Fig. 1The concordance rate between the three diagnostic criteria of diabetes: fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥126 mg/dL; 2-hour plasma glucose (2h PG) after 75 g oral glucose tolerance test ≥200 mg/dL; and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥6.5%.
Fig. 2Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of (A, B) glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and (C,D) fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels for the diagnosis of diabetes with criteria of FPG ≥126 mg/dL or (E, F) 2-hour plasma glucose (2h PG) after 75 g oral glucose tolerance test ≥200 mg/dL or HbA1c ≥6.5%. AUC, area under the curve.
Table 1Baseline characteristics and metabolic parameters of the subjects according to glucose tolerance status
Characteristic |
NGT |
iIFG |
iIGT |
IFG+IGT |
Overt DM |
P value |
Number (total n=236) |
37 |
51 |
15 |
36 |
97 |
|
Male sex, % |
35.14 |
52.00 |
33.33 |
60.00 |
57.58 |
0.310 |
FHx, % |
29.73 |
39.58 |
61.54 |
53.13 |
55.10a
|
0.285 |
Age, yr |
38.70±14.28 |
54.20±13.64a
|
49.80±14.56a
|
54.97±11.17a
|
54.75±10.76a
|
0.049 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
22.57±3.58 |
24.49±3.79 |
24.08±2.34 |
25.33±3.13a
|
25.83±3.05a
|
0.053 |
AC, cm |
76.97±9.91 |
87.56±9.00a
|
85.94±6.25 |
88.48±8.23a
|
89.85±7.35a
|
0.383 |
SBP, mm Hg |
118.27±15.29 |
125.67±15.05 |
121.73±12.67 |
122.64±15.46 |
128.18±15.33a
|
0.175 |
DBP, mm Hg |
73.51±11.11 |
73.71±11.10 |
72.47±6.55 |
72.91±10.68 |
77.36±10.03a
|
0.043 |
Glc0, mg/dL |
91.68±5.78 |
109.14±6.48a,c,e
|
92.93±6.06b,d,e
|
111.78±6.77a,c,d
|
128.30±17.82a,b,c,d
|
<0.001 |
Glc30, mg/dL |
147.79±25.03 |
178.30±42.00a,e
|
168.71±23.52e
|
191.77±25.43a,e
|
219.41±36.57a,b,c,d
|
<0.001 |
Glc120, mg/dL |
105.14±19.93 |
113.78±18.92c,d,e
|
164.33±11.04a,b,e
|
173.56±15.82a,b,e
|
235.20±47.64a,b,c,d
|
<0.001 |
Ins0, µIU/mL |
8.32±2.63 |
9.04±3.57e
|
7.61±2.68 |
10.84±4.82 |
11.99±7.88a,b
|
0.011 |
Ins30, µIU/mL |
51.04±29.29 |
46.65±29.21 |
43.27±22.92 |
58.07±49.92e
|
37.63±31.97d
|
0.048 |
Ins120, µIU/mL |
36.37±25.64 |
42.26±32.63d
|
76.74±40.80 |
99.37±70.36a,b
|
68.22±44.04a
|
0.001 |
HOMA-IR |
1.89±0.63 |
2.44±1.03e
|
1.72±0.52e
|
2.99±1.32 |
3.87±2.87a,b,c,d
|
<0.001 |
Matsuda index |
7.03±2.70 |
5.92±2.36d,e
|
4.81±1.60a
|
4.02±1.97a,b
|
3.84±1.54a,b
|
<0.001 |
GUTT ISI |
50.89±9.97 |
44.74±12.51a,c,d,e
|
31.10±4.21a,b
|
27.74±7.17a,b
|
23.45±5.77a,b
|
<0.001 |
HOMA-B |
108.87±39.81 |
71.49±27.89a
|
101.42±58.43e
|
81.69±38.50a
|
69.44±42.47a,c
|
0.023 |
IGI |
1.00±0.99 |
0.61±0.56a,e
|
0.47±0.26a
|
0.60±0.50a
|
0.31±0.31a,b
|
0.001 |
DI |
6.26±6.08 |
2.94±2.92a,e
|
2.54±0.80a
|
1.49±0.63a
|
0.96±0.65a,b
|
<0.001 |
AUC Glc0–30
|
197.30±23.05 |
237.32±37.00a,e
|
215.62±21.28d,e
|
250.80±21.91a,b,e
|
288.46±41.14a,b,c,d
|
<0.001 |
AUC Ins0–30
|
890.26±461.85 |
842.63±472.99 |
766.37±381.13 |
1,031.22±755.56 |
736.81±544.48 |
0.107 |
AUCRIns/Glc30
|
4.58±2.45 |
3.62±2.00 |
3.59±1.84 |
4.04±2.75 |
2.57±1.72a,d
|
0.002 |
AUC Glc0–120
|
823.11±109.32 |
960.91±146.96a,d,e
|
1,039.09±93.79a,b,e
|
1,150.66±93.16a,b,e
