Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Volume 44(6); December 2020

Reviews

Drug/Regimen
Evaluating the Evidence behind the Novel Strategy of Early Combination from Vision to Implementation: Päivi Maria Paldánius; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):785-801. Published online September 15, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0179

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex and progressive chronic disease characterised by elevating hyperglycaemia and associated need to gradually intensify therapy in order to achieve and maintain glycaemic control. Treating hyperglycaemia with sequential therapy is proposed to allow holistic assessment of the efficacy and risk-to-benefit ratio of each added component. However, there is an array of evidence supporting the scientific rationale for using synergistic, earlier, modern drug combinations to achieve glycaemic goals, delay the deterioration of glycaemic control, and, therefore, potentially preserve or slow down the declining β-cell function. Additionally, implementation of early combination(s) may lead to opportunities to combat clinical inertia and other hurdles to optimised disease management outcomes. This review aims to discuss the latest empirical evidence for long-term clinical benefits of this novel strategy of early combination in people with newly diagnosed T2DM versus the current widely-implemented treatment paradigm, which focuses on control of hyperglycaemia using lifestyle interventions followed by sequentially intensified (mostly metformin-based) monotherapy. The recent reported Vildagliptin Efficacy in combination with metfoRmin For earlY treatment of T2DM (VERIFY) study results have provided significant new evidence confirming long-term glycaemic durability and tolerability of a specific early combination in the management of newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve patients worldwide. These results have also contributed to changes in clinical treatment guidelines and standards of care while clinical implementation and individualised treatment decisions based on VERIFY results might face barriers beyond the existing scientific evidence.

Drug/Regimen
Comprehensive Review of Current and Upcoming Anti-Obesity Drugs: Jang Won Son, Sungrae Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):802-818. Published online December 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0258

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Obesity is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and its prevalence continues to increase globally. Because obesity is a chronic, complex, and heterogeneous disease influenced by genetic, developmental, biological, and environmental factors, it is necessary to approach obesity with an integrated and comprehensive treatment strategy. As it is difficult to achieve and sustain successful long-term weight loss in most patients with obesity through lifestyle modifications (e.g., diet, exercise, and behavioral therapy), pharmacological approaches to the treatment of obesity should be considered as an adjunct therapy. Currently, four drugs (orlistat, naltrexone extended-release [ER]/bupropion ER, phentermine/topiramate controlled-release, and liraglutide) can be used long-term (>12 weeks) to promote weight loss by suppressing appetite or decreasing fat absorption. Pharmacotherapy for obesity should be conducted according to a proper assessment of the clinical evidence and customized to individual patients considering the characteristics of each drug and comorbidities associated with obesity. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety of these available long-term anti-obesity drugs and introduce other potential agents under investigation. Furthermore, we discuss the need for research on personalized obesity medicine.

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Technology/Device
Present and Future of Digital Health in Diabetes and Metabolic Disease: Sang Youl Rhee, Chiweon Kim, Dong Wook Shin, Steven R. Steinhubl; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):819-827. Published online December 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0088

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

The use of information and communication technology (ICT) in medical and healthcare services goes beyond everyday life. Expectations of a new medical environment, not previously experienced by ICT, exist in the near future. In particular, chronic metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity, have a high prevalence and high social and economic burden. In addition, the continuous evaluation and monitoring of daily life is important for effective treatment and management. Therefore, the wide use of ICTbased digital health systems is required for the treatment and management of these diseases. In this article, we compiled a variety of digital health technologies introduced to date in the field of diabetes and metabolic diseases.

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Type 1 Diabetes
Time in Range from Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Novel Metric for Glycemic Control: Jee Hee Yoo, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):828-839. Published online December 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0257; Correction in: Diabetes Metab J 2021;45(5):795

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Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) has been the sole surrogate marker for assessing diabetic complications. However, consistently reported limitations of HbA1c are that it lacks detailed information on short-term glycemic control and can be easily interfered with by various clinical conditions such as anemia, pregnancy, or liver disease. Thus, HbA1c alone may not represent the real glycemic status of a patient. The advancement of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has enabled both patients and healthcare providers to monitor glucose trends for a whole single day, which is not possible with HbA1c. This has allowed for the development of core metrics such as time spent in time in range (TIR), hyperglycemia, or hypoglycemia, and glycemic variability. Among the 10 core metrics, TIR is reported to represent overall glycemic control better than HbA1c alone. Moreover, various evidence supports TIR as a predictive marker of diabetes complications as well as HbA1c, as the inverse relationship between HbA1c and TIR reveals. However, there are more complex relationships between HbA1c, TIR, and other CGM metrics. This article provides information about 10 core metrics with particular focus on TIR and the relationships between the CGM metrics for comprehensive understanding of glycemic status using CGM.

