Opening the Precision Diabetes Care through Digital Healthcare

Article information

Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(3):307-314

Publication date (electronic) : 2023 March 29

doi : https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0386

Joonyub Lee, Jin Yu, Kun-Ho Yoon

Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Kun‐Ho Yoon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9109-2208 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpodaero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea E-mail: yoonk@catholic.ac.kr

Received 2022 November 17; Accepted 2023 February 27.

Abstract

Key figure

The Sulwon Award for Scientific Achievement is the Korean Diabetes Association’s highest scientific award and honors an individual who has excellently contributed to the progress in the field of diabetes and metabolism. The Sulwon Award is named after an emeritus professor, Eung Jin Kim, who founded Korean Diabetes Association. Prof. Kun-Ho Yoon received the 14th Sulwon Award at the 35th Spring Congress of Korean Diabetes Association, May 12 to 14 in 2022 at Gyeongju, Korea.

INTRODUCTION

National healthcare expenditures are increasing rapidly worldwide, causing a substantial economic burden to each country. The national healthcare expenditure in South Korea is estimated to reach 137.2 billion U.S. dollar (USD) in 2020. This number accounts for 8.4% of the gross domestic product (GDP), which more than doubled within 20 years (3.9% in 2000) [1]. Chronic diseases and their related complications are major causes of this rapidly increasing healthcare burden [2]. Diabetes is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases that results in various vascular complications (nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, peripheral artery diseases, and cardiovascular diseases) [3]. Diabetes-related complications can be prevented or delayed when diabetes and the associated metabolic parameters are properly managed [4-6]. Frustratingly, only 24.5% of patients with diabetes reach the optimal glycemic target (glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] ≤6.5%), and only 9.7% meet comprehensive metabolic targets (HbA1c ≤6.5%, blood pressure <140/90 mm Hg, low-density lipoprotein <100 mg/dL) [7]. Therefore, developing an efficient and comprehensive diabetes healthcare system is essential for alleviating the national healthcare burden.

Patients with diabetes have heterogeneous pathophysiology and phenotypes that require life-long individualized management [8-12]. Current guidelines recommend individualized therapeutic options, depending on the concomitant disease, obesity, and socioeconomic status of patients with diabetes [13-15]. However, inter-individual and intra-individual variations in medical information (genome, epigenome, metabolite, protein, and life-log data) remain largely unknown [16]. Current practice is based on the assumption that most patients in each subcategory of diabetes respond similarly to standardized treatment. Therefore, it is important to develop a novel diabetes care system which minimizes healthcare costs and improves the quality of care to secure future national healthcare systems. In this review, we discuss the current evidence and share our perspectives on how digital technologies can fulfill these unmet needs of diabetes care.

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY AND MOBILE HEALTHCARE IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES

