabetic retinopathy among individuals with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies
    Samuel Igweokpala, Naheemot Olaoluwa Sule, Antonios Douros, Oriana H. Y. Yu, Kristian B. Filion
    Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2024; 26(2): 721.     CrossRef
  • Association of sodium–glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors and the risk of retinal vascular occlusion: A real‐world retrospective cohort study in Taiwan
    Tzu‐Yi Lin, Eugene Yu‐Chuan Kang, Shih‐Chieh Shao, Edward Chia‐Cheng Lai, Nan‐Kai Wang, Sunir J. Garg, Kuan‐Jen Chen, Je‐Ho Kang, Wei‐Chi Wu, Chi‐Chun Lai, Yih‐Shiou Hwang
    Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Risk of rotator cuff tear and rotator cuff repair surgery comparison between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists: A real-world study
    Yu-Chi Su, Pei-Chun Hsieh, Edward Chia-Cheng Lai, Yu-Ching Lin
    Diabetes & Metabolism.2024; 50(2): 101522.     CrossRef
  • Optimising renal risk parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Perspectives from a retinal viewpoint
    Sarita Jacob, George I. Varughese
    Clinical Medicine.2024; 24(2): 100031.     CrossRef
  • Risk of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema with sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: a real-world data study from a global federated database
    Aikaterini Eleftheriadou, David Riley, Sizheng S. Zhao, Philip Austin, Gema Hernández, Gregory Y. H. Lip, Timothy L. Jackson, John P. H. Wilding, Uazman Alam
    Diabetologia.2024; 67(7): 1271.     CrossRef
  • Impact of GLP-1 Agonists and SGLT-2 Inhibitors on Diabetic Retinopathy Progression: An Aggregated Electronic Health Record Data Study
    Karen M. Wai, Kapil Mishra, Euna Koo, Cassie Ann Ludwig, Ravi Parikh, Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, Ehsan Rahimy
    American Journal of Ophthalmology.2024; 265: 39.     CrossRef
  • Comparative Effectiveness of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors, Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors, and Sulfonylureas for Sight-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy
    Andrew J. Barkmeier, Jeph Herrin, Kavya Sindhu Swarna, Yihong Deng, Eric C. Polley, Guillermo E. Umpierrez, Rodolfo J. Galindo, Joseph S. Ross, Mindy M. Mickelson, Rozalina G. McCoy
    Ophthalmology Retina.2024; 8(10): 943.     CrossRef
  • Association Between Pentoxifylline Use and Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Multi-Institutional Cohort Study
    Tzu-Yi Lin, Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang, Nan-Kai Wang, Je-Ho Kang, Kuan-Jen Chen, Wei-Chi Wu, Chi-Chun Lai, Yih-Shiou Hwang
    Biomedical Journal.2024; : 100771.     CrossRef
  • Association between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and eye disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Bo Xu, Bo Kang, Fan Tang, Jiecan Zhou, Zunbo He
    Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology.2024; 17(10): 949.     CrossRef
  • Impact of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists on diabetic retinopathy: A meta‐analysis of clinical studies emphasising retinal changes as a primary outcome
    Ishani Kapoor, Swara M. Sarvepalli, David A. D'Alessio, Majda Hadziahmetovic
    Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Comparison of the Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy Between Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan: A Retrospective Analysis of Real-World Data
    Masaya Koshizaka, Tomoaki Tatsumi, Fumiko Kiyonaga, Yoshinori Kosakai, Yoko Yoshinaga, Mami Shintani-Tachi
    Diabetes Therapy.2024; 15(11): 2401.     CrossRef
  • NOVEL AGENTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES AND RISK OF WORSENING DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
    Rithwick Rajagopal, Janet B. McGill
    Retina.2024; 44(11): 1851.     CrossRef
  • SGLT2 inhibitors and diabetic retinopathy: Insights from the management of nephropathy
    Maria S. Varughese, Lakshminarayanan Varadhan
    Eye.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Mechanism and therapeutic targets of circulating immune cells in diabetic retinopathy
    Bowen Zhao, Yin Zhao, Xufang Sun
    Pharmacological Research.2024; 210: 107505.     CrossRef
  • Diabetes Renders Photoreceptors Susceptible to Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
    David A. Antonetti, Cheng-Mao Lin, Sumathi Shanmugam, Heather Hager, Manjing Cao, Xuwen Liu, Alyssa Dreffs, Adam Habash, Steven F. Abcouwer
    Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science.2024; 65(13): 46.     CrossRef
  • Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy between Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (Diabetes Metab J 2023;47:394-404)
    Tzu-Yi Lin, Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang, Shih-Chieh Shao, Edward Chia-Cheng Lai, Yih-Shiou Hwang
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(4): 573.     CrossRef
  • Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy between Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (Diabetes Metab J 2023;47:394-404)
    Jihee Ko, Sun Joon Moon
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(4): 571.     CrossRef
  • Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Risk of Retinopathy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
    Fu-Shun Yen, James Cheng-Chung Wei, Teng-Shun Yu, Yu-Tung Hung, Chih-Cheng Hsu, Chii-Min Hwu
    JAMA Network Open.2023; 6(12): e2348431.     CrossRef
Complications
Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 4 in Patients with and without Diabetic Retinopathy
Ping Huang, Xiaoqin Zhao, Yi Sun, Xinlei Wang, Rong Ouyang, Yanqiu Jiang, Xiaoquan Zhang, Renyue Hu, Zhuqi Tang, Yunjuan Gu
Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(4):640-649.   Published online April 28, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0195
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  • 212 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) has been demonstrated to be a predictor of early diabetic nephropathy. However, little is known about the relationship between FABP4 and diabetic retinopathy (DR). This study explored the value of FABP4 as a biomarker of DR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
A total of 238 subjects were enrolled, including 20 healthy controls and 218 T2DM patients. Serum FABP4 levels were measured using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The grade of DR was determined using fundus fluorescence angiography. Based on the international classification of DR, all T2DM patients were classified into the following three subgroups: non-DR group, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) group, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) group. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to assess the correlation between FABP4 levels and DR severity.
Results
FABP4 correlated positively with DR severity (r=0.225, P=0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to assess the diagnostic potential of FABP4 in identifying DR, with an area under the curve of 0.624 (37% sensitivity, 83.6% specificity) and an optimum cut-off value of 76.4 μg/L. Multivariate logistic regression model including FABP4 as a categorized binary variable using the cut-off value of 76.4 μg/L showed that the concentration of FABP4 above the cut-off value increased the risk of NPDR (odds ratio [OR], 3.231; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.574 to 6.632; P=0.001) and PDR (OR, 3.689; 95% CI, 1.306 to 10.424; P=0.014).
Conclusion
FABP4 may be used as a serum biomarker for the diagnosis of DR.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Circulating AFABP, FGF21, and PEDF Levels as Prognostic Biomarkers of Sight-threatening Diabetic Retinopathy
    Chi-Ho Lee, David Tak-Wai Lui, Chloe Yu-Yan Cheung, Carol Ho-Yi Fong, Michele Mae-Ann Yuen, Yu-Cho Woo, Wing-Sun Chow, Ian Yat-Hin Wong, Aimin Xu, Karen Siu-Ling Lam
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2023; 108(9): e799.     CrossRef
  • A Prediction Model for Sight-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy Based on Plasma Adipokines among Patients with Mild Diabetic Retinopathy
    Yaxin An, Bin Cao, Kun Li, Yongsong Xu, Wenying Zhao, Dong Zhao, Jing Ke, Takayuki Masaki
    Journal of Diabetes Research.2023; 2023: 1.     CrossRef
Complications
Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Undiagnosed Diabetic Patients: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
Han Na Jang, Min Kyong Moon, Bo Kyung Koo
Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(4):620-629.   Published online February 23, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0099
  • 5,312 View
  • 232 Download
  • 4 Web of Science
  • 5 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
We investigated the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with undiagnosed diabetes through a nationwide survey, compared to those with known diabetes.
Methods
Among the participants of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) from 2017 to 2018, individuals aged ≥40 years with diabetes and fundus exam results were enrolled. Sampling weights were applied to represent the entire Korean population. Newly detected diabetes patients through KNHANES were classified under “undiagnosed diabetes.”
Results
Among a total of 9,108 participants aged ≥40 years, 951 were selected for analysis. Of them, 31.3% (standard error, ±2.0%) were classified under “undiagnosed diabetes.” The prevalence of DR in patients with known and undiagnosed diabetes was 24.5%±2.0% and 10.7%±2.2%, respectively (P<0.001). The DR prevalence increased with rising glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in patients with known and undiagnosed diabetes (P for trend=0.001 in both). Among those with undiagnosed diabetes, the prevalence of DR was 6.9%±2.1%, 8.0%±3.4%, 5.6%±5.7%, 16.7%±9.4%, and 42.6%±14.8% for HbA1c levels of <7.0%, 7.0%–7.9%, 8.0%–8.9%, 9.0%–9.9%, and ≥10.0% respectively. There was no difference in the prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, or obesity according to the presence or absence of DR.
Conclusion
About one-third of patients with diabetes were unaware of their diabetes, and 10% of them have already developed DR. Considering increasing the prevalence of DR according to HbA1c level was found in patients with undiagnosed diabetes like those with known diabetes, screening and early detection of diabetes and DR are important.

