Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

Diabetes Metab J : Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Search
OPEN ACCESS

Articles

Page Path
HOME > Diabetes Metab J > Volume 35(5); 2011 > Article
Original Article
Dietary Oleate Has Beneficial Effects on Every Step of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Progression in a Methionine- and Choline-Deficient Diet-Fed Animal Model
Ji Young Lee1, Jae Hoon Moon2, Jong Suk Park2, Byung-Wan Lee2, Eun Seok Kang2, Chul Woo Ahn2, Hyun Chul Lee2, Bong Soo Cha1,2
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 2011;35(5):489-496.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.5.489
Published online: October 31, 2011
  • 30,072 Views
  • 33 Download
  • 17 Crossref
  • 16 Scopus

1Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

2Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author: Bong Soo Cha. Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 250 Seongsanno, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea. bscha@yuhs.ac
*Ji Young Lee and Jae Hoon Moon contributed equally to this work as first authors.
• Received: February 11, 2011   • Accepted: April 11, 2011

Copyright © 2011 Korean Diabetes Association

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

  • Background
    Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly recognized as a major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality. The underlying mechanisms of disease progression remain poorly understood, and primary therapy of NAFLD is not yet established. We investigated the effects of dietary oleate on the development and progression of NAFLD in a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet-fed animal model.
  • Methods
    A total of 30 C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into three groups (n=10 in each group) and fed various experimental diets for four weeks: chow, MCD diet, or OMCD (MCD diet with oleate, 0.5 mg/g/day). Liver samples were examined for steatohepatitis and fibrosis parameters and associated genes.
  • Results
    Additional dietary oleate dramatically reduced MCD diet-induced hepatic steatosis. Hepatic carbohydrate responsive element-binding protein was overexpressed in MCD diet-fed mice, and dietary oleate prevented this overexpression (P<0.001). Dietary oleate partially prevented MCD diet-induced serum level increases in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (P<0.001, respectively). The mRNA expressions of hepatic monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, tumor necrosis factor-α and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were increased in MCD diet-fed mice, and this overexpression of inflammatory molecules was prevented by dietary oleate (P<0.001). Hepatic pericellular fibrosis was observed in MCD diet-fed mice, and dietary oleate prevented this fibrosis. Altogether, dietary oleate prevented MCD diet-induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis.
  • Conclusion
    Dietary oleate has beneficial effects in every step of NAFLD development and progression and could be a nutritional option for NAFLD prevention and treatment.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum of disorders characterized by hepatic fat accumulation ranging from simple steatosis to severe non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with centrilobular necroinflammation and has been increasingly recognized as a major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality [1]. Although the underlying mechanisms of disease progression remain poorly understood, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and an inflammatory cascade are believed to play important roles in the development and progression of this disease [1-3]. The treatment of NAFLD consists of modification of underlying risk factors and detection of patients with liver cirrhosis. Although some agents provide modest improvements in liver function tests and histologic parameters, primary therapy for NAFLD has not yet been established [2].
The methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet is a well-established and widely-used nutritional model of human NAFLD. This high sucrose-containing diet lacks methionine and choline in its composition, contains a higher lipid composition than a normal chow diet, and causes hepatic steatosis and inflammation that mimics NAFLD in humans [4,5]. Although the mechanisms responsible for the development of hepatic steatosis due to the MCD diet are not fully understood, recent studies suggest that the MCD diet increases hepatic fatty acid uptake and decreases very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion [4].
