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Complications
The Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Diabetic Retinopathy: Good, Bad, or Both?
Dora M. Gorman, Carel W. le Roux, Neil G. Docherty
Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(5):354-364.   Published online September 27, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.5.354
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  • 25 Web of Science
  • 28 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Bariatric surgery, initially intended as a weight-loss procedure, is superior to standard lifestyle intervention and pharmacological therapy for type 2 diabetes in obese individuals. Intensive medical management of hyperglycemia is associated with improved microvascular outcomes. Whether or not the reduction in hyperglycemia observed after bariatric surgery translates to improved microvascular outcomes is yet to be determined. There is substantial heterogeneity in the data relating to the impact of bariatric surgery on diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common microvascular complication of diabetes. This review aims to collate the recent data on retinal outcomes after bariatric surgery. This comprehensive evaluation revealed that the majority of DR cases remain stable after surgery. However, risk of progression of pre-existing DR and the development of new DR is not eliminated by surgery. Instances of regression of DR are also noted. Potential risk factors for deterioration include severity of DR at the time of surgery and the magnitude of glycated hemoglobin reduction. Concerns also exist over the detrimental effects of postprandial hypoglycemia after surgery. In vivo studies evaluating the chronology of DR development and the impact of bariatric surgery could provide clarity on the situation. For now, however, the effect of bariatric surgery on DR remains inconclusive.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Author response to: remission of diabetes mellitus after bariatric surgery: the putative link with worsening diabetic retinopathy and a need for ongoing postoperative follow-up retinal screening
    Karl Hage, Omar M. Ghanem
    Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases.2024; 20(5): 499.     CrossRef
  • Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Treatment Burden and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy
    Ariana Allen, Hemal Patel, Sandra S. Stinnett, Jullia A. Rosdahl, Stefanie Schuman
    Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases.2024; 8(3): 263.     CrossRef
  • Role of Systemic Factors in Improving the Prognosis of Diabetic Retinal Disease and Predicting Response to Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment
    Joe Mellor, Anita Jeyam, Joline W.J. Beulens, Sanjeeb Bhandari, Geoffrey Broadhead, Emily Chew, Ward Fickweiler, Amber van der Heijden, Daniel Gordin, Rafael Simó, Janet Snell-Bergeon, Anniina Tynjälä, Helen Colhoun
    Ophthalmology Science.2024; 4(4): 100494.     CrossRef
  • The Importance of Glycaemic Control Before Bariatric Surgery: Preventing Microvascular and Metabolic Complications
    Adhithya Sankar, Rajshekhar N. Mudaliar, Rupinder S. Kochhar, Lucinda K. M. Summers, Akheel A. Syed, Waseem Majeed
    Obesity Surgery.2024; 34(6): 2248.     CrossRef
  • Rapid Reduction of HbA1c and Early Worsening of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Real-world Population-Based Study in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
    Rafael Simó, Josep Franch-Nadal, Bogdan Vlacho, Jordi Real, Ester Amado, Juana Flores, Manel Mata-Cases, Emilio Ortega, Mercedes Rigla, Joan-Anton Vallés, Cristina Hernández, Didac Mauricio
    Diabetes Care.2023; 46(9): 1633.     CrossRef
  • Early microvascular complications in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: recent developments and updates
    Kalie L. Tommerdahl, Allison L. B. Shapiro, Edward J. Nehus, Petter Bjornstad
    Pediatric Nephrology.2022; 37(1): 79.     CrossRef
  • New Insights into Treating Early and Advanced Stage Diabetic Retinopathy
    Rafael Simó, Cristina Hernández
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(15): 8513.     CrossRef
  • Response to Letter to the Editor Concerning: Adam S. et al. Improvements in Diabetic Neuropathy and Nephropathy After Bariatric Surgery: a Prospective Cohort Study