Citations

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Editorial

The Anti-Diabetic Drug Metformin from the Neuropathy Perspective: Jong Chul Won; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):840-841. Published online December 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0252

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Original Articles

Drug/Regimen
Metformin Preserves Peripheral Nerve Damage with Comparable Effects to Alpha Lipoic Acid in Streptozotocin/High-Fat Diet Induced Diabetic Rats: Sun Hee Kim, Tae Sun Park, Heung Yong Jin; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):842-853. Published online May 28, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0190

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Background

Metformin is widely marketed medication for the treatment of diabetes, but its pharmacological effect on diabetic peripheral neuropathy remains unclear. In this study, the effect of metformin on peripheral nerves in diabetic rats was investigated using diverse neuronal parameters of nerve fibers.

Methods

Rats were assigned to one of four groups (n=7 to 10 per group): normal, diabetes mellitus (DM), DM+metformin (100 mg/kg), and DM+alpha lipoic acid (ALA, 100 mg/kg). DM was induced by streptozotocin/high-fat diet (STZ/HFD). After 12 weeks, the sensory thresholds to mechanical and heat stimuli were assessed. Repeated sensory tests, immunofluorescence microscopic comparison of peripheral nerves, and biochemical blood analysis were performed after 24 weeks.

Results

Both DM+metformin and DM+ALA groups showed similar trends to diverse sensory tests at 24 weeks compared to DM group although the degree of change were different according to the stimulated senses. There was no significant difference in the comparison of the intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) of peripheral nerves between the DM+metformin and DM+ALA groups (11.83±0.07 fibers/mm vs. 12.37±1.82 fibers/mm, respectively). Both groups showed preserved IENFD significantly compared with DM group (8.46±1.98 fibers/mm, P<0.05). Sciatic nerve morphology of the experimental animals showed a similar trend to the IENFD, with respect to axonal diameter, myelin sheath thickness, and myelinated fiber diameter.

Conclusion

Metformin has beneficial pharmacological effects on the preservation of peripheral nerves in diabetic rats and its effects are comparable to those of ALA.

Citations

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Metformin improves diabetic neuropathy by reducing inflammation through up-regulating the expression of miR-146a and suppressing oxidative stress
Fengmin Liu, Fangqin You, Lihang Yang, Siyun Wang, Diya Xie
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Effect of Metformin on the Functional and Electrophysiological Recovery of Crush Injury-Induced Facial Nerve Paralysis in Diabetic Rats
Kyung Hoon Sun, Cheol Hee Choi, Gwang-Won Cho, Chul Ho Jang
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Is metformin neuroprotective against diabetes mellitus-induced neurodegeneration? An updated graphical review of molecular basis
Fatemeh Karami, Hamidreza Jamaati, Natalie Coleman-Fuller, Maryam Shokrian Zeini, A. Wallace Hayes, Mina Gholami, Mahsa Salehirad, Mohammad Darabi, Majid Motaghinejad
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Early Diagnosis through Estimation of Inflammatory Biomarkers and the Neuroprotective Role of Metformin in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Laxmi Sri, Prabhakar Orsu
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Bidirectional association between diabetic peripheral neuropathy and vitamin B12 deficiency: Two longitudinal 9-year follow-up studies using a national sample cohort
Heung Yong Jin, Kyung Ae Lee, Yu Ji Kim, In Sun Gwak, Tae Sun Park, Sang Woo Yeom, Jong Seung Kim
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An overview of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: Diagnosis and treatment advancements
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The role of MicroRNA networks in tissue-specific direct and indirect effects of metformin and its application
Qinzhi Yang, Gang Wang, Dan Fang, Xiaojun Gao, Yu Liang, Liqun Wang, Jianbo Wu, Min Zeng, Mao Luo
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Is metformin a possible treatment for diabetic neuropathy?
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Metformin as a potential therapeutic for neurological disease: mobilizing AMPK to repair the nervous system
Sarah Demaré, Asha Kothari, Nigel A. Calcutt, Paul Fernyhough
Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics.2021; 21(1): 45. CrossRef
Metformin Preserves Peripheral Nerve Damage with Comparable Effects to Alpha Lipoic Acid in Streptozotocin/High-Fat Diet Induced Diabetic Rats (Diabetes Metab J 2020;44:842-53)
Bo Kyung Koo
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(1): 125. CrossRef
Metformin Preserves Peripheral Nerve Damage with Comparable Effects to Alpha Lipoic Acid in Streptozotocin/High-Fat Diet Induced Diabetic Rats (Diabetes Metab J 2020;44:842-53)
Sun Hee Kim, Tae Sun Park, Heung Yong Jin
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(1): 127. CrossRef
Impacts of statin and metformin on neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Korean Health Insurance data
Hong Ki Min, Se Hee Kim, Jong Han Choi, Kyomin Choi, Hae-Rim Kim, Sang-Heon Lee
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Type 1 Diabetes
Differential Profile of Plasma Circular RNAs in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Yangyang Li, Ying Zhou, Minghui Zhao, Jing Zou, Yuxiao Zhu, Xuewen Yuan, Qianqi Liu, Hanqing Cai, Cong-Qiu Chu, Yu Liu; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):854-865. Published online July 13, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0151

