Effects of Body Weight Reduction on Serum Irisin and Metabolic Parameters in Obese Subjects

Article information

Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(5):386-395

Publication date (electronic) : 2016 September 27

doi : https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.5.386

, Satoshi Kurose ¹^,², Hiromi Shinno ¹, Ha Cao Thi Thu ¹, Nana Takao ¹, Hiromi Tsutsumi ¹, Takaaki Hasegawa ³, Toshiaki Nakajima ³, Yutaka Kimura ¹^,⁴

¹Department of Health Science, Kansai Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirakata, Japan.

²Disease Prevention Center, Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.

³Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.

⁴Health Science Center, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan.

Corresponding author: Yaeko Fukushima. Department of Health Science, Kansai Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-3-1, Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1191, Japan. bsk-80@outlook.com

Received 2016 March 22; Accepted 2016 August 12.

Abstract

Background

Irisin is a myokine implicated in lipid and glucose metabolism. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of a body weight reduction on the serum irisin level and physical indicators in obese Japanese patients without diabetes.

Methods

The subjects were 22 patients (male/female, 5/17; age, 46.1±16.0 years; body mass index [BMI], 36.9±5.0 kg/m²) who completed a 6-month body weight reduction program at our clinic. The program included diet, exercise therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. Blood parameters, body composition, exercise tolerance, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and serum irisin were determined before and after intervention, and relationships among changes in these data were examined.

Results

There were significant decreases in body weight and BMI after the intervention. Irisin before the intervention was significantly positively correlated with HOMA-IR (r=0.434, P<0.05). The mean irisin level showed no significant change after the intervention in all participants. However, improvements in % body fat, subcutaneous fat area, triglycerides, and fasting glucose were significantly greater in patients with an increase in irisin compared to those with a decrease in irisin after the intervention. Patients with an increase in irisin also had significantly lower fasting insulin (9.7±4.8 vs. 16.4±8.2, P<0.05) and HOMA-IR (2.2±1.1 vs. 3.7±1.6, P<0.05) after the intervention, compared to patients with a decrease in irisin.

Conclusion

Body weight reduction did not alter irisin levels. However, irisin may play important roles in fat and glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, and the effects of body weight reduction on irisin kinetics may be a key for obesity treatment.

Keywords: Body composition; Insulin resistance; Irisin; Lean muscle mass; Obesity

INTRODUCTION

Skeletal muscle produces bioactive substances referred to as myokines, as well as serving as the locomotor apparatus [1]. Myokines act on skeletal muscle and perimuscular tissue in an autocrine or paracrine manner and on distal organs in an endocrine manner. Therefore, skeletal muscle is implicated in both musculoskeletal and glycolipid metabolism, and loss of skeletal muscle mass is responsible for insulin resistance [2 3].

Irisin is a skeletal muscle myokine that alters the color of white adipocytes to brown and enhances fat combustion, which suggests that irisin may be useful for obesity therapy [4 5 6]. The first study of the anti-obesity effect of irisin in mice was performed by Bostrom et al. [4] in 2012. Irisin is secreted in skeletal muscle in mice and humans in response to exercise stimulus, and this has led to many studies of the effects of exercise on irisin. However, the results of these studies are unclear, with exercise intervention performed by Kerstholt et al. [7] in 740 healthy adults and by Hecksteden et al. [8] in a randomized comparative trial showing no consistent increase in irisin. There are also no consistent results in obese patients and it is unclear if body weight reduction has an effect on irisin in obese patients.

Our previous study showed that the serum level of irisin was positively correlated with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in Japanese patients with obesity in both sexes. We suggested that compensatory enhancement of irisin secretion may occur in response to insulin resistance [9 10 11 12 13]. In seeking a treatment for obesity, improving the HOMA-IR score for assessment of insulin resistance may be helpful as the first priority for patients with obesity, but without severe disease such as diabetes, kidney or heart failure and cancer or medication that influences insulin resistance. This approach requires detailed information on irisin metabolism and the relationship between irisin and metabolic parameters (visceral and subcutaneous fat, blood chemistry and HOMA-IR), but many effects of irisin remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we examined the relationship of irisin with HOMA-IR and physical parameters in Japanese obese patients and the effects of body weight reduction through exercise intervention on irisin and its relationships with metabolic parameters.