Oleic acid (18:1n-9), the richest source of fatty acid in olive oil, is a monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). Recently, dietary olive oil was reported to decrease hepatic lipid content in rats fed an MCD diet [6]. Considering that only 15% of fatty acid stored in the liver is of dietary origin in NAFLD patients [7], reduced plasma free fatty acid (FFA) and de novo lipogenesis were suggested as possible mechanisms to prevent the accumulation of fatty acids in the liver under an olive oil-enriched diet [6]. In fact, MUFA from safflower oil was reported to decrease lipogenesis in the rat liver [8]. Additionally, recent studies show that a diet rich in olive oil decreases hepatic injury and apoptosis in mice fed an MCD diet [9]. However, to our knowledge, there are few studies that have investigated the effect of dietary MUFA on each stage of NAFLD development and progression.
In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary oleate on the development and progression of NAFLD in a MCD-diet mouse model. This study presents some clues to understanding the mechanisms through which the MCD diet induces steatohepatitis and describes how dietary MUFA prevents steatohepatitis in this animal model. As a result, this study suggests dietary oleate as a nutritional option for NAFLD prevention and treatment.
Animals, diet, and treatment
Eight-week-old C57BL/6J mice (Samtako Inc., Osan, Korea) weighing 20 to 21 g were maintained at ambient temperature (22±1℃) on 12-hour light-dark cycles with free access to water and diet. Initially, all mice were fed a chow diet during a one-week quarantine and acclimation period. Then, at nine weeks of age, mice displaying no abnormal findings at the end of the quarantine and acclimation period were randomly divided into three groups. The mice in the chow group (n=10) were fed a normal chow diet; the mice in the MCD group (n=10) were fed an MCD diet (Dyets Inc., Bethlehem, PA, USA); the mice in the OMCD group (n=10) were fed an MCD diet with oleate supplementation (0.5 mg/g/day; Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) throughout the four weeks of the experimental period. Oleate was orally administrated with a 10 cc syringe, and body weights were measured every other day. Mice were sacrificed at 13 weeks of age. The animals were euthanized at the end of a dark cycle after overnight fasting for tissue sampling. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture, and the livers were isolated, immediately freeze-clamped in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80℃ until analysis. All experimental procedures were performed under sterile conditions and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Yonsei University College of Medicine.
Biochemical examination
Plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were assayed by routine automated laboratory methods.
Histopathological analysis
Livers were weighed to allow the calculation of relative liver weight (percentage of liver weight to body weight). Livers were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned at 3 µm. Standard hematoxylin and osin (H&E) and trichrome staining was performed [10]. Fresh tissue was frozen immediately after each animal was dissected, and the tissue was placed in pre-labeled base molds filled with embedding medium used for frozen tissue to ensure the optimal cutting temperature (OCT). Routine sections were cut at 7 µm, frozen and stained with Oil-red O. For the evaluation of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, the average areas (%) of the fat droplets and fibrosis within hepatocytes were measured with the aid of an image analyzer in three randomly selected fields (magnification, ×100) of each section stained with Oil-red O and trichrome [11].
Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry was performed with an antibody to carbohydrate responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Rockford, IL, USA) on paraffin-embedded sections. Immunohistochemical staining was performed with an ABC staining system (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) [12].
RNA and cDNA preparation
Total RNA was isolated from mouse liver tissue using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and quantified using a Nano Drop instrument (ND-1000; DM Science, Seoul, Korea). Following RNA extraction, 4 µL RNA was treated with 1 U DNase I to remove all contaminating genomic DNA. DNase-treated RNA was subsequently used for cDNA synthesis using MMLV reverse transcriptase (Promega, Madison, WI, USA): 1 µL oligo dT primer was added to 4 µL RNA in 5× MMLV reaction buffer, 2.5 mM each dNTP, 1 U RNasin ribonuclease inhibitor and MMLV reverse transcriptase (200 units). cDNA was stored at -20℃.