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Background

No currently available biomarkers or treatment regimens fully meet therapeutic needs of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Circular RNA (circRNA) is a recently identified class of stable noncoding RNA that have been documented as potential biomarkers for various diseases. Our objective was to identify and analyze plasma circRNAs altered in T1DM.

Methods

We used microarray to screen differentially expressed plasma circRNAs in patients with new onset T1DM (n=3) and age-/gender-matched healthy controls (n=3). Then, we selected six candidates with highest fold-change and validated them by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in independent human cohort samples (n=12). Bioinformatic tools were adopted to predict putative microRNAs (miRNAs) sponged by these validated circRNAs and their downstream messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to gain further insights into T1DM pathogenesis.

Results

We identified 68 differentially expressed circRNAs, with 61 and seven being up- and downregulated respectively. Four of the six selected candidates were successfully validated. Curations of their predicted interacting miRNAs revealed critical roles in inflammation and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Functional relations were visualized by a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. GO and KEGG analyses identified multiple inflammation-related processes that could be potentially associated with T1DM pathogenesis, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, inflammatory mediator regulation of transient receptor potential channels and leukocyte activation involved in immune response.

Conclusion

Our study report, for the first time, a profile of differentially expressed plasma circRNAs in new onset T1DM. Further in silico annotations and bioinformatics analyses supported future application of circRNAs as novel biomarkers of T1DM.

Citations

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Non-coding RNAs and exosomal non-coding RNAs in diabetic retinopathy: A narrative review
Yuhong Zhong, Juan Xia, Li Liao, Mohammad Reza Momeni
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2024; 259: 128182. CrossRef
Circular RNAs: Potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases
Ren-Jie Zhao, Wan-Ying Zhang, Xing-Xing Fan
Heliyon.2024; 10(1): e23694. CrossRef
Research progress of circular RNA molecules in aging and age-related diseases
Zhidan Zhang, Yuling Huang, AYao Guo, Lina Yang
Ageing Research Reviews.2023; 87: 101913. CrossRef
CircRNAs and RNA-Binding Proteins Involved in the Pathogenesis of Cancers or Central Nervous System Disorders
Yuka Ikeda, Sae Morikawa, Moeka Nakashima, Sayuri Yoshikawa, Kurumi Taniguchi, Haruka Sawamura, Naoko Suga, Ai Tsuji, Satoru Matsuda
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Decrypting the circular RNAs does a favor for us: Understanding, diagnosing and treating diabetes mellitus and its complications
Zi Li, Yuanyuan Ren, Ziwei Lv, Man Li, Yujia Li, Xiaobin Fan, Yuyan Xiong, Lu Qian
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2023; 168: 115744. CrossRef
Circular RNA PIP5K1A Promotes Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Ge Song, YiQian Zhang, YiHua Jiang, Huan Zhang, Wen Gu, Xiu Xu, Jing Yao, ZhengFang Chen
Molecular Biotechnology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Hsa_circRNA_405498 and hsa_circRNA_100033 Serve as Potential Biomarkers for Differential Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes
Ziwei Zhang, Shuoming Luo, Zilin Xiao, Wenfeng Yin, Xiajie Shi, Hongzhi Chen, Zhiguo Xie, Zhenqi Liu, Xia Li, Zhiguang Zhou
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Circular RNA PIP5K1A act as microRNA-552-3p sponge to regulates inflammation, oxidative damage in glucolipotoxicity-induced pancreatic INS-1 β-cells via Janus kinase 1
Lei Ren
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Circular RNAs in diabetes mellitus and its complications
Wenqi Fan, Haipeng Pang, Zhiguo Xie, Gan Huang, Zhiguang Zhou
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Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus-Related circRNAs Regulate CD4+ T Cell Functions
Jianni Chen, Guanfei Jia, Xue Lv, Shufa Li, Christos K. Kontos
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An intriguing role of circular RNA in insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: the future perspectives
Monisha Prasad, Selvaraj Jayaraman, Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
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Circular RNAs in Diabetic Nephropathy: Updates and Perspectives
Miao Liu, Junli Zhao
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Zeyu Liu, Yanhong Zhou, Jian Xia
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2022; 156: 113845. CrossRef
Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Promote the Transcription of Circular RNAs in Human Pancreatic β Cells
Simranjeet Kaur, Caroline Frørup, Aashiq H. Mirza, Tina Fløyel, Reza Yarani, Maikel L. Colli, Jesper Johannesen, Joachim Størling, Decio L. Eizirik, Flemming Pociot
Non-Coding RNA.2022; 8(5): 69. CrossRef
Differential Expression and Bioinformatics Analysis of Plasma-Derived Exosomal circRNA in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Haipeng Pang, Wenqi Fan, Xiajie Shi, Shuoming Luo, Yimeng Wang, Jian Lin, Yang Xiao, Xia Li, Gan Huang, Zhiguo Xie, Zhiguang Zhou, Jinhui Liu
Journal of Immunology Research.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Circular RNAs in diabetes and its complications: Current knowledge and future prospects
Wenfeng Yin, Ziwei Zhang, Zilin Xiao, Xia Li, Shuoming Luo, Zhiguang Zhou
Frontiers in Genetics.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Circular RNA in autoimmune diseases: special emphasis on regulation mechanism in RA and SLE
Yurong Huang, Qiuyun Xue, Chenglong Cheng, Yuting Wang, Xiao Wang, Jun Chang, Chenggui Miao
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Emerging roles of circular RNAs in systemic lupus erythematosus
Xin Wang, Rui Ma, Weimin Shi, Zhouwei Wu, Yuling Shi
Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids.2021; 24: 212. CrossRef
Understanding Competitive Endogenous RNA Network Mechanism in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Using Computational and Bioinformatics Approaches
Xuanzi Yi, Xu Cheng
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Type 1 Diabetes
Incidence and Prevalence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus among Korean Children and Adolescents between 2007 and 2017: An Epidemiologic Study Based on a National Database: Hyun Wook Chae, Gi Hyeon Seo, Kyungchul Song, Han Saem Choi, Junghwan Suh, Ahreum Kwon, Sangmi Ha, Ho-Seong Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):866-874. Published online November 4, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0212