METHODS

Subjects and study protocol

The subjects were 22 patients with obesity (male/female, 5/17; age, 46.1±16.0 years; body weight, 93.0±17 kg; body mass index [BMI], 36.9±5.0 kg/m²) who visited our obesity clinic and completed a 6-month body weight reduction program. The subjects were among 66 obese patients (BMI >30 kg/m²) who visited our clinic between 2013 and 2014 and had not been treated previously (male/female, 19/47; age, 45.7±13.4 years; body weight, 93.8±17.6 kg; BMI, 36.5±4.7 kg/m²). Physical findings (height, body weight), blood parameters in a fasted state, cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), body composition, visceral fat area (VFA) and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) on computed tomography, exercise tolerance, and lower extremity muscle strength were evaluated at the first visit and after the intervention. Changes in parameters before and after the intervention and relationships among parameters were evaluated. The exclusion criteria were subjects with diabetes, renal or heart failure, or cancer, or use of medication that affects muscle mass, such as sex hormones and steroids. The study was conducted in accordance with the Code of Ethics of Kansai Medical University. All subjects received an explanation of the purpose, contents and risks of the study and gave written informed consent for participation in the study (approval no. H130181, date of approval March 26, 2014).

Body weight control program and monitoring

The weight control program included exercise therapy, monthly nutritional guidance, and psychological counseling. A symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) test was performed before the program to determine the anaerobic threshold oxygen uptake (ATVO₂) and peak oxygen uptake (peak VO₂) in each subject. The exercise program lasted 70 minutes, and included 30 minutes of aerobic exercise such as that on a bicycle or treadmill, and gravity level resistance exercise based on stretching [14]. Over a period of 6 months, exercise therapy was supervised by a health exercise instructor at least once or twice a month in our health science center. The subjects were asked to perform similar exercise three times a week at home. For exercise at home, a pedometer was given to each subject to measure activity. Individual exercise amounts were determined from the pedometer at every visit to the center. The health exercise instructor also provided guidance to subjects at each visit. For nutritional guidance, education on eating behavior and dietary instruction was provided. The dietitian provided advice on eating behavior based on cognitive behavioral medicine. In psychological counseling, a clinical psychotherapist provided guidance, with a focus on self-monitoring and self-efficacy based on cognitive behavioral therapy [15 16].

Body composition and skeletal muscle mass indexes

Body fat mass and fat-free mass were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; DPX-NT System; GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK). After the 6-month intervention, these parameters were determined before other effects were evaluated. Absolute values of fat mass and fat-free mass (whole body, upper extremities, body trunk, and lower extremities) were obtained from DXA. % Skeletal muscle was obtained by adjusting the total lean body mass for weight (total lean body mass/body weight [%]) and the skeletal muscle index (SMI) was obtained by adjusting the lean body mass of the extremities for height² (total lean-body mass of extremities/square height [kg/m²]). These are appropriate indexes for lean mass volume in subjects with obesity [17].

Measurement of lower limb muscle strength

The lower limb muscle strength was measured twice based on the uniform rotation leg strength using a recumbent ergometer (Strength Ergo; Mitsubishi Electric Corp., Tokyo, Japan). The maximum was recorded and values were corrected for body weight (Nm/kg).

Cardiopulmonary exercise test

A symptom-limited CPX test was performed using a bicycle ergometer (232C-XL; Combi Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). For analysis of expired gas, measurements were performed with the breath-by-breath method using an AE-300 System (Minato Medical Science Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan). The anaerobic threshold (AT) was determined using the V-slope method. Peak VO₂ was defined as the highest level under load. AT and VO₂ were recorded [18].

Hematological parameters and serum irisin levels

Blood was collected after fasting and peripheral and biochemical blood parameters and myokines were measured. Blood samples for irisin measurement were collected, promptly centrifuged at 4℃ and 3,000 rpm for 10 minutes, and placed in a container for serum storage at –80℃ until performance of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum irisin was determined using an irisin enzyme immunoassay kit (EK-067-29; Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Burlingame, CA, USA). Optical density at 450 nm was measured using a microplate reader (Powerscan HT; DS Pharma Biomedical Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan). HOMA-IR was used as an index of insulin resistance and was obtained from the fasting blood insulin (immunoreactive insulin [IRI]) concentration and the fasting blood sugar (FBS) level early in the morning, based on the equation: HOMA-IR=(IRI×FBS)/405 [19]. Glucose analysis was performed with an automatic analyzer (Adams Glucose GA-1170; Arkray Inc., Kyoto, Japan). An automatic glycohemoglobin analyzer (HLC-723G7; Tosoh Bioscience Corp., Tokyo, Japan) was used for measurement of glycosylated hemoglobin.