Quantitative RT-PCR
Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was performed with an ABI 7500 instrument and software (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). PCR reactions were performed in triplicate in a final volume of 20 µL according to the manufacturer's protocol. Mouse ChREBP mRNA expression was analyzed using Taqman probes (Mm02342723_m1; Applied Biosystems). For each assay, a standard curve was obtained by analyzing a dilution series of pooled cDNA samples for the relevant gene. Data were analyzed with Sequence Detector 1.7 software (Applied Biosystems). Mouse glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as the internal standard to control for variability, and results were expressed as a ratio of the gene expression relative to that of GAPDH.
Semi-quantitative RT-PCR
The hepatic expressions of the mRNAs for apolipoprotein B100 (APOB100), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were assessed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis using GAPDH as an internal control gene. RT-PCR products were electrophoresed on a 1% (w/v) agarose gel, the gel was stained with ethidium bromide, and bands were visualized by UV light. The primers used for RT-PCR are listed in Table 1. Samples from all experimental animals were used for this analysis.
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS software version 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Values were expressed as mean±standard deviation. Statistical analyses were performed using the unpaired Student's t-test or one-way ANOVA. Data with a P value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
An MCD diet decreased body weight and relative liver weight
After the four week-experimental period, the body weights of the MCD diet-fed mice significantly decreased compared to those of the chow diet-fed mice (chow vs. MCD vs. OMCD, 25.0±0.7 g vs. 15.3±0.8 g vs. 15.6±1.2 g, P<0.001) (Table 2). Relative liver weights in the MCD diet-fed groups were significantly increased compared to those in the chow diet-fed group. Between the MCD diet-fed groups, the increase in relative liver weight in mice fed an MCD diet only was more prominent than that in mice fed an MCD diet with oleate (chow vs. MCD vs. OMCD, 4.8±0.5% vs. 6.5±0.4% vs. 5.8±0.6%, P<0.001) (Table 2).
Dietary oleate prevented steatosis in the liver of mice fed an MCD diet
To investigate and compare the extent of hepatic steatosis among the groups, Oil-Red-O staining of mice liver samples was performed. In the MCD diet-fed mice, numerous fat droplets were observed within hepatocytes, and the total fat droplet area was markedly increased in the livers of MCD diet-fed mice (chow vs. MCD, 0.05±0.01% vs. 14.31±0.35%, P<0.001) (Fig. 1). This increase in hepatic lipid droplets in mice fed an MCD diet was attenuated by dietary oleate. In the livers of oleate-treated MCD diet-fed mice, lipid droplets were significantly decreased compared to those of the MCD diet-fed mice (MCD vs. OMCD, 14.31±0.35% vs. 3.65±0.04%, P<0.001) (Fig. 1).
Hepatic ChREBP overexpression and APOB100 reduction by an MCD diet are inhibited by dietary oleate
To investigate the effect of dietary MUFA on hepatic de novo lipogenesis, ChREBP expression in each group was evaluated. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that hepatic ChREBP was overexpressed in mice fed an MCD diet compared to that of chow diet-fed mice (Fig. 2A and B). Interestingly, dietary oleate completely attenuated MCD diet-induced overexpression of hepatic ChREBP (Fig. 2C). The results of quantitative RT-PCR demonstrate that the mRNA expression of hepatic ChREBP was markedly increased by the MCD diet, and oleate intake prevented this increase (chow vs. MCD vs. OMCD, 1.00±0.07 AU vs. 1.90±0.14 AU vs. 1.10±0.07 AU, P<0.001) (Fig. 2D).
Hepatic APOB100 expression was evaluated to investigate the effect of dietary MUFA on hepatic VLDL excretion. The mRNA expression of hepatic APOB100 tended to be reduced in the MCD diet-fed mice, and dietary oleate prevented this reduction (chow vs. MCD vs. OMCD, 1.00±0.25 AU vs. 0.75±0.25 AU vs. 1.10±0.39 AU, P=0.065) (Fig. 2E).
Dietary oleate prevented steatohepatitis and fibrosis in the livers of MCD diet-fed mice