Citations

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  • Risk factors of peripheral occlusive arterial disease in patients with diabetic retinopathy due to type 2 diabetes
    Milos Maksimovic
    Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo.2024; 152(1-2): 50.     CrossRef
  • Gene Expression Analysis in T2DM and Its Associated Microvascular Diabetic Complications: Focus on Risk Factor and RAAS Pathway
    Laxmipriya Jena, Prabhsimran Kaur, Tashvinder Singh, Kangan Sharma, Sushil Kotru, Anjana Munshi
    Molecular Neurobiology.2024; 61(11): 8656.     CrossRef
  • Trends and Barriers in Diabetic Retinopathy Screening: Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2016–2021
    Min Seok Kim, Sang Jun Park, Kwangsic Joo, Se Joon Woo
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Novel Asian-Specific Visceral Adiposity Indices Are Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease in Korean Adults
    Jonghwa Jin, Hyein Woo, Youngeun Jang, Won-Ki Lee, Jung-Guk Kim, In-Kyu Lee, Keun-Gyu Park, Yeon-Kyung Choi
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(3): 426.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence of osteosarcopenic obesity and related factors among Iranian older people: Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) program
    Mozhgan Ahmadinezhad, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Noushin Fahimfar, Gita Shafiee, Iraj Nabipour, Mahnaz Sanjari, Kazem Khalagi, Mohammad Javad Mansourzadeh, Bagher Larijani, Afshin Ostovar
    Archives of Osteoporosis.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
Type 1 Diabetes
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Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Microvascular Complications in Chinese Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Qianwen Huang, Daizhi Yang, Hongrong Deng, Hua Liang, Xueying Zheng, Jinhua Yan, Wen Xu, Xiangwen Liu, Bin Yao, Sihui Luo, Jianping Weng
Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(1):93-103.   Published online August 31, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0240
  • 7,248 View
  • 230 Download
  • 8 Web of Science
  • 9 Crossref
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Both type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with an elevated risk of morbidity and mortality yet with increasing heterogeneity. This study primarily aimed to evaluate the prevalence of MetS among adult patients with T1DM in China and investigate its associated risk factors, and relationship with microvascular complications.
Methods
We included adult patients who had been enrolled in the Guangdong T1DM Translational Medicine Study conducted from June 2010 to June 2015. MetS was defined according to the updated National Cholesterol Education Program criterion. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for the association between MetS and the risk of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR).
Results
Among the 569 eligible patients enrolled, the prevalence of MetS was 15.1%. While female gender, longer diabetes duration, higher body mass index, and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were risk factors associated with MetS (OR, 2.86, 1.04, 1.14, and 1.23, respectively), received nutrition therapy education was a protective factor (OR, 0.46). After adjustment for gender, age, diabetes duration, HbA1c, socioeconomic and lifestyle variables, MetS status was associated with an increased risk of DKD and DR (OR, 2.14 and 3.72, respectively; both P<0.05).
Conclusion
Although the prevalence of MetS in adult patients with T1DM in China was relatively low, patients with MetS were more likely to have DKD and DR. A comprehensive management including lifestyle modification might reduce their risk of microvascular complications in adults with T1DM.