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Background
The incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) among children is high in Europe and the USA and relatively low in Asia, including Korea. The present study aimed to investigate the incidence and prevalence of childhood-onset T1DM in Korea and examine trends in incidence.
Methods
This study was conducted using the national registry data provided by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in Korea from 2007 to 2017. We included children aged 0 to 14 years who were newly registered with a T1DM diagnosis each year (code E10).
Results
A total of 29,013 children were registered. The overall incidence of T1DM was 4.45 per 100,000 persons (girls, 4.93; boys, 4.01). The overall incidence of childhood-onset T1DM in Korea increased from 3.70 in 2008 to 4.77 in 2016 (P=0.002). The incidence of T1DM increased from 3.07 in 2008 to 4.89 in 2016 (P<0.001) among boys. Although the incidence of the disease increased significantly among boys aged 5–9 and 10–14 years, it remained constant among girls (4.39 in 2008, 4.64 in 2016). The overall prevalence of childhood-onset T1DM in Korea increased from 32.85 in 2007 to 41.03 per 100,000 persons in 2017 (girls, 35.54 to 43.88; boys, 32.85 to 41.03).
Conclusion
We calculated relatively accurate incidence and prevalence of childhood-onset T1DM from a nation-based registry. The incidence increased by 3% to 4% every year from 2007 to 2017. The increasing trend is noteworthy compared with previous reports.

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V.V. Popova, N.V. Het´man, Ya.I. Labanets, H.V. Kulikovs´ka, O.V. Furmanova, K.P. Zak
Endokrynologia.2023; 28(1): 36. CrossRef
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Jieun Lee
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What Affects Quality of Life for People with Type 1 Diabetes?: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
Mi-Kyoung Cho, Mi-Young Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(14): 7623. CrossRef
The Relationship between Diabetes Family Conflict and Parental Conflict on Problem Recognition in Illness Self-Management among Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Mi-Kyoung Cho, Mi Young Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(17): 8914. CrossRef
Relationship between Diabetes Family Conflicts or Problem Recognition in Illness Self-Management and Quality of Life of Adolescents with T1DM and Their Parents
Mi-Kyoung Cho, Mi Young Kim
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Current Advances of Artificial Pancreas Systems: A Comprehensive Review of the Clinical Evidence
Sun Joon Moon, Inha Jung, Cheol-Young Park
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(6): 813. CrossRef
History of insulin treatment of pediatric patients with diabetes in Korea
Jae Hyun Kim, Choong Ho Shin, Sei Won Yang
Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism.2021; 26(4): 237. CrossRef
A Position Statement of the Utilization and Support Status of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Korea
Won Jun Kim, Jae Hyun Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Jang Won Son, Ah Reum Khang, Su Kyoung Kwon, Ji Hye Kim, Tae Ho Kim, Ohk Hyun Ryu, Kyeong Hye Park, Sun Ok Song, Kang-Woo Lee, Woo Je Lee, Jung Hwa Jung, Ho-Chan Cho, Min Jeong Gu, Jeongrim Lee, Dal Lae Ju, Yeon Hee
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2021; 22(4): 225. CrossRef