Statistical analysis

Data are expressed as mean±standard deviation or number (%). Values before and after the 6-month intervention in all participants were compared by paired t-test. Differences between participants with increases and decreases in irisin after the intervention were compared by unpaired t-test. Spearman rank-correlation coefficients were used to examine relationships between changes in values. For factors showing correlation, partial correlation coefficients were calculated using gender as a control variable. All calculations were performed using SPSS version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). P<0.05 was considered significant in all analyses.

RESULTS

The background of the 22 subjects is shown in Table 1. Nineteen had no smoking or alcohol history, only two had taken antihypertensive agents, and none had received an antidiabetic, insulin injection, lipid-regulating agent or any medication that affects muscle mass. No subjects had diabetes, renal or heart failure, cancer or any other severe disease (Table 1).

Table 1

Baseline demographic and lifestyle data for participants

After the 6-month body weight reduction program, there were significant decreases in body weight (93.0±17.3 to 87.1±16.2 kg), BMI (36.9±5.0 to 34.5±4.5 kg/m²), VFA (168.8±58.3 to 142.5±40.2 cm²), SFA (465.8±125.0 to 418.0±111.4 cm²), and fasting glucose (96.8±10.5 to 92.8±7.9 mg/dL); and significant increases in % skeletal muscle (49.5%±5.1% to 52.8%±5.8%), leg strength (1.3±0.4 to 1.4±0.3 kg/kg), exercise tolerance (ATVO₂, 11.1±1.8 to 12.2±1.9 mL/kg/min; peak VO₂, 18.7±4.3 to 19.6±4.1 mL/kg/min), and high density lipoprotein (HDL; 42.1±9.4 to 49.7±8.8 mg/dL; all P<0.01) (Table 2). There were also non-significant decreases in % body fat (46.3%±9.9% to 44.0%±7.8%), SMI (7.7±1.2 to 7.6±1.2 kg/m²), TG (142.6±50.1 to 135.0±52.8 mg/dL), fasting insulin (13.8±8.2 to 12.5±7.1 µU/mL), and HOMA-IR (3.3±1.8 to 2.8±1.5); and non-significant increases in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (106.9±29.1 to 113.8±25.3 mg/dL) and serum irisin (1.20±0.20 to 1.25±0.18 ng/mL) (Table 2).

Table 2

Changes of parameters from baseline to after a 6-month weight reduction intervention in all participants

Before body weight reduction, irisin levels were significantly positively correlated with HOMA-IR. Partial correlation coefficients were also calculated using gender as a control variable (r=0.627, P=0.002) (Fig. 1). There was no significant change in irisin from before to after the intervention (1.20±0.2 to 1.25±0.18 ng/mL) (Fig. 2). However, 13 subjects had an increase in irisin and nine had a decrease in irisin after the intervention (Table 3). In the patients with increased irisin, body weight (92.5±15.3 to 86.0±13.1 kg), BMI (36.8±5.0 to 34.0±3.7 kg/m²), % body fat (48.2%±10.4% to 43.2%±7.8%), VFA (169.6±66.1 to 147.2±45.5 cm²), SFA (477.2±138.4 to 425.8±129.1 cm²), TG (152.1±53.6 to 122.7±42.8 mg/dL), and fasting glucose (97.3±10.5 to 92.4±8.3 mg/dL) significantly decreased; and % skeletal muscle (49.5%±5.4% to 53.4%±6.7%), HDL (39.0±7.3 to 49.0±8.3 mg/dL), LDL (98.8±28.1 to 109.2±26.5 mg/dL), and serum irisin (1.1±0.1 to 1.3±0.2 ng/mL) significantly increased (all P<0.05). In contrast, in the patients with decreased irisin, only body weight (93.6±20.9 to 88.8±20.6 kg), BMI (37.0±5.2 to 35.2±5.7 kg/m²), and serum irisin (1.3±0.3 to 1.2±0.2 ng/mL) significantly decreased (P<0.05), while % body fat (43.7%±9.0% to 45.1%±8.0%), SFA (449.3±108.3 to 406.7±85.6 cm²), TG (128.9±43.8 to 152.7±63.1 mg/dL), and fasting glucose (96.1±11.1 to 93.3±7.6 mg/dL) did not change significantly.

Fig. 1

Relationship between irisin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) before intervention in all subjects. Partial correlation analysis was performed using gender as a control variable.

Fig. 2

Changes of serum irisin before and after the intervention in subjects with (A) an increase in irisin and (B) a decrease in irisin.

