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Consequences of Obesity on the Sense of Taste: Taste Buds as Treatment Targets?
Kerstin Rohde, Imke Schamarek, Matthias Blüher
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(4):509-528.   Published online May 11, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0058
  • 11,437 View
  • 284 Download
  • 35 Web of Science
  • 35 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Premature obesity-related mortality is caused by cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, physical disabilities, osteoarthritis, and certain types of cancer. Obesity is caused by a positive energy balance due to hyper-caloric nutrition, low physical activity, and energy expenditure. Overeating is partially driven by impaired homeostatic feedback of the peripheral energy status in obesity. However, food with its different qualities is a key driver for the reward driven hedonic feeding with tremendous consequences on calorie consumption. In addition to visual and olfactory cues, taste buds of the oral cavity process the earliest signals which affect the regulation of food intake, appetite and satiety. Therefore, taste buds may play a crucial role how food related signals are transmitted to the brain, particularly in priming the body for digestion during the cephalic phase. Indeed, obesity development is associated with a significant reduction in taste buds. Impaired taste bud sensitivity may play a causal role in the pathophysiology of obesity in children and adolescents. In addition, genetic variation in taste receptors has been linked to body weight regulation. This review discusses the importance of taste buds as contributing factors in the development of obesity and how obesity may affect the sense of taste, alterations in food preferences and eating behavior.

Citations

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  • Effects of visual and aromatic stimulations on the perception of five fundamental tastes
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  • Changes in Food Choice, Taste, Desire, and Enjoyment 1 Year after Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Prospective Study
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  • Lezzet Algısının Oluşmasında Çevresel ve Genetik Faktörlerin Etkileri
    Mücahit MUSLU, Gülden Fatma GÖKÇAY
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  • Trastornos del gusto como indicador de enfermedad sistémica
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Original Articles
Assessment of Diabetic Polyneuropathy and Autonomic Neuropathy Using Current Perception Threshold in Korean Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Bo Kyung Koo, Jung Hun Ohn, Soo-Heon Kwak, Min Kyong Moon
Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(4):285-293.   Published online August 20, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2014.38.4.285
  • 3,868 View
  • 40 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 4 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

The current perception threshold (CPT) could be quantified by stimulating Aβ and C fibers at 2,000 and 5 Hz, respectively. C fibers play a role in the autonomic nervous system and are involved in temperature and pain sensation. We evaluated the usefulness of CPT for diagnosing distal polyneuropathy (DPN) and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in diabetic patients.

Methods

The CPT was measured in the index finger (C7 level) and in the third toe (L5 level) in diabetic patients aged 30 to 69 years. We assessed DPN according to the neuropathy total symptom score-6 (NTSS-6) and 10-g monofilament pressure sensation. Subjects with a NTSS-6 >6 or with abnormal 10-g monofilament sensation were defined to have DPN. CAN was evaluated by spectral analysis of heart rate variability and by Ewing's traditional tests.

Results

The subjects with DPN had significantly higher CPT at all of the frequencies than the subjects without DPN (P<0.05). Abnormal 10-g monofilament sensation and NTSS-6 >6 could be most precisely predicted by CPT at 2,000 and 5 Hz, respectively. However, only 6.5% and 19.6% of subjects with DPN had an abnormal CPT at 2,000 Hz at the C7 and L5 levels. Although CPT at 5 Hz showed a negative correlation with the power of low and high frequency in the spectral analysis (P<0.05), only 16.7% of subjects with CAN exhibited an abnormal CPT at the same frequency.

Conclusion

Although the CPT is significantly associated with neuropathic symptoms or signs corresponding to the nerve fiber stimulated, it provides little additional information compared with conventional evaluations.

Citations

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  • New Perspective in Diabetic Neuropathy: From the Periphery to the Brain, a Call for Early Detection, and Precision Medicine
    Heng Yang, Gordon Sloan, Yingchun Ye, Shuo Wang, Bihan Duan, Solomon Tesfaye, Ling Gao
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Patterns of Nerve Conduction Abnormalities in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus According to the Clinical Phenotype Determined by the Current Perception Threshold
    Joong Hyun Park, Jong Chul Won
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2018; 42(6): 519.     CrossRef
  • Association between Pain Sensitivity, Central Sensitization, and Functional Disability in Adolescents With Joint Hypermobility
    Elizabeth A. Bettini, Ki Moore, Yunfei Wang, Pamela S. Hinds, Julia C. Finkel
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  • The impact of neuropathic pain and other comorbidities on the quality of life in patients with diabetes
    Vesna Dermanovic Dobrota, Pero Hrabac, Dinko Skegro, Ranko Smiljanic, Savko Dobrota, Ingrid Prkacin, Neva Brkljacic, Kristijan Peros, Martina Tomic, Vesna Lukinovic-Skudar, Vanja Basic Kes
    Health and Quality of Life Outcomes.2014;[Epub]     CrossRef
Perception of Clinicians and Diabetic Patients on the Importance of Postprandial Glucose Control and Diabetes Education Status: A Cross Sectional Survey
Ji Hun Choi, Cheol Young Park, Bong Soo Cha, In Joo Kim, Tae Sun Park, Joong Yeol Park, Kyung Soo Park, Kun Ho Yoon, In Kyu Lee, Sung Woo Park
Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(2):120-127.   Published online April 17, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.2.120
  • 3,866 View
  • 33 Download
  • 5 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Recent studies have shown the importance of postprandial glucose (PPG) in the development of diabetes complications. This study was conducted in order to survey the perceptions of clinicians and diabetic patients with respect to PPG management and the current status of diabetes education.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study involving face-to-face interviews and an open questionnaire survey conducted in Korea. A total of 300 patients and 130 clinicians completed questionnaires, which included current education status, self monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), criteria of diagnosis and management, and perceptions relating to PPG management.