Digital technology can increase accessibility between patients and healthcare professionals, accelerating the advent of mobile healthcare in diabetes. Previously, we and other groups have demonstrated that digital technology-mediated patient management can improve the outcomes of patients with diabetes. In 2004, when the internet became widely available in Korea, our group demonstrated an Internet-based glucose monitoring (IBGM) system that can improve glycemic outcomes in patients with diabetes [17]. Thus, patients were able to receive feedback from physicians once they uploaded their personal profiles, self-monitored blood glucose levels, medication information, and other diabetes-related questions. After 3 months of follow-up, patients in the IBGM intervention group showed improved HbA1c levels than those in the control group (control vs. intervention HbA1c: 7.62% vs. 6.94%, P<0.001; n=101). The effect of IBGM intervention was still evident even in the long-term (30 months) after the intervention was initiated [18]. This finding was further validated in a large-scale, multicenter clinical trial [19]. In these trial, the frequency of self-blood glucose measurement was similar between the intervention and control groups. Therefore, we speculate the glucose lowering effect of digital communication can be mainly attributed to medical experts’ appropriate response to patients at the right time and constantly encouraging the motivation of patients. For these trials were mainly focused on glucose level, we further explored whether digital healthcare can reduce the incidence of diabetes related complications. By using computer simulation model (CORE diabetes model), we demonstrated that IBGM system can delay the onset and progression of microvascular complications more than a year in patients with diabetes [20]. These findings suggest that digital technology can provide novel opportunity for future healthcare. Since our web-based study, smartphones are being widely used, and mobile app-based communication provides better accessibility to remote health care. Following the results of Internet-based interventions, smartphone-based health care has been shown to be effective in the care of patients with diabetes [21-23]. We developed a mobile app-based patient-physician communication gateway named “iCareD,” in which patients can upload their daily life-log variables (glucose, blood pressure, and activity), and medical experts can provide feedback. Patient-physician communication using “iCareD” system improved glycemic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at 12 weeks of intervention [23]. Encouraged by these previous results, we participated in a national project called the “Primary health care chronic diseases management pilot program.” “Primary health care chronic diseases management pilot program” was supervised and funded by Ministry of Health and Welfare in Korea with 60 million USD budget. A total of 460,000 patients newly diagnosed with diabetes or hypertension from 3,781 primary care clinics were enrolled in this study. Next, physicians performed comprehensive assessments and set up care plans and goals for the patients. Then, patients received comprehensive disease-related lifestyle education, tele-monitoring, and feedback (smart coaching) conducted by healthcare professionals (dietitians, exercise coaches, and nurses). Physicians then reassess the status twice a year and reset the care plan and goal for each patient [24]. The preliminary outcome of this “pilot project” showed that the intervention could improve glycemic outcomes in patients with diabetes. After 3 months of intervention, the difference in HbA1c compared with baseline was significantly lower in the intervention group control (0.27% vs. intervention 0.63%, P<0.05) [25]. Encouraged by this result, a community-based randomized controlled trial is underway to accurately evaluate the efficacy of this new chronic disease primary healthcare platform. Similarly, a pilot digital healthcare program on Medicaid patients were launched during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States. After 1 year of participating this pilot digital healthcare program, more than half of patients with poorly controlled diabetes improved their glycemic outcome [26]. To establish a mobile app-based primary diabetes care system and evaluate its efficacy, we organized a national scale communitybased randomized control trial in which iCareD is merged into the “Primary health care chronic diseases management program.” The trial was named the “Advanced primary health care chronic diseases management program,” and iCareD was merged with the electronic medical record (EMR) system of the participating primary care clinic. When patients are enrolled, they receive comprehensive assessment and education and sign up to engage in iCareD. Based on the initial assessment, the physicians established individual care goals and plans for each patient. Participants upload individual life log data on iCareD, and physicians provide smart monitoring and feedback based on the uploaded data. Patients can consult physicians and take opinion of medical experts (dietitians, exercise experts, and nurses) when necessary. Subsequently, physicians re-analyze patients during their routine clinic visits and can reset their personal goals. This “Advanced primary health care chronic diseases management program” is an ongoing trial and is planned for 6-month follow-up to evaluate their efficacy (Fig. 1). In 2022, President Yoon Suk-yeol announced the new government’s national goal after he was elected the 20th president of the Republic of Korea. In this announcement, “the expansion of health services based on innovative ICT technology” was included as an important future national goal [27]. The government will increase its investment in developing an Information and communication technology (ICT)-based primary care clinic-centered chronic disease care system to strengthen the management of patients with chronic diseases. In addition, the institutionalization of primary care clinic-based mobile healthcare for patients with chronic diseases will be accelerated to provide constant and proper management to patients in medically vulnerable areas. In summary, ICT increases communication accessibility between patients and healthcare providers, accelerating the advent of mobile healthcare. ICT-based diabetes care has been shown to be effective and cost-efficient. With national support, ICT-based primary care services for diabetes will largely expand.

Fig. 1.

A new paradigm of diabetes care through digital technology. In the future, each individual will be in charge of their own health data. Personal health record (PHR) and life-log data can be exchanged by “My-healthway” and information can be integrated and stored in individual healthcare apps. This valuable individual health information can be used for clinical application (mobile healthcare), establish national bio-big data, invent new health care (digital twin) system, and enable precision medicine. CGM, continuous glucose monitoring.

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION MEDICINE IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES

