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Response: Lack of Association between Serum Cystatin C Levels and Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetic Patients (Korean Diabetes J 2010;34:95-100)
Eun Hee Kim, Ki-Up Lee
Korean Diabetes Journal 2010;34(3):209-210.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.3.209
Published online: June 30, 2010
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Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

corresp_icon Corresponding author: Ki-Up Lee. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 388-1 Pungnap 2-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea. kulee@amc.seoul.kr

Copyright © 2010 Korean Diabetes Association

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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We would like to express our appreciation to Dr. Won for his letter regarding our manuscript, "Lack of association between serum cystatin C level and coronary artery disease in diabetic patients."
Cystatin C is a low molecular mass protein that is passed freely through the glomerular membrane. Unlike creatinine, cystatin C is eliminated from circulation almost exclusively by the kidney and is affected less by renal tubular secretion, theoretically making it an ideal marker of glomerular filtration rate. A recent meta-analysis suggested serum cystatin C level as a better indicator of kidney function than serum creatinine level [1]. Cystatin C is produced by all nucleated cells, and its level is independent of body composition, in contrast to creatinine, which is produced almost exclusively by skeletal muscles [2,3].
It has been reported that serum cystatin C level is a strong predictor of mortality and cardiovascular events in elderly patients with chronic renal disease or coronary artery disease (CAD) [4,5]. In addition, Maahs et al. [6] reported a statistically important relationship between serum cystatin C level and CAD in type 1 diabetic patients. In contrast, we found no association between serum cystatin C level and CAD in type 2 diabetic patients [7]. Serum cystatin C level was significantly higher in patients with diabetic nephropathy, both in CAD patients and in non-CAD patients. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in serum cystatin C level between CAD and non-CAD patients, regardless of the presence of diabetic nephropathy. The cause of this discrepancy between studies is not clear, but several other studies have reported similar results to those of our study. Serum cystatin C has been used to predict chronic renal disease, but not CAD [8]. In a study of middle-aged subjects, carotid atherosclerosis was found to be associated with microalbuminuria but not with serum cystatin C level [9]. In addition, a recent study by Maahs et al. [10] also reported that, in persons without diabetes mellitus and having relatively normal renal function, increased cystatin C was associated with decreased, rather than increased, CAD progression.
In conclusion, we believe that serum cystatin C level is a useful marker for the assessment of renal function but is not a marker for CAD. However, our study is limited because it was a retrospective case-control study, the study sample was relatively small, and we did not evaluate the associations among cystatin C level and other markers of inflammation or BMI. Further prospective studies with larger sample sizes are needed to evaluate the relationship between serum cystatin C and cardiovascular disease.
  • 1. Dharnidharka VR, Kwon C, Stevens G. Serum cystatin C is superior to serum creatinine as a marker of kidney function: a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;40:221-226. ArticlePubMed
  • 2. Filler G, Bokenkamp A, Hofmann W, Le Bricon T, Martinez-Bru C, Grubb A. Cystatin C as a marker of GFR: history, indications, and future research. Clin Biochem 2005;38:1-8. ArticlePubMed
  • 3. Bokenkamp A, Domanetzki M, Zinck R, Schumann G, Byrd D, Brodehl J. Cystatin C: a new marker of glomerular filtration rate in children independent of age and height. Pediatrics 1998;101:875-881. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 4. Shlipak MG, Sarnak MJ, Katz R, Fried LF, Seliger SL, Newman AB, Siscovick DS, Stehman-Breen C. Cystatin C and the risk of death and cardiovascular events among elderly persons. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2049-2060. ArticlePubMed
  • 5. Keller T, Messow CM, Lubos E, Nicaud V, Wild PS, Rupprecht HJ, Bickel C, Tzikas S, Peetz D, Lackner KJ, Tiret L, Munzel TF, Blankenberg S, Schnabel RB. Cystatin C and cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary artery disease and normal or mildly reduced kidney function: results from the Athero-Gene study. Eur Heart J 2009;30:314-320. ArticlePubMed
  • 6. Maahs DM, Ogden LG, Kretowski A, Snell-Bergeon JK, Kinney GL, Berl T, Rewers M. Serum cystatin C predicts progression of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2007;56:2774-2779. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 7. Kim EH, Yu JH, Lee SA, Kim EY, Kim WG, Lee SH, Cho EH, Koh EH, Lee WJ, Kim MS, Park JY, Lee KU. Lack of association between serum cystatin C levels and coronary artery disease in diabetic patients. Korean Diabetes J 2010;34:95-100. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 8. Luc G, Bard JM, Lesueur C, Arveiler D, Evans A, Amouyel P, Ferrieres J, Juhan-Vague I, Fruchart JC, Ducimetiere P. Plasma cystatin-C and development of coronary heart disease: The PRIME Study. Atherosclerosis 2006;185:375-380. ArticlePubMed
  • 9. Shimizu-Tokiwa A, Kobata M, Io H, Kobayashi N, Shou I, Funabiki K, Fukui M, Horikoshi S, Shirato I, Saito K, Tomino Y. Serum cystatin C is a more sensitive marker of glomerular function than serum creatinine. Nephron 2002;92:224-226. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 10. Maahs DM, Snell-Bergeon JK, Hokanson JE, Kinney GL, Berl T, Rewers M, Ogden LG. Relationship between cystatin C and coronary artery atherosclerosis progression differs by type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2010;12:25-33. ArticlePubMedPMC

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    • Association Between Cathepsin S, Cystatin C and High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) with Oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) in Men with Central Obesity
      Emmy F Harefa, Ilhamjaya Patellongi, Marita Kaniawati
      The Indonesian Biomedical Journal.2012; 4(1): 50.     CrossRef

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      Response: Lack of Association between Serum Cystatin C Levels and Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetic Patients (Korean Diabetes J 2010;34:95-100)
      Korean Diabetes J. 2010;34(3):209-210.   Published online June 30, 2010
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    Response: Lack of Association between Serum Cystatin C Levels and Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetic Patients (Korean Diabetes J 2010;34:95-100)
    Response: Lack of Association between Serum Cystatin C Levels and Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetic Patients (Korean Diabetes J 2010;34:95-100)
    Kim EH, Lee KU. Response: Lack of Association between Serum Cystatin C Levels and Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetic Patients (Korean Diabetes J 2010;34:95-100). Diabetes Metab J. 2010;34(3):209-210.
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.3.209.

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