    Safwaan Adam, Jan Hoong Ho, Akheel A. Syed, Rayaz A. Malik, Handrean Soran
    Obesity Surgery.2022; 32(10): 3460.     CrossRef
  • Weight management and multi-morbidity
    Carrie Ashby
    InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice.2021; 14(8): 523.     CrossRef
  • The Safety of Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of Diabetes in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy—A Review
    Wojciech Matuszewski, Angelika Baranowska-Jurkun, Magdalena Maria Stefanowicz-Rutkowska, Katarzyna Gontarz-Nowak, Ewa Gątarska, Elżbieta Bandurska-Stankiewicz
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2021; 10(4): 705.     CrossRef
  • Safety of Semaglutide
    Mark M. Smits, Daniël H. Van Raalte
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Outcomes of Diabetic Retinopathy Post-Bariatric Surgery in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Ana Maria Dascalu, Anca Pantea Stoian, Alina Popa Cherecheanu, Dragos Serban, Daniel Ovidiu Costea, Mihail Silviu Tudosie, Daniela Stana, Denisa Tanasescu, Alexandru Dan Sabau, Gabriel Andrei Gangura, Andreea Cristina Costea, Vanessa Andrada Nicolae, Cata
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2021; 10(16): 3736.     CrossRef
  • Future perspectives in diabesity treatment: Semaglutide, a glucagon‑like peptide 1 receptor agonist (Review)
    Mariana Tilinca, Robert Tiuca, Cristina Niculas, Andreea Varga, Ioan Tilea
    Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Safety of injectable semaglutide for type 2 diabetes
    Rajesh Peter, Steve C. Bain
    Expert Opinion on Drug Safety.2020; 19(7): 785.     CrossRef
  • Early worsening of diabetic retinopathy due to intensive glycaemic control
    Shueh Wen Lim, Peter van Wijngaarden, Colin A. Harper, Salmaan H. Al‐Qureshi
    Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology.2019; 47(2): 265.     CrossRef
  • Worsening of diabetic retinopathy with rapid improvement in systemic glucose control: A review
    Stephen C. Bain, Michael A. Klufas, Allen Ho, David R. Matthews
    Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2019; 21(3): 454.     CrossRef
  • Diabetische Retinopathie bei Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus
    Olga Simó-Servat, Cristina Hernández, Rafael Simó
    Kompass Ophthalmologie.2019; 5(4): 157.     CrossRef
  • Diabetic Retinopathy in the Context of Patients with Diabetes
    Olga Simó-Servat, Cristina Hernández, Rafael Simó
    Ophthalmic Research.2019; 62(4): 211.     CrossRef
  • MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Which metabolic procedure? Comparing outcomes in sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en Y gastric bypass
    Adrian T Billeter, Javier R de la Garza Herrera, Katharina M Scheurlen, Felix Nickel, Franck Billmann, Beat P Müller-Stich
    European Journal of Endocrinology.2018; 179(2): R77.     CrossRef
  • Aggravation précoce de la rétinopathie diabétique lors de l’optimisation du contrôle glycémique
    S. Feldman-Billard
    Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques.2018; 12(7): 560.     CrossRef
  • Semaglutide, reduction in glycated haemoglobin and the risk of diabetic retinopathy
    Tina Vilsbøll, Stephen C. Bain, Lawrence A. Leiter, Ildiko Lingvay, David Matthews, Rafael Simó, Ida Carøe Helmark, Nelun Wijayasinghe, Michael Larsen
    Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2018; 20(4): 889.     CrossRef
  • Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and the Risk of Incident Diabetic Retinopathy
    Antonios Douros, Kristian B. Filion, Hui Yin, Oriana Hoi Yu, Mahyar Etminan, Jacob A. Udell, Laurent Azoulay
    Diabetes Care.2018; 41(11): 2330.     CrossRef
  • Early worsening of diabetic retinopathy after rapid improvement of blood glucose control in patients with diabetes
    S. Feldman-Billard, É. Larger, P. Massin
    Diabetes & Metabolism.2018; 44(1): 4.     CrossRef
  • Excess visceral adiposity is associated with diabetic retinopathy in a multiethnic Asian cohort with longstanding type 2 diabetes
    Angela Moh, Kumari Neelam, Xiao Zhang, Chee Fang Sum, Subramaniam Tavintharan, Keven Ang, Simon Biing Ming Lee, Wern Ee Tang, Su Chi Lim
    Endocrine Research.2018; 43(3): 186.     CrossRef
  • GLP-1R as a Target for the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy: Friend or Foe?