Complications
Serum Levels of Adipocyte Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Are Associated with Rapid Renal Function Decline in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Preserved Renal Function: Da Hea Seo, Moonsuk Nam, Mihye Jung, Young Ju Suh, Seong Hee Ahn, Seongbin Hong, So Hun Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):875-886. Published online July 10, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0221

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Background

Recent studies have demonstrated that the levels of adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) are closely associated with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to examine the association between serum A-FABP level and rapid renal function decline in patients with T2DM and preserved renal function.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study of 452 patients with T2DM and preserved renal function who had serial measurements of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Rapid renal function decline was defined as an eGFR decline of >4% per year. The association between baseline serum A-FABP level and rapid renal function decline was investigated.

Results

Over a median follow-up of 7 years, 82 participants (18.1%) experienced rapid renal function decline. Median A-FABP levels were significantly higher in patients with rapid renal function decline, compared to non-decliners (20.2 ng/mL vs. 17.2 ng/mL, P=0.005). A higher baseline level of A-FABP was associated with a greater risk of developing rapid renal function decline, independent of age, sex, duration of diabetes, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, history of cardiovascular disease, baseline eGFR, urine albumin creatinine ratio, total cholesterol, glycosylated hemoglobin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and use of thiazolidinedione, insulin, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II-receptor blockers and statin (odds ratio, 3.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.53 to 6.29; P=0.002).

Conclusion

A high level of serum A-FABP is associated with an increased risk of rapid renal function decline in patients with T2DM and preserved renal function. This suggests that A-FABP could play a role in the progression of DKD in the early stages.

Citations

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Serum fatty acid-binding protein 4 as a biomarker for early detection of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes
Amr M. Shaker, Maggie E. Mohamed, Tarek Ramzy, Mayssa I. Ali
The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Circulating thrombospondin-2 level for identifying individuals with rapidly declining kidney function trajectory in type 2 diabetes: a prospective study of the Hong Kong West Diabetes Registry
Chi-Ho Lee, David Tak-Wai Lui, Chloe Yu-Yan Cheung, Carol Ho-Yi Fong, Michele Mae-Ann Yuen, Wing-Sun Chow, Aimin Xu, Karen Siu-Ling Lam
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis of inflammatory cytokines and estimated glomerular filtration rate decline in Japanese patients with diabetic kidney disease: a pilot study
Yuka Sugawara, Yosuke Hirakawa, Koki Mise, Kosuke Kashiwabara, Ko Hanai, Satoshi Yamaguchi, Akihiro Katayama, Yasuhiro Onishi, Yui Yoshida, Naoki Kashihara, Yutaka Matsuyama, Tetsuya Babazono, Masaomi Nangaku, Jun Wada
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Xi Zhao, Shu Chun Zhou, Xiu Fang Wang, Hong Wu Liao
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Serum Adipocyte Fatty-Acid Binding Protein as an Independent Marker of Peripheral Artery Disease in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus
Bang-Gee Hsu, Chin-Yee Mah, Du-An Wu, Ming-Chun Chen
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(15): 9459. CrossRef
Fatty acid-binding protein 4 in kidney diseases: From mechanisms to clinics
Weijing Lai, Min Shi, Rongshuang Huang, Ping Fu, Liang Ma
European Journal of Pharmacology.2022; 931: 175224. CrossRef
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
The Low-Expression Variant of FABP4 Is Associated With Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 Diabetes
Emma H. Dahlström, Jani Saksi, Carol Forsblom, Nicoline Uglebjerg, Nina Mars, Lena M. Thorn, Valma Harjutsalo, Peter Rossing, Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia, Perttu J. Lindsberg, Niina Sandholm, Per-Henrik Groop
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Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
A Vegetable Dietary Pattern Is Associated with Lowered Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese Women: Qiong Chen, Weiwei Wu, Hailan Yang, Ping Zhang, Yongliang Feng, Keke Wang, Ying Wang, Suping Wang, Yawei Zhang; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):887-896. Published online September 11, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0138

