Fig. 1Prevalence of kidney stone disease (KSD) with different glycemic statuses. Significant differences were observed between the normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and diabetes mellitus (DM) groups (P<0.001), between the NGT and combined impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)/impaired fasting glucose (IFG) groups (P=0.001), and between the NGT and DM groups (P=0.013).
Table 1Comparison of the clinical parameters of subjects with and without kidney stone disease
Parameter |
Kidney stone disease |
P value |
Yes (n=1,193) |
No (n=12,993) |
Male sex |
842 (70.6) |
7,454 (57.4) |
<0.01 |
Age, yr |
50.9±11.8 |
47.9±12.5 |
<0.01 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
24.7±3.5 |
24.2±3.6 |
<0.01 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
120.6±17.6 |
116.9±17.1 |
<0.01 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
71.8±10.9 |
69.0±10.7 |
<0.01 |
Hypertension |
162 (13.6) |
1,381 (10.6) |
<0.01 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L |
5.2±0.9 |
5.1±0.9 |
<0.01 |
Triglyceride, mmol/L |
3.7±2.7 |
3.4±2.3 |
<0.01 |
HDL-C, mmol/L |
1.2±0.3 |
1.3±0.4 |
<0.01 |
High total/HDL-C ratio |
446 (37.4) |
4,508 (34.7) |
0.06 |
Uric acid, µmol/L |
376.2±98.7 |
354.5±90.9 |
<0.01 |
Urine pH |
6.2±0.7 |
6.1±0.7 |
0.02 |
Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L |
5.4±1.4 |
5.2±1.5 |
<0.01 |
2-Hour postload glucose, mmol/L |
7.1±3.3 |
6.8±3.0 |
<0.01 |
Glycemic status |
|
|
|
NGT |
712 (59.7) |
8,909 (68.6) |
<0.01 |
Isolated IFG |
78 (6.5) |
641 (4.9) |
<0.01 |
Isolated IGT |
163 (13.7) |
1,592 (12.3) |
<0.01 |
Combined IFG/IGT |
66 (5.5) |
482 (3.7) |
<0.01 |
Diabetes mellitus |
174 (14.6) |
1,369 (10.5) |
<0.01 |
Current smoking |
143 (12.0) |
1,412 (10.9) |
0.24 |
Current alcohol use |
132 (11.1) |
1,408 (10.8) |
0.81 |
Regular exercise |
91 (7.6) |
961 (7.4) |
0.77 |
Table 2Multiple logistic regression model for the relationship between glycemic status and kidney stone disease
Variable |
Kidney stone disease |
OR (95% CI) |
P value |
Male sex |
1.66 (1.44-1.91) |
<0.01 |
Age, yr |
|
|
41-64 vs. ≤40 |
1.62 (1.38-1.91) |
<0.01 |
≥65 vs. ≤40 |
1.89 (1.49-2.38) |
<0.01 |
Obesity, yes vs. no |
1.16 (0.99-1.34) |
0.05 |
Hypertension, yes vs. no |
1.00 (0.83-1.21) |
0.99 |
Hyperuricemia, yes vs. no |
1.22 (1.06-1.39) |
<0.01 |
High cholesterol/HDL-C index, yes vs. no |
0.96 (0.84-1.11) |
0.59 |
Hypertriglyceridemia, yes vs. no |
1.04 (0.89-1.21) |
0.61 |
Urine pH |
|
|
<5.5 vs. 5.5-6.6 |
0.84 (0.65-1.08) |
0.17 |
≥6.7 vs. 5.5-6.6 |
1.12 (0.96-1.29) |
0.15 |
Glycemic status |
|
|
Isolated IGT vs. NGT |
1.14 (0.95-1.37) |
0.16 |
Isolated IFG vs. NGT |
1.32 (1.02-1.69) |
0.03 |
Combined IFG/IGT vs. NGT |
1.39 (1.06-1.83) |
0.02 |
Diabetes mellitus vs. NGT |
1.31 (1.08-1.58) |
0.005 |
Current smoking, yes vs. no |
1.03 (0.85-1.26) |
0.74 |
Current alcohol use, yes vs. no |
0.86 (0.70-1.05) |
0.14 |
Regular exercise, yes vs. no |
0.99 (0.80-1.25) |
0.99 |