    Rafael Simó, Cristina Hernández
    Diabetes.2017; 66(6): 1453.     CrossRef
  • The Long-Term Effects of Bariatric Surgery on Type 2 Diabetes Remission, Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications, and Mortality: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Binwu Sheng, Khoa Truong, Hugh Spitler, Lu Zhang, Xuetao Tong, Liwei Chen
    Obesity Surgery.2017; 27(10): 2724.     CrossRef
  • Bariatric Surgery for Adolescents with Type 2 Diabetes: an Emerging Therapeutic Strategy
    M. A. Stefater, T. H. Inge
    Current Diabetes Reports.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The role of bariatric surgery to treat diabetes: current challenges and perspectives
    Chrysi Koliaki, Stavros Liatis, Carel W. le Roux, Alexander Kokkinos
    BMC Endocrine Disorders.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
Original Articles
Correlations between Glucagon Stimulated C-peptide Levels and Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Patients
Hye-Jin Yoon, Youn-Zoo Cho, Ji-young Kim, Byung-Joon Kim, Keun-Young Park, Gwan-Pyo Koh, Dae-Ho Lee, Dong-Mee Lim
Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(5):379-387.   Published online October 18, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.5.379
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  • 51 Download
  • 23 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

This study aimed to investigate whether stimulated C-peptide is associated with microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted in 192 type 2 diabetic patients. Plasma basal C-peptide and stimulated C-peptide were measured before and 6 minutes after intravenous injection of 1 mg glucagon. The relationship between C-peptide and microvascular complications was statistically analyzed.

Results

In patients with retinopathy, basal C-peptide was 1.9±1.2 ng/mL, and stimulated C-peptide was 2.7±1.6 ng/mL; values were significantly lower compared with patients without retinopathy (P=0.031 and P=0.002, respectively). In patients with nephropathy, basal C-peptide was 1.6±0.9 ng/mL, and stimulated C-peptide was 2.8±1.6 ng/mL; values were significantly lower than those recorded in patients without nephropathy (P=0.020 and P=0.026, respectively). Stimulated C-peptide level was associated with increased prevalence of microvascular complications. Age-, DM duration-, and hemoglobin A1c-adjusted odds ratios for retinopathy in stimulated C-peptide value were 4.18 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40 to 12.51) and 3.35 (95% CI, 1.09 to 10.25), respectively. The multiple regression analysis between nephropathy and C-peptide showed that stimulated C-peptide was statistically correlated with nephropathy (P=0.03).

Conclusion

In patients with type 2 diabetes, the glucagon stimulation test was a relatively simple method of short duration for stimulating C-peptide response. Stimulated C-peptide values were associated with microvascular complications to a greater extent than basal C-peptides.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • A Nomogram for Predicting Vision-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy Among Mild Diabetic Retinopathy Patients: A Case–Control and Prospective Study of Type 2 Diabetes
    Jing Ke, Kun Li, Bin Cao
    Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity.2023; Volume 16: 275.     CrossRef
  • The average 30-minute post-prandial C-peptide predicted diabetic retinopathy progress: a retro-prospective study
    Ting Pan, Jie Gao, Xinghua Cai, Huihui Zhang, Jun Lu, Tao Lei
    BMC Endocrine Disorders.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Dysregulation of miR-374a is involved in the progression of diabetic retinopathy and regulates the proliferation and migration of retinal microvascular endothelial cells
    Zhanhong Wang, Xiao Zhang, Yanjun Wang, Dailing Xiao
    Clinical and Experimental Optometry.2022; 105(3): 287.     CrossRef
  • The Relationship between the Lipid Accumulation Product and Beta-cell Function in Korean Adults with or without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Hye Eun Cho, Seung Bum Yang, Mi Young Gi, Ju Ae Cha, so Young Park, Hyun Yoon
    Endocrine Research.2022; 47(2): 80.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Serum C‐Peptide Level on Blood Lipid and Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Injury in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta‐Analysis
    Juan Qin, Rongli Sun, Ding Ding, Yuvaraja Teekaraman
    Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Investigation of Diabetes Complication Risk Perception and Diabetes Self-Management Skills in Individuals with Diabetes
    Mehmet AYTEMUR, Bahar İNKAYA
    Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity.2022; 6(2): 121.     CrossRef
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    John A. D'Elia, Christopher Mulla, Jiankang Liu, Larry A. Weinrauch
    Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2019; 150: 1.     CrossRef
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    Lenin M, Ramesh Ramasamy, Sweta Kulkarani, Seetesh Ghose, Srinivasan A.R.S., Sathish Babu M
    Meta Gene.2018; 16: 134.     CrossRef
  • Glucagon secretion is increased in patients with Type 2 diabetic nephropathy
    Xiaoyu Wang, Juhong Yang, Baocheng Chang, Chunyan Shan, Yanguang Xu, Miaoyan Zheng, Ying Wang, Huizhu Ren, Liming Chen
    Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2016; 30(3): 488.     CrossRef
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    Jin Ook Chung, Dong Hyeok Cho, Dong Jin Chung, Min Young Chung
    Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2015; 29(3): 350.     CrossRef
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Inflammatory Markers are Associated with Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes.