Table 3

Differences in metabolic parameters before and after a 6-month weight reduction intervention in participants with increased or decreased irisin levels

Data reflecting insulin resistance in subjects with increases and decreases in irisin after the intervention are shown in Table 4. After the intervention, there were some significant differences in metabolic parameters between these groups. Before the intervention, fasting insulin (P=0.058) and HOMA-IR (P=0.069) did not differ between the groups, but after the intervention the HOMA-IR was significantly lower in subjects with increased irisin compared to those with decreased irisin (P<0.05).

Table 4

Comparison of metabolic parameters in participants with increased and decreased irisin levels after a 6-month weight reduction intervention

DISCUSSION

The 6-month body weight reduction program did not alter irisin levels in all participants, but patients with an irisin increase had significantly improved % body fat, SFA, TG, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR, compared with those with decreased irisin. These data suggest that increasing serum irisin might be important for improvement of fat and glucose metabolism and improvement of insulin resistance.

Previous studies have shown irisin changes after exercise intervention for short to long periods in mice and humans [20]. Irisin secretion in skeletal muscle is linked to exercise-induced expression of FNDC5 mRNA, and Bostrom et al. [4] found increased expression of FNDC5 mRNA in skeletal muscle of mice after exercise for 3 weeks and in muscle cells of obese patients after exercise therapy for 10 weeks. However, a significant increase in irisin was not found after exercise therapy in non-obese individuals [7 21 22], and no significant changes in irisin occurred in obese patients after 8-week endurance training [23] and 12-week strength and endurance training [24 25].

The effects of body weight reduction on irisin were examined by Crujeiras et al. [10] in an 8-week body weight reduction program in 93 obese patients (BMI, 35.66±4.5 kg/m²), by Huerta et al. [26] in a 10-week body weight reduction program in 79 female obese patients (BMI, 27.5 to 39.9 kg/m²), and by de la Iglesia et al. [27] in a 6-week body weight reduction program. In all obese patients in these studies, irisin decreased with body weight reduction [10 26 27]. Irisin is an anti-obesity hormone that enhances fat combustion and has an anti-obesity effect [4 5 6]. Therefore, irisin in obese patients has a positive correlation with fat mass [9 10 11 28 29 30 31]. However, subject background and exercise vary among studies, resulting in difficulty in assessment of the effects of body weight reduction.

In this study, the 6-month weight reduction intervention caused no significant change in irisin, with nine subjects showing a decrease and 13 an increase in irisin. The mean irisin levels before intervention were 1.31 and 1.13 ng/mL in the respective groups. Previous studies in obese patients have shown that irisin decreases with weight reduction [10 22 26] and this may have occurred in the nine subjects with decreased irisin after the intervention in the current study. Stengel et al. [29] found a positive relationship between BMI and irisin level in a comparison of obese and non-obese patients, and Moreno et al. [32] found that irisin was higher in subjects with low activity than in those with average or high activity. In a cross-sectional study, Huth et al. [33] showed that irisin was highest in obese prediabetic patients, followed by obese patients and non-obese individuals, and lowest in athletes. The higher irisin in obese persons is due to compensation for metabolic homeostasis, and this suggests that irisin should be decreased by body weight reduction due to discontinuation of compensatory action. However, irisin in patients with metabolic syndrome or simple obesity, and in prediabetic and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, is lower than that in healthy individuals [25 34 35 36]. These results suggest that homeostatic breakdown inhibits the compensatory action of irisin, causing a decrease in irisin. Based on these results, activity, obesity, abnormal glucose tolerance, and other diseases need to be considered to differentiate irisin kinetics in obese patients. The obese nondiabetic patients in this study had borderline manifestation, and changes in irisin after body weight reduction were unlikely to be consistent.

BMI, % skeletal muscle, and HDL showed significant improvements after the intervention in all subjects in the current study, but % body fat, SFA, TG, and fasting glucose showed significant decreases only in patients with an irisin increase. First, this result indicates that irisin alters lipid metabolism, and irisin has previously been shown to have beneficial effects on metabolism by inducing browning of white adipocytes and contributing to fat metabolism [5 37 38]. In mouse models, FNDC5 mRNA expression induces browning of adipocytes and thermogenesis by increasing the level of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) [4]. Serum irisin is associated with metabolic disorders, including obesity and diabetes [5 11 29 34 35 37 39 40], and browning of adipose tissue contributes to decreased weight gain [5 38], but our results showed significant body weight reduction in patients with increased and decreased irisin. Secretion of irisin is higher from white adipose tissues in diet-induced obese rats compared to lean control rats [41], and some studies in humans have also found a positive correlation of the serum irisin level with fat [4 28 38 42 43 44]. These results indicate that adipose tissue, especially in obesity, is an important source of irisin secretion. Second, fasting insulin and the HOMA-IR score after the intervention were significantly lower in patients with increased irisin, which supports the suggestion that irisin has an anti-metabolic effect [4 6]. One possible effect of irisin involves single nucleotide polymorphisms in FNDC5 modulating glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity [38 40 45 46], and this is consistent with the low HOMA-IR score in patients with increased irisin in the current study.