Digital technology provides unprecedented quantity and quality of patient-generated health data (PGHD), accelerating the advent of precision medicine in diabetes care. Patients with diabetes share heterogeneous pathophysiology and phenotypes that require life-long individualized management [8-12]. In 2015, former U.S. President Barack Obama announced the launch of the Precision Medicine Initiative [28]. Since then, large-scale investments and actions have been undertaken to enable precision medicine. Precision medicine aims to predict the individual risk of developing various diseases and provide the most optimal therapy for those who already have diseases [29-31]. To achieve this goal, it is important to understand how environmental and genetic factors and their interactions contribute to the development of diseases and understand the variation in individual responses to medical treatments [30,32]. Each nation has organized large-scale cohorts to collect and analyze medical information and biological samples. National Institutes of Health in the U.S. initiated enrollment of a national cohort (“All of the US”) in 2018 to collect medical information (electronic health record), PGHD, and biological samples (DNA, metabolite, proteome). The cohort aims to engage >1 million participants, and approximately 35% of individuals were enrolled 2 years after the launch of the program [33]. “The Million Veteran Program” directed by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, is also under progress and has already enrolled 0.9 million participants [34]. The U.K. biobank engaged 0.5 million participants, and further plans to pursue their project until the number of participants reaches 5 million [35]. Finland organized “FinnGen” project in 2017 to enroll 0.5 million participants [36]. China has also organized a national precision medicine project aimed at enrolling 1 million participants [37]. One of the main hurdles in collecting data for largescale national cohorts is the integration of EMRs. EMRs were initially developed to efficiently share health information between physicians, patients, insurance companies, and researchers. However, integrating high-throughput EMR data remains challenging because of the diverse number of EMR platforms, the un-unified use of medical terminologies, and the lack of important patient information [38]. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have enabled us to deal with missing values and systematically analyze high volumes of EMR data [39-41]. In addition, the ontological classification of medical records provides a link between heterogeneously described medical records and biologically meaningful phenotypes [42]. Data security and storage are other important issues in integrating EMR data and adopting them in precision medicine [43]. I have participated in “The digital healthcare special committee belonging to the president committee fourth industrial revolution” in South Korea and organized the “My-Healthway” system. “My-Healthway” enables each individual to store their personal health record (PHR) in a personal cloud or mobile smartphone (Fig. 1) [44]. As a result, each individual can take the initiative for integrating and managing their own medical data and transferring them to others, such as hospitals, government, insurance companies, and researchers, when necessary. The first service of “MyHealthway” was started in January 2021 by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. The national healthcare big data generated by Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service, and National Health Insurance Service is already provided through “My-Healthway” mobile application. Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital and Pusan National University Hospital have already finished a national pilot project to adopt “My-Healthway” and shared PHRs between primary care clinics and general hospitals. The use of “My-Healthway” will be expanded to general hospitals and private clinics within 2 to 3 years.

The South Korean government has recently organized the Korea Precision Medicine Initiative (KPMI), in which I have the privilege to participate. The KPMI is planning to establish “a national integrative bio data dam” for engaging 1 million participants and collecting their clinical, genomic, proteome, microbiome, and lifelog data (Fig. 1). The “national integrative bio data dam” will provide valuable information to researchers and physicians for planning individualized therapy or life style guidance and disease prediction/or early detection [45]. Of the various sources of data—exogenous, including behavioral, environmental, and socio-economic status, genomic, and clinical—exogenous data account for approximately 60% of patient health outcomes [46]. Digital sensor devices can provide valuable patient-generated exogenous data, important for understanding an individual’s health status [47]. Therefore, mobile sensor devices are expected to be applied to many national precision medicine cohorts. Furthermore, digital health devices, such as continuous glucose monitoring systems, activity trackers, calorie calculators, and insulin pumps, can provide essential glucose-affecting life-log data to physicians and researchers [48-50]. These digital health devices that generate PGHD will aid physicians in categorizing the heterogeneous phenotypes of patients with diabetes and ultimately enable physicians to provide individualized therapy. We speculate that these advances in technologies and systems will substantially aid in accelerating the advent of precision medicine for diabetes.

FUTURE PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUSION

Digital technologies have long influenced the field of diabetes care, accelerating the era of mobile healthcare and precision medicine. Importantly, mobile healthcare and personalized care will not be mutually exclusive in the future diabetes care. The personal ownership of their PHR (“My-Healthway”) will enable distal care providers to understand individuals’ deep phenotyped information. In particular, digital sensor technologies can provide real-time life-log information to medical experts. When combined with a patient-physician communication platform, medical experts can provide individualized realtime feedback to patients. To cope with these changes, our team has recently developed a more evolved diabetes care platform to provide “AI-driven personalized mobile healthcare” to patients with diabetes using digital twin (DT) technology (Fig. 1). A DT is a technology that creates virtual twins with the same characteristics as real objects [51,52]. Simulations can be performed on this virtual object to predict the outcome and provide optimal feedback to the real objects. To apply this technology in diabetes care, we collected continuous life-log variables with digital sensors (continuous glucose monitoring, insulin pump, food tag, and activity tracker) from patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. We aimed to produce virtual twins from each patient and provide guidance on optimal insulin dosage or lifestyle changes based on AI algorithms. However, this study is still preliminary, and further studies should be conducted. In addition, regulatory problems remain a major hurdle for applying these new diabetes care platforms. Nevertheless, digital technologies have been and will transform future diabetes care and will eventually “minimize healthcare costs” and “improve the quality of care” in patients with diabetes. Therefore, we should not hesitate to implement these technologies that can revolutionize diabetes care.

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