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Background
Identification of modifiable dietary factors, which are involved in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), could inform strategies to prevent GDM.
Methods
We examined the dietary patterns in a Chinese population and evaluated their relationship with GDM risk using a case-control study including 1,464 cases and 8,092 control subjects. Propensity score matching was used to reduce the imbalance of covariates between cases and controls. Dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis while their associations with GDM risk were evaluated using logistic regression models.
Results
A “vegetable” dietary pattern was characterized as the consumption of green leafy vegetables (Chinese little greens and bean seedling), other vegetables (cabbages, carrots, tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes, mushrooms, peppers, bamboo shoots, agarics, and garlic), and bean products (soybean milk, tofu, kidney beans, and cowpea). For every quartile increase in the vegetables factor score during 1 year prior to conception, the first trimester, and the second trimester of pregnancy, the GDM risk lowered by 6% (odds ratio [OR], 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89 to 0.99), 7% (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88 to 0.99), and 9% (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86 to 0.96).
Conclusion
In conclusion, our study suggests that the vegetable dietary pattern is associated with lower GDM risk; however, the interpretation of the result should with caution due to the limitations in our study, and additional studies are necessary to explore the underlying mechanism of this relationship.

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Maternal dietary components in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of observational studies to timely promotion of health
Victoria Lambert, Sonia Edith Muñoz, Carla Gil, María Dolores Román
Nutrition Journal.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Fruit, vegetable, and fruit juice consumption and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Yan-Ping Liao, Qing-Xiang Zheng, Xiu-Min Jiang, Xiao-Qian Chen, Xiao-Xia Gao, Yu-Qing Pan
Nutrition Journal.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The effects of plant-based dietary patterns on the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Yu Zhu, QingXiang Zheng, Ling Huang, XiuMin Jiang, XiaoXia Gao, JiaNing Li, RuLin Liu, Kent Lai
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(10): e0291732. CrossRef
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Patricia Guevara-Ramírez, Elius Paz-Cruz, Santiago Cadena-Ullauri, Viviana A. Ruiz-Pozo, Rafael Tamayo-Trujillo, Maria L. Felix, Daniel Simancas-Racines, Ana Karina Zambrano
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Swetha Sampathkumar, Durga Parkhi, Yonas Ghebremichael-Weldeselassie, Nithya Sukumar, Ponnusamy Saravanan
Nutrition & Diabetes.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Elaine Luiza Santos Soares de Mendonça, Marilene Brandão Tenório Fragoso, Jerusa Maria de Oliveira, Jadriane Almeida Xavier, Marília Oliveira Fonseca Goulart, Alane Cabral Menezes de Oliveira
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Jie Gao, Xue Gu, Manqian Zhang, Xingwang Zu, Fukui Shen, Xiaotao Hou, Erwei Hao, Gang Bai
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Jianping Wang, Zuoliang Xie, Peipei Chen, Yuhuan Wang, Baoqing Li, Fen Dai
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Weijia Wu, Nu Tang, Jingjing Zeng, Jin Jing, Li Cai
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Rui Zhao, Leilei Zhou, Gang Lei, Shanshan Wang, Yan Li, Xuefeng Yang, Guoping Xiong, Liping Hao
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COVID-19
Does Diabetes Increase the Risk of Contracting COVID-19? A Population-Based Study in Korea: Sung-Youn Chun, Dong Wook Kim, Sang Ah Lee, Su Jung Lee, Jung Hyun Chang, Yoon Jung Choi, Seong Woo Kim, Sun Ok Song; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):897-907. Published online December 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0199

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Background
This study aimed to determine the infection risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with diabetes (according to treatment method).
Methods
Claimed subjects to the Korean National Health Insurance claims database diagnosed with COVID-19 were included. Ten thousand sixty-nine patients with COVID-19 between January 28 and April 5, 2020, were included. Stratified random sampling of 1:5 was used to select the control group of COVID-19 patients. In total 50,587 subjects were selected as the control group. After deleting the missing values, 60,656 subjects were included.
Results
Adjusted odds ratio (OR) indicated that diabetic insulin users had a higher risk of COVID-19 than subjects without diabetes (OR, 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03 to 1.53; P=0.0278). In the subgroup analysis, infection risk was higher among diabetes male insulin users (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.89), those between 40 and 59 years (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.13 to 2.44). The infection risk was higher in diabetic insulin users with 2 to 4 years of morbidity (OR, 1.744; 95% CI, 1.003 to 3.044).
Conclusion
Some diabetic patients with certain conditions would be associated with a higher risk of acquiring COVID-19, highlighting their need for special attention. Efforts are warranted to ensure that diabetic patients have minimal exposure to the virus. It is important to establish proactive care and screening tests for diabetic patients suspected with COVID-19 for timely disease diagnosis and management.