Sun Mee Yang, Sung Yong Kim, Ki Young Lee, Yeun Sun Kim, Moon Suk Nam, Ie Byung Park
Korean Diabetes J. 2007;31(6):472-479.   Published online November 1, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.6.472
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  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Inflammatory markers are known to be sensitive predictors of atherosclerotic disease such as coronary heart disease. Diabetic patients have higher level of inflammatory markers such as fibrinogen, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) or IL-6. We investigated the association of inflammatory markers with microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We studied cross-sectionally 244 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes without macrovascular disease such as cerebral infarct, coronary heart disease and peripheral arterial disease. The urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was determined in a morning, untimed, urine specimen. Ophthalmoscopic examinations were performed to evaluate diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic neuropathy was examined by 10-g monofilament, Neuropathic Disability Score and Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument. RESULTS: 47 patients (23.5%) had diabetic retinopathy, 81 (34.6%) had nephropathy and 132 (54.2%) had neuropathy. Fibrinogen and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were significantly higher in the patients with nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy than in those without (P = 0.009, 0.003 and 0.047; P = 0.011, 0.02 and 0.006 , respectively). There were no differences in the hsCRP and IL-6 level between in patients with microvascular complications and in those without. Inflammatory parameters were correlated with each other. The hsCRP was correlated with IL-6 (r = 0.40, P < 0.001) and fibrinogen (r = 0.45, P < 0.001), but fibrinogen was not significantly correlated with IL-6 (r = 0.13, P = 0.08). CONCLUSION: Although IL-6, hsCRP and fibrinogen may be associated with microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes, we show that fibrinogen is a strong marker of microvascular complications.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Hesperetin suppresses LPS/high glucose-induced inflammatory responses via TLR/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways in THP-1 cells
    Aeri Lee, HyunJi Gu, Min-Hee Gwon, Jung-Mi Yun
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2021; 15(5): 591.     CrossRef
In vivo Corneal Confocal Microscopy and Nerve Growth Factor in Diabetic Microvascular Complications.
Ji Sun Nam, Young Jae Cho, Tae Woong Noh, Chul Sik Kim, Jong Suk Park, Min ho Cho, Hai Jin Kim, Ji Eun Yoon, Han Young Jung, Eun Seok Kang, Yu Mie Rhee, Hyung Keun Lee, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong Soo Cha, Eun Jig Lee, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee
Korean Diabetes J. 2007;31(4):351-361.   Published online July 1, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.4.351
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
In vivo corneal confocal microscopy (IVCCM) is being recognized as a non-invasive, early diagnostic tool for diabetic neuropathy, for it provides a clear image of corneal subbasal nerve plexus in detail. Nerve growth factors (NGF) are believed to regulate peripheral and central nervous system, neuronal differentiation, and regeneration of damaged nerves, and their role in diabetic neuropathy is being emphasized these days. Moreover, NGFs and receptors are also expressed in retina and renal mesangial cells, suggesting their possible role in the common pathogenesis of diabetic microvascular complications. We plan to examine corneal structures of diabetic patients and compare IVCCM with conventional tools and analyze their serum and tear NGF levels. METHODS: IVCCM, nerve conduction velocity (NCV), and serum, urine, and tear samplings were done to 42 diabetic patients. From IVCCM, we measured corneal nerve density, branch, and tortuosity, total corneal/epithelial thickness, and the number of endothelial/keratocyte cells, and we checked patients' biochemical profiles and serum and tear NGF levels. RESULTS: Patients with more severe neuropathy had less corneal endothelial cells (3105 +/- 218 vs. 2537 +/- 142 vs. 2350 +/- 73/mm3 vs. 1914 +/- 465/mm3, P = 0.02), higher serum NGF (36 +/- 15 vs. 60 +/- 57.66 vs. 80 +/- 57.63 vs. 109 +/- 60.81 pg/mL, P = 0.39) and tear NGF levels (135.00 +/- 11.94 vs. 304.29 +/- 242.44 vs. 538.50 +/- 251.92 vs. 719.50 +/- 92.63 pg/mL, P = 0.01). There was a positive correlation between neuropathy and corneal nerve tortuosity (r2 = 0.479, P = 0.044) and negative correlation between neuropathy and endothelial cell count (r2 = -0.709, P = 0.002). Interestingly, similar changes were seen in other microvascular complications as well. CONCLUSION: Our results provide a possibility of using novel tools, IVCCM and NGF, as common diagnostic tools for diabetic microvascular complications, but it should be followed by a large population study.
