Fig. 1Receiver operating characteristic curves for prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and initiation of pharmacotherapy in GDM (GDM-PT) using (A, D) fasting plasma glucose (FPG), (B, E) fasting C-peptide (FCP), and (C, F) quantitative insulin sensitivity check index from C-peptide (QUICKIc). AUC, area under curve; CI, confidence interval.
Table 1Baseline characteristics of participants
Characteristic |
No. of observation |
NGT |
No. of observation |
GDM |
P valuea
|
Age, yr |
471 |
31.3±5.7 |
103 |
32.7±5.6 |
0.022 |
Parity |
471 |
1.0 (0.0–2.0) |
103 |
1.0 (0.0–2.0) |
0.224 |
BMI, kg/m² |
471 |
24.8±4.9 |
103 |
28.0±6.0 |
<0.001 |
BMIPG, kg/m² |
471 |
24.3±5.0 |
103 |
27.1±5.9 |
<0.001 |
Multiple pregnancy |
471 |
47 (10.0) |
103 |
9 (8.7) |
0.701 |
GDM-PT |
|
- |
|
40 (38.8) |
- |
FPG, mg/dL |
470 |
80.4±5.6 |
103 |
85.1±7.4 |
<0.001 |
FI, µU/mL |
456 |
7.5 (5.4–10.5) |
99 |
11.0 (7.4–16.9) |
<0.001 |
FCP, ng/mL |
456 |
1.50 (1.30–1.90) |
100 |
2.10 (1.50–2.73) |
<0.001 |
HbA1c, % |
467 |
4.96±0.30 |
101 |
5.13±0.32 |
<0.001 |
HbA1c, mmol/mol |
467 |
30.8±3.29 |
101 |
32.5±3.49 |
<0.001 |
HOMA-IR (dimensionless) |
456 |
1.49 (1.04–2.17) |
99 |
2.23 (1.53–3.50) |
<0.001 |
HOMA-B (dimensionless) |
455 |
167 (118–236) |
99 |
181 (120–299) |
0.046 |
QUICKIi (dimensionless)×102
|
456 |
36.0 (34.0–38.1) |
99 |
33.8 (31.7–35.8) |
<0.001 |
QUICKIc (dimensionless)×102
|
456 |
48.0 (45.6–50.2) |
100 |
44.4 (42.2–47.6) |
<0.001 |
IGIi, µU/mg |
456 |
9.37 (6.85–13.2) |
99 |
12.9 (8.63–20.3) |
<0.001 |
IGIc, ng/mg |
456 |
1.89 (1.57–2.29) |
100 |
2.41 (1.81–3.22) |
<0.001 |
Table 2Analysis of different predictors for developing GDM or GDM-PT
Variable |
OR |
95% CI |
P value |
ROC-AUC |
GDM |
|
|
|
|
Age, yr |
1.04 |
1.01–1.09 |
0.025 |
56.6 |
BMIPG, kg/m² |
1.09 |
1.05–1.13 |
<0.001 |
65.5 |
FPG, mg/dL |
1.13 |
1.09–1.18 |
<0.001 |
68.1 |
FI, µU/mL |
1.09 |
1.06–1.13 |
<0.001 |
67.2 |
FCP, ng/mL |
2.42 |
1.80–3.31 |
<0.001 |
70.6 |
HbA1c, mmol/mol |
1.19 |
1.11–1.28 |
<0.001 |
65.3 |
HOMA-IR (dimensionless) |
1.54 |
1.33–1.81 |
<0.001 |
68.6 |
HOMA-B (dimensionless)×10–2
|
1.16 |
0.99–1.35 |
0.061 |
56.4 |
QUICKIi (dimensionless)×102
|
0.80 |
0.74–0.86 |
<0.001 |
68.6 |
QUICKIc (dimensionless)×102
|
0.79 |
0.74–0.85 |
<0.001 |
72.1 |
IGIi, µU/mg |
1.07 |
1.04–1.10 |
<0.001 |
65.5 |
IGIc, ng/mg |
1.88 |
1.47–2.46 |
<0.001 |
68.0 |
GDM-PT |
|
|
|
|
Age, yr |
1.05 |
0.99–1.11 |
0.118 |
56.1 |
BMIPG, kg/m² |
1.10 |
1.05–1.15 |
<0.001 |
68.7 |
FPG, mg/dL |
1.20 |
1.14–1.27 |
<0.001 |
79.8 |
FI, µU/mL |
1.11 |
1.06–1.15 |
<0.001 |
77.2 |
FCP, ng/mL |
2.77 |
1.95–4.07 |
<0.001 |
82.2 |
HbA1c, mmol/mol |
1.29 |
1.16–1.45 |
<0.001 |
69.7 |
HOMA-IR (dimensionless) |
1.65 |
1.39–2.00 |
<0.001 |
78.8 |
HOMA-B (dimensionless)×10–2
|
1.20 |
0.98–1.45 |
0.054 |
62.4 |
QUICKIi (dimensionless)×102
|
0.67 |
0.58–0.76 |
<0.001 |
78.8 |
QUICKIc (dimensionless)×102
|
0.68 |
0.61–0.76 |
<0.001 |
83.7 |
IGIi, µU/mg |
1.08 |
1.04–1.12 |
<0.001 |
74.9 |
IGIc, ng/mg |
2.05 |
1.51–2.83 |
<0.001 |
79.1 |
Table 3Correlation analysis representing the association of clinical and metabolic parameters with OGTT values at fasting (OGTT0) as well as 60 (OGTT60) and 120 minutes (OGTT120) assessed during second or third trimester
Variable |
OGTT0 |
OGTT60 |
OGTT120 |
rho |
P value |
rho |
P value |
rho |
P value |
Age |
0.10 |
0.026 |
0.16 |
<0.001 |
0.16 |
<0.001 |
BMIPG |
0.28 |
<0.001 |
0.26 |
<0.001 |
0.16 |
<0.001 |
FPG |
0.48 |
<0.001 |
0.19 |
<0.001 |
0.15 |
0.001 |
FI |
0.31 |
<0.001 |
0.25 |
<0.001 |
0.18 |
<0.001 |
FCP |
0.35 |
<0.001 |
0.28 |
<0.001 |
0.18 |
<0.001 |
HbA1c |
0.21 |
<0.001 |
0.13 |
0.003 |
0.08 |
NS |
HOMA-IR |
0.35 |
<0.001 |
0.26 |
<0.001 |
0.19 |
<0.001 |
HOMA-B |
–0.02 |
NS |
0.12 |
0.010 |
0.09 |
NS |
QUICKIi |
–0.35 |
<0.001 |
–0.26 |
<0.001 |
–0.19 |
<0.001 |
QUICKIc |
–0.41 |
<0.001 |
–0.30 |
<0.001 |
–0.20 |
<0.001 |
IGIi |
0.25 |
<0.001 |
0.23 |
<0.001 |
0.16 |
<0.001 |
IGIc |
0.26 |
<0.001 |
0.25 |
<0.001 |
0.15 |
0.002 |