|
1,422.50±197.59a,b,c,d
|
<0.001 |
AUC Ins0–120
|
4,917.71±2,572.32 |
4,738.65±2,623.26d
|
7,032.13±2,979.20 |
7,724.77±4,770.00a,b
|
5,412.98±3,504.01 |
0.018 |
AUCRIns/Glc120
|
6.10±3.23 |
5.10±2.73 |
6.79±2.92 |
6.50±3.77e
|
3.92±2.55a,d
|
0.001 |
C-peptide, ng/mL |
1.65±0.56 |
1.98±0.59e
|
1.82±0.42e
|
2.37±0.92a
|
2.50±0.88a,b,c
|
0.001 |
HbA1c, % |
5.53±0.35 |
5.80±0.41a,e
|
6.00±0.38a,e
|
6.05±0.43a,e
|
6.59±0.58a,b,c,d
|
<0.001 |
TC, mg/dL |
188.43±37.80 |
204.98±44.97 |
201.07±47.55 |
199.63±38.23 |
202.19±42.25 |
0.951 |
TG, mg/dL |
82.33±41.30 |
128.98±88.94 |
154.71±103.63 |
172.03±164.49a
|
153.63±88.13a
|
0.317 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
60.13±15.28 |
56.46±15.82e
|
50.79±11.85 |
51.91±12.45 |
49.92±12.00a,b
|
0.045 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
109.75±31.08 |
126.80±42.89 |
116.77±33.70 |
119.78±31.61 |
128.33±36.35 |
0.561 |
hs-CRP, mg/L |
0.11±0.15 |
0.15±0.22 |
0.10±0.12 |
0.09±0.09 |
0.13±0.17 |
0.445 |
Table 2Demographic and metabolic characteristics of the subjects with fasting plasma glucose between 100 and 125 mg/dL subdivided into two groups according to glucose level
Characteristic |
NGT |
Group 1 (100≤FPG<110) |
Group 2 (110≤FPG<126) |
P value |
Number |
37 |
45 |
79 |
|
Male sex, n (%) |
13 (35.1) |
23 (51.1) |
45 (57.0) |
0.090 |
FHx, % |
29.73 |
41.5a
|
53.8b
|
0.046 |
Age, yr |
38.70±14.28 |
56.09±14.11a
|
54.51±10.85b
|
<0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 |
22.57±3.58 |
24.03±3.44a
|
25.84±3.09b,c
|
<0.001 |
AC, cm |
76.97±9.91 |
86.23±9.18a
|
89.02±7.27b
|
<0.001 |
SBP, mm Hg |
118.27±15.29 |
125.71±17.20a
|
124.94±14.09b
|
0.054 |
DBP, mm Hg |
73.51±11.11 |
73.11±12.48 |
75.16±10.18 |
0.556 |
FPG Glc0, mg/dL |
91.68±5.78 |
104.38±5.78a
|
116.3±4.70b,c
|
<0.001 |
Glc30, mg/dL |
147.79±25.03 |
174.51±42.26a
|
195.33±28.73b,c
|
<0.001 |
Glc120, mg/dL |
105.14±19.93 |
151.73±53.02a
|
179.28±37.29b,c
|
<0.001 |
Ins0, µIU/mL |
8.32±2.63 |
10.16±2.63a
|
10.29±4.50b
|
0.046 |
Ins30, µIU/mL |
51.04±29.29 |
51.41±29.70 |
46.47±37.80 |
0.708 |
Ins120, µIU/mL |
36.37±25.64 |
67.67±44.76a
|
69.48±57.39b
|
0.007 |
HOMA-IR |
1.89±0.63 |
2.62±1.15a
|
2.95±1.30b
|
<0.001 |
Matsuda index |
7.03±2.70 |
5.02±2.46a
|
4.74±2.21b
|
<0.001 |
GUTT ISI |
50.89±9.98 |
36.55±14.23a
|
32.43±13.50b
|
<0.001 |
HOMA-B |
108.87±39.81 |
88.35±36.48a
|
69.95±31.11b,c
|
<0.001 |
IGI |
1.00±0.99 |
0.69±0.49a
|
0.46±0.48b,c
|
0.001 |
DI |
6.26±6.08 |
3.40±2.51a
|
1.33±1.65b,c
|
<0.001 |
AUC Glc0–30
|
197.30±23.05 |
229.86±35.41a
|
256.93±25.03b,c
|
<0.001 |
AUC Ins0–30
|
890.26±461.85 |
929.90±483.49 |
848.69±602.73 |
0.761 |
AUCR30
|
4.58±2.45 |
4.05±1.92 |
3.31±2.29 |
0.021 |
AUC Glc0–120
|
823.11±109.32 |
1021.42±198.68a
|
1,170.95±199.03b,c
|
<0.001 |
AUC Ins0–120
|
4,917.71±2,572.32 |
6,280.68±3,300.33 |
5,651.65±3,713.21 |
0.325 |
AUCRIns/Glc
|
6.10±3.23 |
6.10±2.67 |
4.86±3.09 |
0.117 |
C-peptide, ng/mL |
1.65±0.56 |
2.11±0.71a
|
2.35±0.90b
|
<0.001 |
HbA1c, % |
5.53±0.35 |
5.88±0.47a
|
6.14±0.43b,c
|
<0.001 |
TC, mg/dL |
188.43±37.80 |
206.55±41.35 |