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Matthew Harris, John Hart, Oashe Bhattacharya, Fiona M. Russell
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Diabetes mellitus, maternal adiposity, and insulin-dependent gestational diabetes are associated with COVID-19 in pregnancy: the INTERCOVID study
Brenda Eskenazi, Stephen Rauch, Enrico Iurlaro, Robert B. Gunier, Albertina Rego, Michael G. Gravett, Paolo Ivo Cavoretto, Philippe Deruelle, Perla K. García-May, Mohak Mhatre, Mustapha Ado Usman, Mohamed Elbahnasawy, Saturday Etuk, Raffaele Napolitano, S
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.2022; 227(1): 74.e1. CrossRef
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Evangelia Tzeravini, Eleftherios Stratigakos, Chris Siafarikas, Anastasios Tentolouris, Nikolaos Tentolouris
Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
COVID-19 and Gestational Diabetes: The Role of Nutrition and Pharmacological Intervention in Preventing Adverse Outcomes
Ruben Ramirez Zegarra, Andrea Dall’Asta, Alberto Revelli, Tullio Ghi
Nutrients.2022; 14(17): 3562. CrossRef
A Comprehensive Analysis of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, US-PIMA Indian, and Trinidadian Screening Scores for Diabetes Risk Assessment and Prediction
Norma Latif Fitriyani, Muhammad Syafrudin, Siti Maghfirotul Ulyah, Ganjar Alfian, Syifa Latif Qolbiyani, Muhammad Anshari
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Jaafar Abou-Ghaida, Annalia Foster, Sarah Klein, Massah Bassie, Khloe Gu, Chloe Hille, Cody Brown, Michael Daniel, Caitlin Drakeley, Alek Jahnke, Abrar Karim, Omar Altabbakh, Luzan Phillpotts
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Mohammad Keykhaei, Sogol Koolaji, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Reyhaneh Kalantar, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Arya Aminorroaya, Shaghayegh Zokaei, Sina Azadnajafabad, Negar Rezaei, Erfan Ghasemi, Nazila Rezaei, Rosa Haghshenas, Yosef Farzi, Sina Rashedi, Bagher Larijan
Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders.2021; 20(2): 1919. CrossRef

Basic Research
Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Metabolism of Voglibose In Vitro and In Vivo: Mahesh Raj Nepal, Mi Jeong Kang, Geon Ho Kim, Dong Ho Cha, Ju-Hyun Kim, Tae Cheon Jeong; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):908-918. Published online April 6, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0147

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Background

Voglibose, an α-glucosidase inhibitor, inhibits breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugar units in intestine. Studies showed that voglibose metabolism in the liver might be negligible due to its poor intestinal absorption. Numerous microorganisms live in intestine and have several roles in metabolism and detoxification of various xenobiotics. Due to the limited information, the possible metabolism of voglibose by intestinal microbiota was investigated in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

For the in vitro study, different concentrations of voglibose were incubated with intestinal contents, prepared from both vehicle- and antibiotics-treated mice, to determine the decreased amount of voglibose over time by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Similarly, in vivo pharmacodynamic effect of voglibose was determined following the administration of voglibose and starch in vehicle- and antibiotic-pretreated non-diabetic and diabetic mice, by measuring the modulatory effects of voglibose on blood glucose levels.

Results

The in vitro results indicated that the remaining voglibose could be significantly decreased when incubated with the intestinal contents from normal mice compared to those from antibiotic-treated mice, which had less enzyme activities. The in vivo results showed that the antibiotic pretreatment resulted in reduced metabolism of voglibose. This significantly lowered blood glucose levels in antibiotic-pretreated mice compared to the control animals.

Conclusion

The present results indicate that voglibose would be metabolized by the intestinal microbiota, and that this metabolism might be pharmacodynamically critical in lowering blood glucose levels in mice.

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Liyang Jia, Shiqiong Huang, Boyu Sun, Yongguang Shang, Chunsheng Zhu
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Muhammad Imran Tousif, Saba Tauseef, Sadeer Nabeelah, Jugreet Sharmeen, Gokhan Zengin, Lesetja Legoabe, Muhammad Imran, Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally
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Xin Meng, Hou Zong, Zhong Zheng, Junpeng Xing, Zhiqiang Liu, Fengrui Song, Shu Liu
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Jewel C De Padua, Emi Fukushima-Sakuno, Kotomi Ueno, Thomas Edison E dela Cruz, Atsushi Ishihara
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Dongmei Wang, Jieying Liu, Liyuan Zhou, Qian Zhang, Ming Li, Xinhua Xiao
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18:0 Lyso PC, a natural product with potential PPAR-γ agonistic activity, plays hypoglycemic effect with lower liver toxicity and cardiotoxicity in db/db mice
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Basic Research
Hypoxia Increases β-Cell Death by Activating Pancreatic Stellate Cells within the Islet: Jong Jin Kim, Esder Lee, Gyeong Ryul Ryu, Seung-Hyun Ko, Yu-Bae Ahn, Ki-Ho Song; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):919-927. Published online May 11, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0181

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Background

Hypoxia can occur in pancreatic islets in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are activated during hypoxia. Here we aimed to investigate whether PSCs within the islet are also activated in hypoxia, causing β-cell injury.