To investigate the hepatic inflammatory status of each group, serum AST and ALT levels were measured. As expected, the MCD diet increased serum AST and ALT levels (AST, chow vs. MCD, 85.3±5.9 IU/L vs. 465.5±6.8 IU/L, P<0.001; ALT, chow vs. MCD, 38.7±9.7 IU/L vs. 658.3±8.4 IU/L, P<0.001) (Table 2). Oleate intake partially prevented these increases in serum AST and ALT levels (AST, MCD vs. OMCD, 465.5±6.8 IU/L vs. 356.5±6.4 IU/L, P<0.001; ALT, MCD vs. OMCD, 658.3±8.4 IU/L vs. 450.2±7.2 IU/L, P<0.001) (Table 2). H&E staining of mice liver samples displayed increased inflammatory cells and focal aggregates of inflammatory cells in MCD diet-fed mice compared to the responses in chow diet-fed or OMCD diet-fed mice (Fig. 3). The results of semi-quantitative RT-PCR demonstrate that the mRNA expressions of hepatic MCP1, TNF-α and MMP-9 were increased in the MCD diet-fed mice, and this overexpression of inflammatory cytokines was prevented by dietary oleate (MCP1, chow vs. MCD vs. OMCD, 1.00±0.07 AU vs. 1.95±0.14 AU vs. 1.51±0.11 AU, P<0.001; TNF-α, 1.00±0.08 AU vs. 1.93±0.11 AU vs. 1.12±0.11 AU, P<0.001; MMP-9, 1.00±0.07 AU vs. 1.83±0.11 AU vs. 1.24±0.12 AU, P<0.001) (Fig. 4).
Trichrome staining of mice liver samples was used to evaluate the hepatic pericellular fibrosis in each group. Pericellular fibrosis and numerous collagen fibers were observed in livers from the MCD diet-fed mice, but the number of liver collagen fibers was not higher than that of chow diet-fed mice in oleate-treated mice (relative fibrosis area, chow vs. MCD vs. OMCD, 1.00±0.05 AU vs. 1.96±0.06 AU vs. 1.10±0.05 AU, P<0.001) (Fig. 5).
This study demonstrated that dietary oleate prevented MCD diet-induced steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrosis via an increase in hepatic triglyceride excretion and decreases in hepatic de novo lipogenesis and inflammation. The MCD diet is a well-established and widely-used nutritional model of steatohepatitis thatcauses hepatic steatosis and inflammation that mimics NAFLD in humans [4,5]. In this study, as expected, hepatic steatosis developed in the MCD diet-fed mice. Additionally, the MCD diet tended to reduce hepatic APOB100. This result suggests a decrease in hepatic VLDL excretion and is consistent with previous studies [4,13]. Surprisingly, our results showed that the MCD diet induced an important lipogenic transcription factor in the liver, ChREBP. ChREBP regulates hepatic de novo lipogenesis in response to elevated glucose concentrations by binding lipogenic enzyme genes [14,15]. Previous studies reported the opposite results for another lipogenic transcription factor, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) [4,16,17]. In those studies, reduced mRNA expression or nuclear levels of hepatic SREBP-1 were observed in the MCD diet-fed mice compared with those in the chow diet-fed mice, but no consistent reduction in fatty acid synthesis genes, such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), was noted [16,17]. Our results might explain this discrepancy; ACC and FAS are regulated not only by SREBP-1 but also by ChREBP; thus, the overexpression of ChREBP due to an MCD diet might maintain the expression of fatty acid synthesis genes. In fact, hepatic de novo lipogenesis is not known to contribute to the development of hepatic steatosis in the MCD diet animal model [4,13,16,17]. Although the MCD diet induced hepatic ChREBP overexpression in our study, this result does not mean that hepatic steatosis is due to increased hepatic lipogenesis because MCD diet-induced hepatic ChREBP overexpression could be a compensatory response for decreased hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Furthermore, we did not investigate downstream lipogenic regulation of ChREBP. Nevertheless, considering glucose-induced ChREBP activation and the up-regulation of ChREBP in a diabetic condition, the steatogenetic potential of this overexpression of hepatic ChREBP by an MCD diet might be magnified in the condition of hyperglycemia, even if the increase in hepatic de novo lipogenesis is not a main mechanism of MCD diet-induced hepatic steatosis. Actually, in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats, an animal model of type 2 diabetes with insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, it was reported that the development of hepatic fat accumulation, inflammation and fibrosis due to an MCD diet was accelerated compared with that in non-diabetic control rats [18]. In a report with db/db mice, another diabetic animal model, hepatic fibrosis induced by an MCD diet was more prominent than that in non-diabetic db/m mice [19].