Results

While there was a significantly higher perceived need for diabetes education, the sufficiency of the current education was considered to be severely lacking. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), PPG, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were all important considerations for clinicians when making a diagnosis of diabetes, although PPG was considered less important than FPG or HbA1c in the treatment of diabetes. Most clinicians and patients were aware of the importance of PPG, but actual education on the importance of PPG was not actively being delivered.

Conclusion

Our study showed that the current status of diabetes education is insufficient to meet the needs of the Korean population. A considerable gap was found to exist between awareness and what was actually taught in the current education program in regard to the importance of PPG. These results suggest that clinicians need to be more active in patient education, especially in regard to the importance of PPG.

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  • Addressing Overbasalization to Achieve Glycemic Targets
    Kevin Cowart, Rachel Franks, Olivia Pane, Ellen Murphy, Kelly Oldziej
    ADCES in Practice.2022; 10(2): 30.     CrossRef
  • Post hoc efficacy and safety analysis of insulin glargine/lixisenatide fixed- ratio combination in North American patients compared with the rest of world
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    BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care.2019; 7(1): e000581.     CrossRef
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    Soo Jin Kang, Soo Jung Chang
    Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2016; 30(2): 221.     CrossRef
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    Gillian S. Boyd-Woschinko, David L. Kaiser, Michael Diefenbach, Ronald Tamler
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  • Safety and effectiveness of insulin aspart in type 2 diabetic patients: Results from the ASEAN cohort of the A1chieve study
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The Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Epidermal Nerve Preservation in the Diabetic Neuropathy of OLETF Rats.
Ming Han Piao, Ji Hyun Park, Hong Sun Baek, Tae Sun Park
Korean Diabetes J. 2006;30(3):170-176.   Published online May 1, 2006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2006.30.3.170
  • 1,731 View
  • 16 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Alpha-Lipoic acid (ALA) administration has been reported to ameliorate some of symptoms of peripheral polyneuropathy in diabetic patients and to improve endoneurial nutritive neural blood flow and nerve conduction velocity in diabetic rats. But it is not clear whether ALA has the preservation effect on epidermal nerve fibers (ENFs) density. METHODS: We tested the efficacy of ALA in preserving current perception thresholds (CPTs) and ENFs (numbers/mm) in OLETF (Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty) rats, an animal model of type 2 diabetes, which were fed with sucrose until diabetes mellitus developed. Thereafter, one group of OLETF rats was fed with ALA and the other was not for 40 weeks. Diabetic rats were administered with ALA (80 mg/kg of body weight/day) by oral feeding for 40 weeks. The effect of ALA treatment on ENFs preservation was assessed by protein gene product 9.5 immunostaining. Quantification of neuropathic symptoms on the dorsum of hind paws of rat was measured by CPT test every 4 weeks. RESULTS: Numbers of ENF significantly decreased in OLETF rats fed without ALA compared with OLETF rats fed with ALA (P < 0.01). The thresholds at 2000, 250 and 5 Hz in OLETF rats fed with ALA did not increased and OLETF rats without ALA significantly increased at 80 weeks (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: These observations suggest that administrations of ALA may be useful for preserving ENFs and CPTs in OLETF rats dorsum of hind paws skin.
The Relationship between Salt Perception and Salt Intake in Diabetic patients.
Kye Young Huh, Il Suh, Kyung Rae Kim, Chung Mo Nam, Kyung Won Oh
Korean Diabetes J. 1998;22(1):74-83.   Published online January 1, 2001
  • 912 View
  • 19 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
The increase of the prevalence rate of diabetes mellitus(DM) and its complications have become a public health problem in Korea. Especially, diabetic macrovascular disease and nephrosis preliminarily require the hypertension treatment which consists of reducing salt intake. Although the salt intake of diabetic patients is so important, there have not been sufficient studies on salt perception and salt intake of diabetic patients in Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between salt perception and salt intake in diabetic patients. METHODS: The materials used in this study were questionnaires, anthropometric measurement, laboratory data and medical charts. Eighty-seven diabetic patients were interviewed at the out-patient department of internal medicine in Yonsei Medical Center Youngdong Severance Hospital. RESULTS: Of these patients, salt intake which was estimated through 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was 16.6gm in men, 12.9gm in women. To the question, 'How much salt do you intake compared to common people?' 38% both men and women answered less. And to the question, Do you think that you should reduce your salt intake?' 55% of men and 33% of women answered 'No. To the question, Do you exert yourself to reduce your salt intake?, 66% of men and 68% of women answered 'Yes. And to the question, Can you reduce your salt intake?, 84% of men and 71% of women answered, Yes. And the major reason of being unable to reduce the salt intake was loss of taste. The relation of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion and duration of DM, the degree of DM control, and the practice of diabetic diet therapy were not significant. CONCLUSION: No significant correlation was found between salt perception and salt intake. Their willingness for the reduction of salt intake were not put into practice in rea1 situation. As a follow-up measure, the medical staff is required to continuously monitor and give feedback to correct the amount of salt intake of diabetic patients. Furthermore, it can be strongly suggested that salt intake reduction program with low salt recipes should be developed and implemented far diabetic patients. This, in conjuction with other therapies such as medical monitoring, will eventually achieve the reduction of salt intake in diabetic patients.

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