Fig. 1Proportion of patients with vascular complications according to cystatin C quartiles. DR, diabetic retinopathy; CHD, coronary heart disease.
Table 1Clinical and biochemical characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with normal renal function or mild renal impairment according to serum cystatin C quartiles
Variable |
Serum cystatin C quartiles |
P value |
Q1 (≤0.65 mg/L) (n=150) |
Q2 (0.66–0.79 mg/L) (n=128) |
Q3 (0.80–0.94 mg/L) (n=173) |
Q4 (≥0.95 mg/L) (n=150) |
Male sex |
85 (57) |
68 (53) |
87 (50) |
57 (38) |
0.008 |
Age, yr |
54.0 (64.0–60.0) |
54.0 (44.5–60.0) |
62.0 (52.0–73.0) |
73.0 (66.3–78.0) |
<0.001 |
Smoking (current/former/never), % |
28/13/59 |
30/10/60 |
22/19/59 |
15/17/68 |
0.026 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
24.2 (21.5–27.3) |
25.7 (23.1–28.8) |
24.2 (21.9–27.4) |
25.1 (22.6–27.6) |
0.365 |
Systolic BP, mm Hg |
124 (117–139) |
130 (118–141) |
135 (124–145) |
135 (122–149) |
0.001 |
Diastolic BP, mm Hg |
77 (69–84) |
78 (69–84) |
75 (69–83) |
72 (64–79) |
0.001 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL |
211 (173–252) |
178 (143–227) |
155 (130–217) |
170 (126–242) |
<0.001 |
HbA1c, % |
10.5 (9.7–12.3) |
10.3 (9.0–11.4) |
9.4 (7.9–10.8) |
9.9 (8.4–11.4) |
<0.001 |
Diabetic retinopathy |
38 (25) |
35 (27) |
62 (36) |
76 (51) |
<0.001 |
NPDR |
29 (19) |
32 (25) |
50 (29) |
64 (43) |
PDR |
9 (6) |
3 (2) |
12 (7) |
12 (8) |
Duration of diabetes, yr |
4.0 (0.0–10.0) |
4.5 (0.0–12.3) |
8.5 (1.0–16.0) |
11.5 (3.3–20.0) |
<0.001 |
Antihypertensive treatment |
57 (38) |
45 (35) |
92 (53) |
114 (76) |
<0.001 |
Lipid-lowering medication |
97 (65) |
78 (61) |
120 (69) |
111 (74) |
0.101 |
Hypertension |
78 (52) |
61 (48) |
112 (65) |
131 (87) |
<0.001 |
History of coronary heart disease |
2 (1) |
12 (9) |
23 (13) |
37 (25) |
<0.001 |
Previous stroke |
3 (2) |
4 (3) |
13 (8) |
20 (13) |
<0.001 |
Table 2Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals for the risk of diabetes complications based on serum cystatin C quartiles
|
Cystatin C quartiles |
Q1 (≤0.65 mg/L) (n=150) |
Q2 (0.66–0.79 mg/L) (n=128) |
Q3 (0.80–0.94 mg/L) (n=173) |
Q4 (≥0.95 mg/L) (n=150) |
Diabetic retinopathy |
38 (25) |
35 (27) |
62 (36) |
76 (51) |
Unadjusted |
1 |
1.109 (0.578–2.218) |
1.646 (1.003–2.959)c
|
3.027 (1.671–5.482)a
|
Model 1 |
1 |
1.065 (0.552–2.055) |
1.469 (0.794–2.719) |
2.406 (1.216–4.760)a
|
Model 2 |
1 |
0.983 (0.483–2.002) |
1.314 (0.668–2.585) |
1.929 (1.007–4.144)c
|
Coronary heart disease |
2 (1) |
12 (9) |
23 (13) |
37 (25) |
Unadjusted |
1 |
7.655 (1.208–48.527)b
|
11.347 (1.911–67.358)a
|
24.230 (4.176–140.574)a
|
Model 1 |
1 |
6.749 (1.056–43.138)c
|
7.522 (1.233–45.902)b
|
11.649 (1.874–72.401)b
|
Model 3 |
1 |
7.321 (1.114–48.114)c
|
6.027 (0.952–38.161)c
|
8.122 (1.258–52.453)b
|
Stroke |
3 (2) |
4 (3) |
13 (8) |
20 (13) |
Unadjusted |
1 |
1.581 (0.250–10.012) |
3.981 (0.843–18.811)c
|
7.538 (1.673–33.967)b
|
Model 1 |
1 |
1.366 (0.212–8.789) |
2.398 (0.477–12.048) |
3.197 (0.614–16.652) |
Model 4 |
1 |
1.103 (0.164–7.427) |
1.454 (0.264–8.011) |
1.756 (0.309–9.967) |