Citations

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  • Dynamic Changes in Metabolic Status Are Associated With Risk of Ocular Motor Cranial Nerve Palsies
    Daye Diana Choi, Kyung-Ah Park, Kyungdo Han, Sei Yeul Oh
    Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology.2024; 44(3): 386.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors Influence on Microvascular Complications in Patients With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Asad Riaz, Shoaib Asghar, Salman Shahid, Haider Tanvir, Muhammad Hamza Ejaz, Mamuna Akram
    Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    C. Deng, Y. Xie, F. Liu, X. Tang, L. Fan, X. Yang, Y. Chen, Z. Zhou, X. Li
    Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.2024; 47(11): 2691.     CrossRef
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    Mengyun Lei, Ping Ling, Yongwen Zhou, Jing Lv, Ying Ni, Hongrong Deng, Chaofan Wang, Daizhi Yang, Xubin Yang, Wen Xu, Jinhua Yan
    Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Shujuan Yang, Bin Yu, Wanqi Yu, Shaoqing Dai, Chuanteng Feng, Ying Shao, Xing Zhao, Xiaoqing Li, Tianjing He, Peng Jia
    Nature Communications.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association of Endotoxemia with Low-Grade Inflammation, Metabolic Syndrome and Distinct Response to Lipopolysaccharide in Type 1 Diabetes
    Aleksejs Fedulovs, Leonora Pahirko, Kaspars Jekabsons, Liga Kunrade, Jānis Valeinis, Una Riekstina, Valdis Pīrāgs, Jelizaveta Sokolovska
    Biomedicines.2023; 11(12): 3269.     CrossRef
  • Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Microvascular Complications in Chinese Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Metab J 2022;46:93-103)
    Qianwen Huang, Sihui Luo
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2022; 46(3): 515.     CrossRef
  • Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Microvascular Complications in Chinese Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Metab J 2022;46:93-103)
    Gyuri Kim
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2022; 46(3): 512.     CrossRef
  • Metabolic syndrome associated with higher glycemic variability in type 1 diabetes: A multicenter cross-sectional study in china
    Keyu Guo, Liyin Zhang, Jianan Ye, Xiaohong Niu, Hongwei Jiang, Shenglian Gan, Jian Zhou, Lin Yang, Zhiguang Zhou
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
Brief Report
Complications
Article image
Diabetic Retinopathy and Related Clinical Practice for People with Diabetes in Korea: A 10-Year Trend Analysis
Yoo-Ri Chung, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Kihwang Lee, Dae Jung Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):928-932.   Published online July 10, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0096
  • 6,286 View
  • 203 Download
  • 8 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   

We performed a retrospective cohort study including people diagnosed with diabetes from 2006 to 2015 according to the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort database, to analyze the changes in the prevalence, screening rate, and treatment patterns for diabetic retinopathy (DR) over 10 years. The proportion of people who underwent fundus screening for DR steadily increased over the past decade. The prevalence of DR increased from 13.4% in 2006 to 15.9% in 2015, while that of proliferative DR steadily decreased from 1.29% in 2006 to 1.16% in 2015. The proportion of patients undergoing retinal photocoagulation constantly decreased. The prevalence of DR increased over the past decade, while its severity seemed to have improved, with a decreased rate of proliferative DR and retinal photocoagulation. A higher proportion of patients underwent ophthalmic screening using fundus examination, but still less than 30% of patients with diabetes underwent comprehensive examination in 2015.

Citations

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  • Variations in Electronic Health Record-Based Definitions of Diabetic Retinopathy Cohorts
    Jimmy S. Chen, Ivan A. Copado, Cecilia Vallejos, Fritz Gerald P. Kalaw, Priyanka Soe, Cindy X. Cai, Brian C. Toy, Durga Borkar, Catherine Q. Sun, Jessica G. Shantha, Sally L. Baxter
    Ophthalmology Science.2024; 4(4): 100468.     CrossRef
  • Present and future screening programs for diabetic retinopathy: a narrative review
    Andreas Abou Taha, Sebastian Dinesen, Anna Stage Vergmann, Jakob Grauslund
    International Journal of Retina and Vitreous.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Trends and Barriers in Diabetic Retinopathy Screening: Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2016–2021
    Min Seok Kim, Sang Jun Park, Kwangsic Joo, Se Joon Woo
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Chronic disease management program applied to type 2 diabetes patients and prevention of diabetic complications: a retrospective cohort study using nationwide data
    Min Kyung Hyun, Jang Won Lee, Seung-Hyun Ko
    BMC Public Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Visual Acuity Outcomes in Diseases Associated with Reduced Visual Acuity: An Analysis of the National Health Insurance Service Database in Korea
    Sang-Yeob Kim, Byeong-Yeon Moon, Hyun-Gug Cho, Dong-Sik Yu
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(14): 8689.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Undiagnosed Diabetic Patients: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
    Han Na Jang, Min Kyong Moon, Bo Kyung Koo
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2022; 46(4): 620.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Diabetes People using Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VII
    Ihn Sook Jeong, Chan Mi Kang
    Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2022; 33(4): 408.     CrossRef
  • Time to Reach Target Glycosylated Hemoglobin Is Associated with Long-Term Durable Glycemic Control and Risk of Diabetic Complications in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 6-Year Observational Study (Diabetes Metab J 2021;45:368-78)
    Ja Young Jeon
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(4): 613.     CrossRef
Original Article
Complications
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors versus Other Antidiabetic Drugs Added to Metformin Monotherapy in Diabetic Retinopathy Progression: A Real World-Based Cohort Study
Yoo-Ri Chung, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Hyeon Chang Kim, Sang Jun Park, Kihwang Lee, Dae Jung Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(5):640-648.   Published online February 20, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0137
  • 6,062 View
  • 81 Download
  • 19 Web of Science
  • 20 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   
Background