The Relation Between Serum and Intracellular Magnesium Level And Diabetic Microvascular Complications.
Kyung Hoon Min, Ji Hye Kim, Eun Kyung Choi, Ji Hyun Park, Hong Sun Baek, Tian Ze Ma, Bing Zhe Hong, Yong Geun Kwak, Hyung Sub Kang, Tae Sun Park
Korean Diabetes J. 2004;28(4):284-292.   Published online August 1, 2004
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Low serum magnesium levels are related to diabetes mellitus (DM), high blood pressure (HBP) and metabolic syndrome (MS). However, as far as is known, there have been no previous studies analyzing the relevance of the serum and intracellular magnesium concentrations in diabetic microvascular complication individuals compared with healthy individuals. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A pilot study was performed to compare 35 individuals with DM with 22 disease-free control subjects. The serum and intracellular magnesium levels of each group were measured, and found to be elevated in the diabetic group with diabetic microvascular complications. RESULTS: The mean serum magnesium levels among the subjects with DM and the control subjects were 0.0503 +/- 0.0750 and 0.9166 0.1149 mmol/L (p<0.001), respectively. The mean intracellular magnesium levels among the subjects with DM and the control subjects were 3.3548+/-0.1863 and 3.6732 0.2428 mM/mg protein (p<0.001), respectively. In those diabetic subjects whose serum magnesium concentration was measured, 28 had diabetic retinopathy, 30 diabetic nephropathy and 20 diabetic neuropathy. The mean serum magnesium concentrations of each diabetic microvascular complication were 0.9320 0.2813, 0.9259 0.1188 and 0.9305 0.1293 mmol/L, respectively, which that were significantly lower than those of the healthy subjects (p<0.001, p<0.001 and p<0.01). Also, the diabetic subjects whose intracellular magnesium concentrations were measured, 13 had diabetic retinopathy, 15 diabetic nephropathy and 9 diabetic neuropathy. The mean intracellular magnesium concentrations of each diabetic microvascular complication were 3.3484 0.1607, 3.3289 0.1832 and 3.3768 0.2096 mM/mg protein, respectively, and were also significantly lower than those of the healthy subjects (p<0.001and p<0.01). Each diabetic microvascular complication was also negatively correlated with the serum magnesium and intracellular magnesium levels. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that a significant relation ship exists between low serum and intracellular magnesium levels and diabetic microvascular complications, particularly retinopathy and nephropathy. A large scale study on these subjects will be required to generalize our results.
Microvascular Complications and lts Relationship with Obesity in Outpatient Type 2 Diabetics.