Irisin in obese subjects before the intervention had a significant positive correlation with HOMA-IR. Park et al. [9] and Crujeiras et al. [10] have also shown this positive correlation between irisin and HOMA-IR in obese patients, whereas Al-Daghri et al. [38] found a negative correlation and Moreno-Navarrete et al. [28] confirmed this negative correlation in male obese patients. Obese patients with BMI >30 kg/m² in this study had a positive correlation of irisin with HOMA-IR; therefore, irisin secretion in response to adiposis and insulin resistance probably enhanced metabolic homeostasis in a compensatory manner [11 12]. These factors are also affected by gender, but the number of subjects was too small for an interventional trial and this prevented analysis by gender. In a large-scale cross-sectional study, Kerstholt et al. [47] found no sex difference in irisin, and we previously showed that serum irisin levels were positively correlated with HOMA-IR in 19 men and 47 women with obesity without diabetes and that HOMA-IR was independently related to the irisin level in stepwise multiple linear regression analysis [13]. Therefore, the changes in irisin levels in the current study are unlikely to have been related to gender.

This study has several limitations. Irisin kinetics are likely to differ between obese patients with and without diabetes, but only obese patients without diabetes were included in the study. Also, menopause could influence the results, but we could not check how many subjects were postmenopausal. However, most Japanese women are postmenopausal at an average of about 50 years old, and thus few of the subjects were likely to be postmenopausal. Further studies in more subjects are required to validate the results.

In conclusion, irisin before a body weight reduction intervention in obese patients was significantly positively correlated with HOMA-IR. Body weight reduction did not alter irisin levels in all participants. Only subjects with an irisin increase showed significant improvements in % body fat, SFA, TG, and fasting glucose from before to after the intervention. Fasting insulin and HOMA-IR scores were significantly lower in these subjects compared to those with decreased irisin after the intervention. These findings suggest that increased irisin has beneficial regulatory effects on fat, glucose, and insulin resistance. Therefore, the effects of body weight reduction and exercise intervention on irisin kinetics might be keys in obesity treatment.

Notes

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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Item	Value
Sex, male/female	17/5
Age, yr	46.1±16.0
Body weight, kg	93.0±17.3
Body mass index, kg/m²	36.9±5.0
Smoking status
Current	1 (4.5)
Past	2 (9.1)
Never	19 (86.4)
Alcohol
Every day	1 (4.5)
Often	2 (9.1)
None	19 (86.4)
Medication
Hypertensive drug	2 (9.1)
Antidiabetic drug/insulin	0

Variable	Increase in irisin			Decrease in irisin
Variable	Before	After	P value	Before	After	P value
Sex, male/female	13 (4/9)			9 (3/6)
Age, yr	48.2±15.0			43.1±17.8
Body weight, kg	92.5±15.3	86.0±13.1	<0.01	93.6±20.9	88.8±20.6	<0.05
Body mass index, kg/m²	36.8±5.0	34.0±3.7	<0.01	37.0±5.2	35.2±5.7	<0.05
% Body fat, %	48.2±10.4	43.2±7.8	<0.05	43.7±9.0	45.1±8.0	0.45
% Skeletal muscle, %	49.5±5.4	53.4±6.7	<0.01	49.5±4.9	51.9±4.5	<0.01
Skeletal muscle index	7.6±1.3	7.5±1.2	0.15	7.9±1.2	7.8±1.1	0.69
Leg strength, kg/kg	1.3±0.3	1.2±0.2	0.11	1.5±0.4	1.7±0.3	0.20
Exercise capacity
ATVO₂, mL/min/kg	11.1±1.7	12.0±1.6	0.14	11.1±2.1	12.5±2.4	0.07
Peak VO₂, mL/min/kg	17.2±3.9	18.4±3.0	0.06	20.8±4.2	21.1±5.0	0.31
Metabolic parameter
Visceral fat area, cm²	169.6±66.1	147.2±45.5	<0.05	167.7±48.7	135.7±32.4	<0.05
Subcutaneous fat area, cm²	477.2±138.4	425.8±129.1	<0.01	449.3±108.3	406.7±85.6	0.06
HDL-C, mg/dL	39.0±7.3	49.0±8.3	<0.01	46.6±10.6	50.7±9.9	<0.05
LDL-C, mg/dL	98.8±28.1	109.2±26.5	<0.05	118.6±28.0	120.4±23.5	0.75
Triglycerides, mg/dL	152.1±53.6	122.7±42.8	<0.05	128.9±43.8	152.7±63.1	0.23
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	97.3±10.5	92.4±8.3	<0.01	96.1±11.1	93.3±7.6	0.33
Fasting insulin, µU/mL	11.1±4.0	9.7±4.8	0.20	17.8±11.0	16.4±8.2	0.52
HOMA-IR, ×10^-6 mol×IU×L^-2	2.7±1.2	2.2±1.1	0.08	4.1±2.2	3.7±1.6	0.48
HbA1c, %	5.7±0.5	5.7±0.4	0.66	5.7±0.4	5.7±0.3	0.43
Myokine
Serum irisin, ng/mL	1.1±0.1	1.3±0.2	<0.01	1.3±0.3	1.2±0.2	<0.05