Previous studies have reported the effect of dietary MUFA against steatohepatitis in NAFLD animal models. A study with rats fed an MCD diet show that the extent of hepatic fatty infiltration and hepatic triglyceride content were lower in the rats fed an MCD diet with olive oil (0.45 mg/g rat weight) than in the rats fed an MCD diet only [6]. The authors of that study suggested MUFA from olive oil might inhibit hepatic triglyceride synthesis on the basis of prior studies reporting reduced lipogenesis in the rat liver due to dietary MUFA from safflower oil [6,8]. In the present study, hepatic steatosis was reduced in mice fed an MCD diet with oleate compared with that in the mice fed an MCD diet only. Additionally, dietary oleate almost completely prevented the decrease in hepatic APOB100 expression, and the MCD diet induced overexpression of hepatic ChREBP in mice. These results suggest that dietary oleate prevents hepatic steatosis by maintaining hepatic VLDL excretion, as well as by reducing hepatic de novo lipogenesis in this animal model. As mentioned above, increased hepatic ChREBP does not mean that hepatic de novo lipogenesis contributes to the development of steatohepatitis in this animal model. However, we can suggest that dietary oleate prevented MCD diet-induced hepatic steatosis, and this effect, at least in part, is associated with the reduced expression of hepatic ChREBP and suppression of hepatic de novo lipogenesis. In addition, our results also suggest that dietary oleate might be more effective against hepatic steatosis in a hyperglycemic or insulin-resistant status.
In the present study, we cannot confirm whether the change in hepatic ChREBP expression is a direct effect of the MCD diet or dietary oleate. Although it has been reported that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) suppress ChREBP activity in primary hepatocytes by increasing ChREBP mRNA decay [20], and high glucose concentration down-regulates the expression of ChREBP mRNA in insulinoma cells [21], the regulation of ChREBP mRNA transcription or translation is not well understood [14]. The mechanisms through which the MCD diet increases hepatic ChREBP expression and dietary oleate prevents this overexpression need to be further investigated.
H&E staining of the liver showed increased and focally aggregated inflammatory cells in the livers of MCD diet-fed mice. Dietary oleate prevented this aggregation of hepatic inflammatory cells. These results are consistent with our results of increased MCP1 mRNA expression in the liver of MCD diet-fed mice and reduced expression by dietary oleate. MCP-1 is a potent chemotactic factor for monocytes and is derived predominantly from macrophages and endothelial cells [22,23]. The MCD diet and dietary oleate also affected the expressions of other hepatic inflammatory molecules, such as TNF-α and MMP-9. Biologically, TNF-α activates a cascade of cytokine production [24], and MMP-9 plays a crucial role for the migration, extravasation, and infiltration of immune cells, including monocytes [25]. TNF-α, in particular, is implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD [2]. Elevated levels of TNF-α have been detected in obese patients with insulin resistance and also in patients with NASH [2]. In our results, the MCD diet induced TNF-α and MMP-9 mRNA expressions in the liver, and dietary oleate prevented the up-regulation of these inflammatory molecules. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the effects of dietary MUFA on hepatic inflammatory molecules in a NAFLD animal model.
To explain the pathogenesis of NAFLD, a "multi-hit" (formerly "double-hit") hypothesis has been widely accepted; insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis - the first hit - and subsequent development of inflammation or fibrosis - the second hit [2]. With trichrome staining, it was demonstrated that dietary oleate prevented MCD diet-induced hepatic fibrosis. This result suggests that dietary MUFA might prevent the development of cirrhosis resulting from NAFLD. Further, considering the "multi-hit hypothesis," our results showing the effects of dietary oleate on hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis suggest that dietary MUFA has beneficial effects in every step of NAFLD development and progression.
In conclusion, our data suggest that dietary MUFA can prevent hepatic steatosis by reducing hepatic ChREBP overexpression, as well as by inducing APOB100 expression. Additionally, our data suggest that dietary MUFA inhibits the development of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis by suppressing several inflammatory molecules. Altogether, dietary oleate has beneficial effects in every step of the development and progression of NAFLD and may be a nutritional option for NAFLD prevention and treatment.