Methods

Islet and primary PSCs were isolated from Sprague Dawley rats, and cultured in normoxia (21% O₂) or hypoxia (1% O₂). The expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), as measured by immunostaining and Western blotting, was used as a marker of PSC activation. Conditioned media (hypoxia-CM) were obtained from PSCs cultured in hypoxia.

Results

Islets and PSCs cultured in hypoxia exhibited higher expressions of α-SMA than did those cultured in normoxia. Hypoxia increased the production of reactive oxygen species. The addition of N-acetyl-L-cysteine, an antioxidant, attenuated the hypoxia-induced PSC activation in islets and PSCs. Islets cultured in hypoxia-CM showed a decrease in cell viability and an increase in apoptosis.

Conclusion

PSCs within the islet are activated in hypoxia through oxidative stress and promote islet cell death, suggesting that hypoxia-induced PSC activation may contribute to β-cell loss in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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Brief Reports

Complications
Diabetic Retinopathy and Related Clinical Practice for People with Diabetes in Korea: A 10-Year Trend Analysis: Yoo-Ri Chung, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Kihwang Lee, Dae Jung Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):928-932. Published online July 10, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0096

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We performed a retrospective cohort study including people diagnosed with diabetes from 2006 to 2015 according to the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort database, to analyze the changes in the prevalence, screening rate, and treatment patterns for diabetic retinopathy (DR) over 10 years. The proportion of people who underwent fundus screening for DR steadily increased over the past decade. The prevalence of DR increased from 13.4% in 2006 to 15.9% in 2015, while that of proliferative DR steadily decreased from 1.29% in 2006 to 1.16% in 2015. The proportion of patients undergoing retinal photocoagulation constantly decreased. The prevalence of DR increased over the past decade, while its severity seemed to have improved, with a decreased rate of proliferative DR and retinal photocoagulation. A higher proportion of patients underwent ophthalmic screening using fundus examination, but still less than 30% of patients with diabetes underwent comprehensive examination in 2015.

Citations

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Jimmy S. Chen, Ivan A. Copado, Cecilia Vallejos, Fritz Gerald P. Kalaw, Priyanka Soe, Cindy X. Cai, Brian C. Toy, Durga Borkar, Catherine Q. Sun, Jessica G. Shantha, Sally L. Baxter
Ophthalmology Science.2024; 4(4): 100468. CrossRef
Present and future screening programs for diabetic retinopathy: a narrative review
Andreas Abou Taha, Sebastian Dinesen, Anna Stage Vergmann, Jakob Grauslund
International Journal of Retina and Vitreous.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Min Kyung Hyun, Jang Won Lee, Seung-Hyun Ko
BMC Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Ja Young Jeon
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(4): 613. CrossRef

Complications
Trends in the Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality of End-Stage Kidney Disease in South Korea: Min-Jeong Lee, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim, Inwhee Park; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):933-937. Published online December 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0156

5,815 View
239 Download
12 Web of Science
14 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Knowledge of the epidemiologic characteristics of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients is essential. The trends in the prevalence, incidence, and mortality rates of ESKD were analyzed retrospectively using the Korean National Health Insurance ServiceNational Sample Cohort database between 2006 and 2015. From 2006 to 2015, the incidence of ESKD decreased from 28.6 to 24.0 per 100,000 people and showed a decreasing pattern with or without diabetes mellitus. However, the incidence of those aged ≥75 years increased, as did the mean age at the onset of ESKD. From 2007 to 2015, the prevalence of ESKD increased in all age groups, but particularly in those aged ≥75 years. The prevalence of ESKD differed by sex and diabetes mellitus status and this gap widened over time. Mortality rates in ESKD patients remained relatively constant throughout the study period. However, mortality rates in ESKD without diabetes decreased over the same period.

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Usefulness of continuous glucose monitoring of blood glucose control in patients with diabetes undergoing hemodialysis: A pilot study
Sua Lee, Soyoung Lee, Kyeong Min Kim, Jong Ho Shin
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Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(9): 3160. CrossRef
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