Variable	After intervention		P value
Variable	Increase	Decrease	P value
Body weight, kg	86.0±13.1	88.8±20.6	0.70
Body mass index, kg/m²	34.0±3.7	35.2±5.7	0.57
% Body fat, %	43.2±7.8	45.1±8.0	0.58
% Skeletal muscle, %	53.4±6.7	51.9±4.5	0.59
Skeletal muscle index	7.5±1.2	7.8±1.1	0.50
Leg strength, kg/kg	1.2±0.2	1.7±0.3	<0.01
Exercise capacity
ATVO₂, mL/min/kg	12.0±1.6	12.5±2.4	0.58
Peak VO₂, mL/min/kg	18.4±3.0	21.1±5.0	0.18
Metabolic parameter
Visceral fat area, cm²	147.2±45.5	135.7±32.4	0.52
Subcutaneous fat area, cm²	425.8±129.1	406.7±85.6	0.70
HDL-C, mg/dL	49.0±8.3	50.7±9.9	0.67
LDL-C, mg/dL	109.2±26.5	120.4±23.5	0.32
Triglycerides, mg/dL	122.7±42.8	152.7±63.1	0.20
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	92.4±8.3	93.3±7.6	0.79
Fasting insulin, μU/mL	9.7±4.8	16.4±8.2	<0.05
HOMA-IR, ×10-6 mol×IU×L^-2	2.2±1.1	3.7±1.6	<0.05
HbA1c, %	5.7±0.4	5.7±0.3	0.77
Myokine
Serum irisin, ng/mL	1.3±0.2	1.2±0.2	0.84

Variable	Pre-intervention	After intervention	P value
Body weight, kg	93.0±17.3	87.1±16.2	<0.01
Body mass index, kg/m²	36.9±5.0	34.5±4.5	<0.01
% Body fat, %^a	46.3±9.9	44.0±7.8	0.14
% Skeletal muscle, %^b	49.5±5.1	52.8±5.8	<0.01
Skeletal muscle index^c	7.7±1.2	7.6±1.2	0.19
Leg strength, kg/kg	1.3±0.4	1.4±0.3	<0.05
Exercise capacity
ATVO₂, mL/min/kg	11.1±1.8	12.2±1.9	<0.01
Peak VO₂, mL/min/kg	18.7±4.3	19.6±4.1	<0.01
Metabolic parameter
Visceral fat area, cm²	168.8±58.3	142.5±40.2	<0.01
Subcutaneous fat area, cm²	465.8±125.0	418.0±111.4	<0.01
HDL-C, mg/dL	42.1±9.4	49.7±8.8	<0.01
LDL-C, mg/dL	106.9±29.1	113.8±25.3	0.06
Triglycerides, mg/dL	142.6±50.1	135.0±52.8	0.51
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	96.8±10.5	92.8±7.9	<0.01
Fasting insulin, μU/mL	13.8±8.2	12.5±7.1	0.19
HOMA-IR, ×10^-6 mol×IU×L^-2	3.3±1.8	2.8±1.5	0.09
HbA1c, %	5.7±0.5	5.7±0.4	1.00
Myokine
Serum irisin, ng/mL	1.20±0.20	1.25±0.18	0.14