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) grant funded by the Korean government (MEST) (grant number, 2010-0028367).
  • 1. Farrell GC, Larter CZ. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: from steatosis to cirrhosis. Hepatology 2006;43(2 Suppl 1):S99-S112. ArticlePubMed
  • 2. Lewis JR, Mohanty SR. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a review and update. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55:560-578. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 3. Cheung O, Sanyal AJ. Recent advances in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2009;25:230-237. ArticlePubMed
  • 4. Rinella ME, Elias MS, Smolak RR, Fu T, Borensztajn J, Green RM. Mechanisms of hepatic steatosis in mice fed a lipogenic methionine choline-deficient diet. J Lipid Res 2008;49:1068-1076. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 5. Schattenberg JM, Singh R, Wang Y, Lefkowitch JH, Rigoli RM, Scherer PE, Czaja MJ. JNK1 but not JNK2 promotes the development of steatohepatitis in mice. Hepatology 2006;43:163-172. ArticlePubMed
  • 6. Hussein O, Grosovski M, Lasri E, Svalb S, Ravid U, Assy N. Monounsaturated fat decreases hepatic lipid content in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:361-368. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 7. Donnelly KL, Smith CI, Schwarzenberg SJ, Jessurun J, Boldt MD, Parks EJ. Sources of fatty acids stored in liver and secreted via lipoproteins in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest 2005;115:1343-1351. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 8. Wong SH, Nestel PJ, Trimble RP, Storer GB, Illman RJ, Topping DL. The adaptive effects of dietary fish and safflower oil on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in perfused rat liver. Biochim Biophys Acta 1984;792:103-109. ArticlePubMed
  • 9. Li ZZ, Berk M, McIntyre TM, Feldstein AE. Hepatic lipid partitioning and liver damage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: role of stearoyl-CoA desaturase. J Biol Chem 2009;284:5637-5644. PubMedPMC
  • 10. Abiru S, Migita K, Maeda Y, Daikoku M, Ito M, Ohata K, Nagaoka S, Matsumoto T, Takii Y, Kusumoto K, Nakamura M, Komori A, Yano K, Yatsuhashi H, Eguchi K, Ishibashi H. Serum cytokine and soluble cytokine receptor levels in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Liver Int 2006;26:39-45. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 11. Oz HS, Im HJ, Chen TS, de Villiers WJ, McClain CJ. Glutathione-enhancing agents protect against steatohepatitis in a dietary model. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2006;20:39-47. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 12. Tomita K, Tamiya G, Ando S, Ohsumi K, Chiyo T, Mizutani A, Kitamura N, Toda K, Kaneko T, Horie Y, Han JY, Kato S, Shimoda M, Oike Y, Tomizawa M, Makino S, Ohkura T, Saito H, Kumagai N, Nagata H, Ishii H, Hibi T. Tumour necrosis factor alpha signalling through activation of Kupffer cells plays an essential role in liver fibrosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. Gut 2006;55:415-424. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 13. Yao ZM, Vance DE. The active synthesis of phosphatidylcholine is required for very low density lipoprotein secretion from rat hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 1988;263:2998-3004. ArticlePubMed
  • 14. Uyeda K, Repa JJ. Carbohydrate response element binding protein, ChREBP, a transcription factor coupling hepatic glucose utilization and lipid synthesis. Cell Metab 2006;4:107-110. ArticlePubMed
  • 15. Stoeckman AK, Ma L, Towle HC. Mlx is the functional heteromeric partner of the carbohydrate response element-binding protein in glucose regulation of lipogenic enzyme genes. J Biol Chem 2004;279:15662-15669. ArticlePubMed
  • 16. Rizki G, Arnaboldi L, Gabrielli B, Yan J, Lee GS, Ng RK, Turner SM, Badger TM, Pitas RE, Maher JJ. Mice fed a lipogenic methionine-choline-deficient diet develop hypermetabolism coincident with hepatic suppression of SCD-1. J Lipid Res 2006;47:2280-2290. ArticlePubMed
  • 17. Larter CZ, Yeh MM, Haigh WG, Williams J, Brown S, Bell-Anderson KS, Lee SP, Farrell GC. Hepatic free fatty acids accumulate in experimental steatohepatitis: role of adaptive pathways. J Hepatol 2008;48:638-647. ArticlePubMed
  • 18. Ota T, Takamura T, Kurita S, Matsuzawa N, Kita Y, Uno M, Akahori H, Misu H, Sakurai M, Zen Y, Nakanuma Y, Kaneko S. Insulin resistance accelerates a dietary rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2007;132:282-293. ArticlePubMed