203.67±44.86b
|
0.119 |
TG, mg/dL |
82.33±41.30 |
159.66±151.30a
|
147.03±86.42b
|
0.002 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
60.13±15.28 |
54.96±13.51 |
52.21±14.22b
|
0.025 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
109.75±31.08 |
126.53±39.05a
|
128.77±39.52b
|
0.075 |
hs-CRP, mg/L |
0.11±0.15 |
0.10±0.10 |
0.13±0.16 |
0.671 |
AST, IU/L |
20.38±5.61 |
26.86±10.13a
|
27.64±9.34b
|
<0.001 |
ALT, IU/L |
20.12±13.72 |
30.59±20.34a
|
29.84±20.16b
|
0.029 |
Overt DM, % |
- |
13.3 |
38.5c
|
0.004 |
Table 3Comparison of risk factors between prediabetes and overt diabetes in a subgroup whose fasting glucose was 100 to 125 mg/dL
Characteristic |
Group 1 (prediabetes) |
Group 2 (overt diabetes) |
P value |
Number |
87 |
36 |
|
Male sex, % |
54.0 |
55.6 |
1.00 |
FHx, % |
45.1 |
58.3 |
0.231 |
Age, yr |
54.52±12.56 |
57.111±10.27 |
0.375 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
24.85±3.53 |
25.77±2.31 |
0.092 |
AC, cm |
87.92±8.66 |
88.65±6.21 |
0.495 |
SBP, mm Hg |
124.41±15.23 |
1,216.97±15.47 |
0.546 |
DBP, mm Hg |
73.38±10.82 |
76.61±11.44 |
0.236 |
Glc0, mg/dL |
110.23±6.70 |
116.17±6.23 |
0.000 |
Glc30, mg/dL |
183.65±36.74 |
200.15±28.51 |
0.026 |
Glc120, mg/dL |
138.51±34.45 |
243.36±31.65 |
0.000 |
Ins0, µIU/mL |
9.79±4.20 |
11.05±4.67 |
0.121 |
Ins30, µIU/mL |
51.19±37.90 |
37.57±21.81 |
0.120 |
Ins120, µIU/mL |
63.37±55.92 |
81.59±45.17 |
0.028 |
HOMA-IR |
2.67±1.18 |
3.16±1.31 |
0.022 |
Matsuda index |
5.24±2.39 |
3.89±1.70 |
0.012 |
GUTT ISI |
38.64±13.60 |
22.59±4.79 |
0.007 |
HOMA-B |
75.76±32.93 |
76.60±36.22 |
0.987 |
IGI |
0.61±0.53 |
0.34±0.30 |
0.007 |
DI |
2.42±2.46 |
1.00±0.57 |
0.000 |
AUC Glc0–30
|
242.68±32.38 |
260.79±26.18 |
0.010 |
AUC Ins0–30
|
918.56±605.37 |
721.88±368.18 |
0.176 |
AUCR30
|
4.05±1.92 |
3.31±2.29 |
0.047 |
AUC Glc0–120
|
1,036.33±158.17 |
1,363.18±138.63 |
0.000 |
AUC Ins0–120
|
5,772.31±3,754.30 |
6,035.24±3,208.23 |
0.476 |
AUCRIns/Glc
|
5.58±3.16 |
4.51±2.52 |
0.194 |
C-peptide, ng/mL |
2.14±0.76 |
2.53±0.95 |
0.028 |
HbA1c, % |
5.90±0.43 |
6.40±0.40 |
0.000 |
TC, mg/dL |
202.78±42.17 |
208.75±47.23 |
0.555 |
TG, mg/dL |
146.71±126.05 |
162.77±79.45 |
0.048 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
54.59±14.63 |
49.94±12.02 |
0.124 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
123.93±38.59 |
136.91±40.15 |
0.144 |
hs-CRP, mg/L |
0.12±0.18 |
0.12±0.12 |
0.199 |
Table 4Logistic regression of risk factors associated with overt diabetes mellitus in the subgroup whose fasting pasma glucose was 100 to 125 mg/dL
Characteristic |
Univariate |
Multivariate |
Odds ratio (CI) |
P value |
Odds ratio (CI) |
P value |
BMI, kg/m2
|
1.093 (0.97–1.24) |
0.157 |
- |
- |
FPG, mg/dL |
1.14 (1.07–1.22) |
<0.001 |
- |
- |
HbA1c, % |
22.75 (6.12–84.59) |
<0.001 |
19.57 (2.40–159.41) |
0.005 |
C-peptide, ng/mL |
1.70 (1.06–2.72) |
0.027 |
- |
- |
TG, mg/dL |
1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
0.490 |
- |
- |
Matsuda index |
0.73 (0.55–0.96) |
0.022 |
0.60 (0.39–0.93) |
0.022 |
IGI |
0.254 (0.008–0.82) |
0.022 |
0.054 (0.003–0.912) |
0.043 |