To investigate the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP4i) as add-on medications to metformin on progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, compared with sulfonylurea (SU) or thiazolidinedione (TZD).

Methods

We identified 4,447 patients with DPP4i, 6,136 with SU, and 617 with TZD in addition to metformin therapy from the database of Korean National Health Insurance Service between January 2013 and December 2015. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for DR progression. The progression of DR was defined by the procedure code of panretinal photocoagulation, intravitreal injection or vitrectomy; or the addition of diagnostic code of vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, or neovascular glaucoma.

Results

The age and sex-adjusted HR of DR progression was 0.74 for DPP4i add-on group compared with SU add-on group (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.62 to 0.89). This lower risk of DR progression remained significant after additional adjustments for comorbidities, duration of metformin therapy, intravitreal injections and calendar index year (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.97).

Conclusion

This population-based cohort study showed that the use of DPP4i as add-on therapy to metformin did not increase the risk of DR progression compared to SU.

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Review
Complications
Pathophysiology of Diabetic Retinopathy: The Old and the New
Sentaro Kusuhara, Yoko Fukushima, Shuntaro Ogura, Naomi Inoue, Akiyoshi Uemura
Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(5):364-376.   Published online October 22, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0182
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Vision loss in diabetic retinopathy (DR) is ascribed primarily to retinal vascular abnormalities—including hyperpermeability, hypoperfusion, and neoangiogenesis—that eventually lead to anatomical and functional alterations in retinal neurons and glial cells. Recent advances in retinal imaging systems using optical coherence tomography technologies and pharmacological treatments using anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs and corticosteroids have revolutionized the clinical management of DR. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of DR are not fully determined, largely because hyperglycemic animal models only reproduce limited aspects of subclinical and early DR. Conversely, non-diabetic mouse models that represent the hallmark vascular disorders in DR, such as pericyte deficiency and retinal ischemia, have provided clues toward an understanding of the sequential events that are responsible for vision-impairing conditions. In this review, we summarize the clinical manifestations and treatment modalities of DR, discuss current and emerging concepts with regard to the pathophysiology of DR, and introduce perspectives on the development of new drugs, emphasizing the breakdown of the blood-retina barrier and retinal neovascularization.

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Short Communication
Complications
The Prevalence and Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy in Shiraz, Southern Iran
Haleh Ghaem, Nima Daneshi, Shirin Riahi, Mostafa Dianatinasab
Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(6):538-543.   Published online August 9, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0047
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Globally, diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of blindness, that diminishes quality of life. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of DR, and its associated risk factors. This cross-sectional study was carried out among 478 diabetic patients in a referral center in Fars province, Iran. The mean±standard deviation age of the participants was 56.64±12.45 years old and DR prevalence was 32.8%. In multivariable analysis, lower education levels (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24 to 0.76), being overweight (aOR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.83) or obese (aOR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.09 to 3.26), diabetes duration of 10 to 20 years (aOR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.48 to 3.73) and over 20 years (aOR, 5.63; 95% CI, 2.97 to 10.68), receiving insulin (aOR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.27 to 3.10), and having chronic diseases (aOR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.85) were significantly associated with DR. In conclusion, longer diabetes duration and obesity or having chronic diseases are strongly associated with DR suggesting that control of these risk factors may reduce both the prevalence and impact of retinopathy in Iran.

