Insulin resistance and T2DM |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Goodpaster et al. (2003) [13] |
Cross-sectional |
1,447 Men /1,517 women |
Thigh IMAT |
Glucose |
Glucose (n) |
Mean age 74 years |
|
Insulin |
Insulin (+) in normal weight |
Black and White |
|
T2DM |
Insulin (n) in overweight and obese |
Health ABC Study |
|
|
T2DM (+) |
Kim et al. (2003) [14] |
Cross-sectional |
23 Men/52 women |
Thigh low-density muscle |
HOMA-IR |
HOMA-IR (+) |
Mean age 41.9 years |
Obese, Korean |
Miljkovic-Gacic et al. (2008) [15] |
Cross-sectional |
1249 African-Caribbean men |
Calf IMAT |
Prevalent T2DM |
Prevalent T2DM (+) |
Mean age 59 years |
Age range 40–91 years |
Tobago Health Study |
Miljkovic et al. (2013) [17] |
Cross-sectional |
393 Men |
Abdominal IMAT (total abdominal, psoas, paraspinal) |
Glucose |
Total abdominal and psoas IMAT associated with: |
Mean age 74 years |
Insulin |
Glucose (+) |
White |
HOMA-IR |
Insulin (+) |
Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study |
|
HOMA-IR (+) |
Granados et al. (2019) [18] |
Cross-sectional |
3,170 Men and women |
Abdominal IMAT |
Prediabetes |
Prediabetes (+) |
Age range 43–55 years |
T2DM |
T2DM (+) |
Black and White |
|
|
CARDIA Study |
|
|
Miljkovic et al. (2020) [20] |
Cross-sectional |
718 African-Caribbean men |
Calf muscle density |
T2DM |
T2DM (–) in non-obese men only |
Mean age 64 years |
Tobago Health Study |
Flowers et al. (2019) [22] |
Cross-sectional |
2,615 Men and women |
Abdominal IMAT |
Impaired fasting glucose |
Impaired fasting glucose (+) in White and HispanicImpaired fasting glucose (n) in South Asian-, |
Mean age 61 years |
T2DM |
Chinese- and African-American |
South Asian, White, Chinese |
|
T2DM (+) in White and Hispanic |
American, Black, and Hispanic |
|
T2DM (–) in African American |
MASALA and MESA |
|
T2DM (n) in South Asian- and Chinese-American |
Therkelsen et al. (2013) [19] |
Cross-sectional |
1,466 Men/1,479 women |
Paraspinous muscle density |
Glucose |
Glucose (–) |
Mean age 51 years |
HOMA-IR |
HOMA-IR (–) |
White |
Impaired fasting glucose |
Impaired fasting glucose (–) in women |
Framingham Heart Study |
T2DM |
Impaired fasting glucose (n) in men |
|
T2DM (–) |
Miljkovic et al. (2016) [23] |
Longitudinal |
1,515 African-Caribbean men |
Calf IMAT |
Incident T2DM |
Incident T2DM (+) |
Mean age 57 years |
Tanaka et al. (2020) [24] |
Longitudinal |
621 Japanese men and women without diabetes |
Abdominal muscle density |
Incident T2DM |
Muscle density associated with incident T2DM (–) |
Middle-aged |
Abdominal low-attenuation muscle |
Low attenuation muscle associated with incident T2DM (+) |
Nishimura Health Survey |
Lipids |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Miljkovic et al. (2013) [34] |
Cross-sectional |
1,821 African-Caribbean men |
Calf IMAT |
Triglycerides |
Triglycerides (n) and HDL-C (n) |
Mean age 59 years |
Calf muscle density |
LDL-C |
Muscle density associated with LDL-C (+) |
Tobago Health Study |
HDL-C |
Durheim et al. (2008) [35] |
Longitudinal |
40 Men/33 women |
Thigh IMAT |
LDL-C particle size |
Reduction in thigh IMAT associated with shifts in HDL-C and LDL-C to larger particles in men only |
Age range 50–65 years |
HDL-C particle size |
White and Black |
Vella et al. (2020) [36] |
Cross-sectional |
928 Men/940 women |
Abdominal muscle density (total abdominal, stability and locomotor) |
Triglycerides |
Triglycerides (n) |
Mean age 65 years |
LDL-C |
LDL-C (n) |
White, Chinese, Black, Hispanic |
VLDL cholesterol |
Total abdominal muscle density associated with total cholesterol (+) |
MESA |
HDL-C |
Locomotor muscle density associated with VLDL (+), HDL (–), and total (+) cholesterol |
Total cholesterol |
Mesinovic et al. (2019) [37] |
Cross-sectional |
84 Overweight and obese men and women |
Forearm muscle density |
Triglycerides |
Triglycerides (n) |
Age ≥50 years |
Calf muscle density |
HDL-C |
HDL-C (n) |
Inflammation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Miljkovic et al. (2011) [38] |
Cross-sectional |
187 Men/284 women |
Calf muscle density |
CRP |
CRP (–) |
Mean age 43 years |
IL-6 |
IL6 (n) |
Age range 18–103 years African-Caribbean |
TNF-α |
TNF (n) |
Tobago Family Health Study |
|
|
Van Hollebeke et al. (2018) [39] |
Cross-sectional |
1,000 Men/961 women |
Abdominal muscle density (total abdominal, stability, and locomotor) |
CRP |
CRP (–) |
Mean age 65 years |
IL-6 |
IL-6 (–) |
Range 46–88 years |
TNF-α |
TNF (n) |
White, Chinese, Black, Hispanic |
Resistin |
Resistin (–) |
MESA |
|
|
Vella et al. (2018) [40] |
Cross-sectional |
983 Men/961 women |
Abdominal muscle density (total abdominal, stability, and locomotor) |
Adiponectin |
Adiponectin (–) |
Mean age 65 years |
Leptin |
Leptin (+) |
White, Chinese, Black, Hispanic |
|
|
MESA |
|
|
Vella et al. (2018) [41] |
Cross-sectional |
947 Men/950 women |
Total abdominal muscle IMAT |
CRP |
CRP (+) |
Mean age 65 years |
IL-6 |
IL-6 (+) |
White, Chinese, Black, Hispanic |
Adiponectin |
Leptin (+) |
MESA |
Leptin |
Adiponectin (–) |
|
Resistin |
Resistin (n) |
Beasley et al. (2009) [42] |
Cross-sectional |
1,302 Men/1,349 women |
Thigh IMAT |
CRP |
CRP (+) |
Age range 70–79 years |
IL-6 |
IL-6 (+) |
Black and White |
TNF-α |
TNF-α (+) in women |
Health ABC Study |
|
TNF-α (n) in men |