Seong Kyu Lee, Bong Nam Chae, Eun Gyoung Hong, Hye Lim Noh, Hyeon Kyoung Cho, Yoon Jung Kim, Mi Deok Lee, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Nam Han Cho, Hyeon Man Kim
Korean Diabetes J. 2000;24(1):60-70.   Published online January 1, 2001
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Korean type 2 diabetic patients who are frequently non-obese, may be genetically different from Western type 2 diabetics who are frequently obese. Therefore, the diabetic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korea may be also different from those of Western countries. Until now, most studies reported in Korea did not analyse the microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus according to obesity, and also the criteria in the diagnosis of microvascular complications were different in each study. We investigated the microvascular complications and its relationship with obesity, in type 2 diabetic patients visiting an outpatient clinic. METHODS: The study subjects were type 2 diabetic patients visiting an outpatient clinic of Ajou University Hospital. We selected patients participating in a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, retrospectively. Type 2 diabetes was diagnosed according to the WHO/NDDG classification of diabetes. Biochemical studies including lipid profile, plasma insulin and C-peptide levels were done. Anthropometric measurements were performed. Based on BMI (kg/m2), the patients were divided into the following groups: the lean group, whan the BMI was less than 20kg/m2; the ideal body weight (IBW) group, if the BMI was between 20 kg/m and 25 kg/m in women and 20kg/m and 27 kg/m in men; and the obese group, when the BMI was>25 kg/m in women and >27 kg/m2 in men. RESULTS: 1. Neuropathy (45.2%) was the most frequent among the microvascular complications, and the frequency of retinopathy was 15.1%, and that of nephropathy was 4.9k. Within 5 years of diabetes duration, the frequency of neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy was 43.2%, 11.8%, and 2,9%, respectively. 2. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting blood glucose levels were not different among the three groups. Beta cell function{delta(insulin 30min insulin Omin)/delta(glucose 30min - glucose Omin)} was the highest in the obese group, However, beta cell function(delta/delta G) divided by the basal insulin level, considered insulin resistance, was not different among the three groups. 3. Within 5 years of diabetes duration, retinopathy tended to be the most frequent in the lean group, whereas neuropathy tended to be the most frequent in the obese group, and body mass index influenced the retinopathy and neuropathy, statistically significantly. CONCLUSION: Diabetic neuropathy was the most frequent among microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in our study subjects. At the time of presentation within 5 years of diabetes duration, the lean group of type 2 diabetics had a tendency of the more frequent retinopathy, the obese group had a tendency of the more frequent neuropathy. These results suggest that type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korea is also not a singie disease entity, as in Western countries and is a heterogenous group of disorders with a diversity of microvascular complications. However, the more studies about this will be required.
Hyperfibrinogenemia as an Important Risk Factor for Microvascular Complications in NIDDM Patients.
Suk Kyeong Kim, Hyeong Kyu Park, Sun Wook Kim, Do Joon Park, Chan Soo Shin, Seong Yeon Kim, Bo Youn Cho, Hong Kyu Lee
Korean Diabetes J. 1997;21(4):406-413.   Published online January 1, 2001
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Abundant evidences have accumulated to suggest that atherosclerosis is accelerated in both type I and type Il diabetes but, traditional risk factors(hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, age, obesity) do not account fully for the increased prevalence and severity of vascular diseases in diabetes. In this study, we examined the relationship of plasma fibrinogen to microvascular complications in NIDDM patients METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 104 NIDDM patients were chosen from subjects who were attending the metabolic ward of Seoul National University Hospital. None of them were smokers, nor had any clinical evidences of acute infections, cancers or liver diseases. Arnong 104 patients, 55 patients (male 26, fernale 29) had no evidence of microvascular complications and 49(male 30, female 19) had one or moe microvascular complications. Their mean age(55.7+11.6 and 57.2+8.9 years old) and BMI (23.34+2.98 kg/m and 23.74+3.41 kg/m) were similar between two groups. This study defined microvascular complications as follows: 1) retinopathy classified based on fundoscopic and fluorescein angiographic assessmeot to background and proliferative, 2) nephropathy defined by 24 hour urine protein over 500mg, and 3) pheripheral neuropathy assessed by symptoms or NCV. RESULTS: 1) Clinically, there was no differences between two groups with respect to diastolic BP, C-peptide, HbA1c, and triglyceride level. However statistically significant differences were noted in systolic blood pressure, and total and LDL-cholesterol. Also mean fibrinogen level was more elevated significantly in diabetic patients with microvascular complications than those without microvascular complications. 2) Univariate analysis shows significant correlations between fibrinogen and the other variables such as duration of diabetes, total cholesterol level and systolic blood pressure. 3) However, fibrinogen concentration was higher in NIDDM patients with microvascuiar complications regardless of duration of diabetes, hypertension and HbA1c in multivariate logisric regression analysis (P=0.010). Conclusions: These results indicated that hyperfibrinogenemia were observed in NIDDM patient with microvascular complications regardless of duration of diabetes, systolic BP, and total cholesterol. Therefore our study suggests that hyperfibrogenemia may be one of the important missing links in the pathogenesis of diabetic microvascular diseases.

Diabetes Metab J : Diabetes & Metabolism Journal
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