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Original Article
Complications
The Association between Pancreatic Steatosis and Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.0107
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Whether pancreatic steatosis has a local or systemic effect, like ectopic fat of other major organs, remains unknown. Data on the influence of pancreatic steatosis on microvascular complication are rare. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between pancreatic steatosis and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

The attenuation of three pancreatic regions (head, body, and tail) and the spleen (S) in 186 patients with T2DM was measured using non-enhanced computed tomography imaging. We used three parameters for the assessment of pancreatic steatosis (‘P’ mean: mean attenuation of three pancreatic regions; P–S: difference between ‘P’ mean and ‘S’; P/S: the ‘P’ mean to ‘S’ ratio). The presence of DR was assessed by an expert ophthalmologist using dilated fundoscopy.

Results

The average P mean was 29.02 Hounsfield units (HU), P–S was −18.20 HU, and P/S was 0.61. The three pancreatic steatosis parameters were significantly associated with the prevalence of DR in non-obese T2DM patients. In the non-obese group, the odds ratios of P mean, P–S, and P/S for the prevalence of DR, after adjustment for age, sex, and glycosylated hemoglobin level, were 2.449 (P=0.07), 2.639 (P=0.04), and 2.043 (P=0.02), respectively.

Conclusion

In this study, pancreatic steatosis was significantly associated with DR in non-obese patients with T2DM. Further studies are necessary to clarify the causal relationship between pancreatic steatosis and the development of DR.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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    Yutong Liu, Wandia Kimita, Xiatiguli Shamaitijiang, Loren Skudder‐Hill, Ivana R. Sequeira‐Bisson, Maxim S. Petrov
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Review
Clinical Diabetes & Therapeutics
Article image
Past and Current Status of Adult Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management in Korea: A National Health Insurance Service Database Analysis
Seung-Hyun Ko, Kyungdo Han, Yong-ho Lee, Junghyun Noh, Cheol-Young Park, Dae-Jung Kim, Chang Hee Jung, Ki-Up Lee, Kyung-Soo Ko
Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(2):93-100.   Published online April 19, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.42.2.93
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Korea's National Healthcare Program, the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS), a government-affiliated agency under the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare, covers the entire Korean population. The NHIS supervises all medical services in Korea and establishes a systematic National Health Information database (DB). A health information DB system including all of the claims, medications, death information, and health check-ups, both in the general population and in patients with various diseases, is not common worldwide. On June 9, 2014, the NHIS signed a memorandum of understanding with the Korean Diabetes Association (KDA) to provide limited open access to its DB. By October 31, 2017, seven papers had been published through this collaborative research project. These studies were conducted to investigate the past and current status of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications and management in Korea. This review is a brief summary of the collaborative projects between the KDA and the NHIS over the last 3 years. According to the analysis, the national health check-up DB or claim DB were used, and the age category or study period were differentially applied.

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Original Articles
Complications
Features of Long-Standing Korean Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy: A Study Based on Standardized Clinical Data
Sejeong Park, Sang Youl Rhee, Su Jin Jeong, Kiyoung Kim, Suk Chon, Seung-Young Yu, Jeong-Taek Woo
Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(5):393-404.   Published online September 5, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.5.393
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

This is part of a prospective study carried out as a national project to secure standardized public resources for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Korea. We compared various characteristics of long-standing T2DM patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and macular edema (ME).

Methods

From September 2014 to July 2015, T2DM patients with disease duration of at least 15 years were recruited at a single university hospital. Clinical data and samples were collected according to the common data elements and standards of procedure developed by the Korean Diabetes Association Research Council. Each participant was assessed by ophthalmologists for DR and ME.

Results

Among 220 registered patients, 183 completed the ophthalmologic assessment. DR was associated with longer disease duration (odds ratio [OR], 1.071; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.001 to 1.147 for non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy [NPDR]) (OR, 1.142; 95% CI, 1.051 to 1.242 for proliferative diabetic retinopathy [PDR]) and the use of long-acting insulin (OR, 4.559; 95% CI, 1.672 to 12.427 for NPDR) (OR, 4.783; 95% CI, 1.581 to 14.474 for PDR), but a lower prevalence of a family history of cancer (OR, 0.310; 95% CI, 0.119 to 0.809 for NPDR) (OR, 0.206; 95% CI, 0.063 to 0.673 for PDR). ME was associated with higher glycosylated hemoglobin levels (OR, 1.380; 95% CI, 1.032 to 1.845) and the use of rapid-acting insulin (OR, 5.211; 95% CI, 1.445 to 18.794).

Conclusion

Various clinical features were associated with DR and ME. Additional epidemiological and biorepository-based studies using this cohort are being conducted to deepen our understanding of diabetic complications in Korea.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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    Wenxiang Li, Zhaoguang Lai, Ningning Tang, Fen Tang, Guangyi Huang, Peng Lu, Li Jiang, Daizai Lei, Fan Xu
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    Jae-Seung Yun
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2017; 41(6): 492.     CrossRef
  • Response: Features of Long-Standing Korean Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy: A Study Based on Standardized Clinical Data (Diabetes Metab J 2017;41:393-404)
    Sang Youl Rhee, Jeong-Taek Woo
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2017; 41(6): 494.     CrossRef
Complications
Clinical Course and Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korea
Jae-Seung Yun, Tae-Seok Lim, Seon-Ah Cha, Yu-Bae Ahn, Ki-Ho Song, Jin A Choi, Jinwoo Kwon, Donghyun Jee, Yang Kyung Cho, Yong-Moon Park, Seung-Hyun Ko
Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(6):482-493.   Published online October 5, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.6.482
  • 5,429 View
  • 72 Download
  • 33 Web of Science
  • 37 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   
Background

We investigated clinical course and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

A total of 759 patients with T2DM without DR were included from January 2001 to December 2004. Retinopathy evaluation was performed at least annually by ophthalmologists. The severity of the DR was classified into five categories according to the International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Severity Scales.

Results

Of the 759 patients, 523 patients (68.9%) completed the follow-up evaluation. During the follow-up period, 235 patients (44.9%) developed DR, and 32 patients (13.6%) progressed to severe nonproliferative DR (NPDR) or proliferative DR (PDR). The mean duration of diabetes at the first diagnosis of mild NPDR, moderate NPDR, and severe NPDR or PDR were 14.8, 16.7, and 17.3 years, respectively. After adjusting multiple confounding factors, the significant risk factors for the incidence of DR risk in patients with T2DM were old age, longer duration of diabetes, higher mean glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and albuminuria. Even in the patients who had been diagnosed with diabetes for longer than 10 years at baseline, a decrease in HbA1c led to a significant reduction in the risk of developing DR (hazard ratio, 0.73 per 1% HbA1c decrement; 95% confidence interval, 0.58 to 0.91; P=0.005).

Conclusion

This prospective cohort study demonstrates that glycemic control, diabetes duration, age, and albuminuria are important risk factors for the development of DR. More aggressive retinal screening for T2DM patients diagnosed with DR should be required in order to not miss rapid progression of DR.

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Review
Complications
The Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Diabetic Retinopathy: Good, Bad, or Both?
Dora M. Gorman, Carel W. le Roux, Neil G. Docherty
Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(5):354-364.   Published online September 27, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.5.354
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Bariatric surgery, initially intended as a weight-loss procedure, is superior to standard lifestyle intervention and pharmacological therapy for type 2 diabetes in obese individuals. Intensive medical management of hyperglycemia is associated with improved microvascular outcomes. Whether or not the reduction in hyperglycemia observed after bariatric surgery translates to improved microvascular outcomes is yet to be determined. There is substantial heterogeneity in the data relating to the impact of bariatric surgery on diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common microvascular complication of diabetes. This review aims to collate the recent data on retinal outcomes after bariatric surgery. This comprehensive evaluation revealed that the majority of DR cases remain stable after surgery. However, risk of progression of pre-existing DR and the development of new DR is not eliminated by surgery. Instances of regression of DR are also noted. Potential risk factors for deterioration include severity of DR at the time of surgery and the magnitude of glycated hemoglobin reduction. Concerns also exist over the detrimental effects of postprandial hypoglycemia after surgery. In vivo studies evaluating the chronology of DR development and the impact of bariatric surgery could provide clarity on the situation. For now, however, the effect of bariatric surgery on DR remains inconclusive.

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    European Journal of Endocrinology.2018; 179(2): R77.     CrossRef
  • Aggravation précoce de la rétinopathie diabétique lors de l’optimisation du contrôle glycémique
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    Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques.2018; 12(7): 560.     CrossRef
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    Diabetes Care.2018; 41(11): 2330.     CrossRef
  • Early worsening of diabetic retinopathy after rapid improvement of blood glucose control in patients with diabetes
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  • Bariatric Surgery for Adolescents with Type 2 Diabetes: an Emerging Therapeutic Strategy
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  • The role of bariatric surgery to treat diabetes: current challenges and perspectives
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