  • 19. Sahai A, Malladi P, Pan X, Paul R, Melin-Aldana H, Green RM, Whitington PF. Obese and diabetic db/db mice develop marked liver fibrosis in a model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: role of short-form leptin receptors and osteopontin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004;287:G1035-G1043. ArticlePubMed
  • 20. Dentin R, Benhamed F, Pegorier JP, Foufelle F, Viollet B, Vaulont S, Girard J, Postic C. Polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress glycolytic and lipogenic genes through the inhibition of ChREBP nuclear protein translocation. J Clin Invest 2005;115:2843-2854. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 21. Wang H, Wollheim CB. ChREBP rather than USF2 regulates glucose stimulation of endogenous L-pyruvate kinase expression in insulin-secreting cells. J Biol Chem 2002;277:32746-32752. ArticlePubMed
  • 22. Matsushima K, Larsen CG, DuBois GC, Oppenheim JJ. Purification and characterization of a novel monocyte chemotactic and activating factor produced by a human myelomonocytic cell line. J Exp Med 1989;169:1485-1490. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 23. Rollins BJ. Chemokines. Blood 1997;90:909-928. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 24. Jiménez-Gómez Y, Lopez-Miranda J, Blanco-Colio LM, Marin C, Perez-Martinez P, Ruano J, Paniagua JA, Rodriguez F, Egido J, Perez-Jimenez F. Olive oil and walnut breakfasts reduce the postprandial inflammatory response in mononuclear cells compared with a butter breakfast in healthy men. Atherosclerosis 2009;204:e70-e76. ArticlePubMed
  • 25. Sun J, Feng A, Zhang Y, Sun S, Hu W, Yang M, Wei F, Qu X. Fucoidan increases TNF-alpha-induced MMP-9 secretion in monocytic cell line U937. Inflamm Res 2010;59:271-276. ArticlePubMedPDF
Fig. 1
The effects of the methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCD) diet and dietary oleate on hepatic fat accumulation. Oil-red-O staining of frozen liver sections. Scale bars, 200 µm. (A) Chow diet-fed mice. (B) MCD diet-fed mice. (C) MCD diet with oleate (0.5 mg/g/day for 4 weeks)-fed mice. (D) The areas of fat droplets, measured by image analyzer in three randomly selected fields (magnification, ×100) of each liver section. Chow, normal chow diet; OMCD, MCD diet with oleate. aP<0.05 vs. chow, bP<vs. MCD.
dmj-35-489-g001.jpg
Fig. 2
The effects of the methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCD) diet and dietary oleate on hepatic carbohydrate responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) and apolipoprotein B (apo B) expression. Immunohistochemical detection of ChREBP in liver paraffin-embedded sections. Scale bars, 50 µm. (A) Chow diet-fed mice. (B) MCD diet-fed mice. (C) MCD diet with oleate (0.5 mg/g/day for 4 weeks)-fed mice. (D) Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) quantification of ChREBP mRNA in mouse liver samples from each group. (E) Real-time RT-PCR quantification of APOB100 mRNA in mouse liver samples from each group. AU, arbitrary unit; Chow, normal chow diet; OMCD, MCD diet with oleate. aP<0.05 vs. chow, bP<vs. MCD.
dmj-35-489-g002.jpg
Fig. 3
Liver histology in mice fed each experimental diet. H&E staining of liver paraffin-embedded sections. Scale bars, 200 µm. (A) Chow diet-fed mice. (B) MCD diet-fed mice. (C) MCD diet with oleate (0.5 mg/g/day for 4 weeks)-fed mice. Arrows indicate the focal aggregation of inflammatory cells. Chow, normal chow diet; MCD, methionine- and choline-deficient diet; OMCD, MCD diet with oleate.
dmj-35-489-g003.jpg
Fig. 4
The effects of the methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCD) diet and dietary oleate on hepatic inflammatory molecules. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for inflammatory molecules in mouse liver samples from each group. (A) MCP1. (B) TNF-α. (C) MMP-9. MCP1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; AU, arbitrary unit; Chow, normal chow diet; MCD, methionine- and choline-deficient diet; OMCD, MCD diet with oleate (0.5 mg/g/day for 4 weeks). aP<0.05 vs. chow, bP<vs. MCD.
dmj-35-489-g004.jpg
Fig. 5
The effects of the methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCD) diet and dietary oleate on hepatic fibrosis. Trichrome staining of liver paraffin-embedded sections. Scale bars, 200 µm. (A) Chow diet-fed mice. (B) MCD diet-fed mice. (C) MCD diet with oleate (0.5 mg/g/day for 4 weeks)-fed mice. (D) The areas of fibrosis, measured by image analyzer in three randomly selected fields (magnification, ×100) of each liver section. AU, arbitrary unit; Chow, normal chow diet; OMCD, MCD diet with oleate. aP<0.05 vs. chow, bP<vs. MCD.
dmj-35-489-g005.jpg
Table 1
RT-PCR primers
dmj-35-489-i001.jpg

RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; APOB100, apolipoprotein B100; MCP1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Table 2
Clinical characteristics of mice after four weeks of experimental diets
dmj-35-489-i002.jpg

Values represent mean±standard deviation for n=10 in each group.

Chow, normal chow diet; MCD, methionine- and choline-deficient diet; OMCD, MCD diet with oleate (0.5 mg/g/day); AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase.

aP<0.05 for MCDD vs. chow, bP<0.05 for OMCDD vs. chow, cP<0.05 for OMCD vs. MCD.

Figure & Data

References

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Bidirectional association between NAFLD and gallstone disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
      Shengying Gu, Shanshan Hu, Shuowen Wang, Chendong Qi, Chenyang Shi, Guorong Fan
      Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2023; 17(3): 283.     CrossRef
    • The Effect of Bioactive Aliment Compounds and Micronutrients on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
      Camelia Munteanu, Betty Schwartz
      Antioxidants.2023; 12(4): 903.     CrossRef
    • Single‐cell transcriptomics stratifies organoid models of metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease
      Anja Hess, Stefan D Gentile, Amel Ben Saad, Raza‐Ur Rahman, Tim Habboub, Daniel S Pratt, Alan C Mullen
      The EMBO Journal.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Histopathological Examination of the Effects of Tocilizumab and Dexamethasone on the Liver in Rats of Oleic Acid induced Acute Lung Injury
      Funda TERZİ, Hüseyin Serkan EROL
      Balıkesır Health Sciences Journal.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Identifying Lipid Metabolites Influenced by Oleic Acid Administration Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry-Based Lipidomics
      Chao Xu, Dan Song, Askild L. Holck, Youyou Zhou, Rong Liu
      ACS Omega.2020; 5(20): 11314.     CrossRef
    • Causative and Sanative dynamicity of ChREBP in Hepato-Metabolic disorders
      P. Vineeth Daniel, Prosenjit Mondal
      European Journal of Cell Biology.2020; 99(8): 151128.     CrossRef
    • PPARδ attenuates hepatic steatosis through autophagy-mediated fatty acid oxidation
      Lei Tong, Long Wang, Shuangshuang Yao, Lina Jin, Jian Yang, Yifei Zhang, Guang Ning, Zhiguo Zhang
      Cell Death & Disease.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Butyrate Protects Mice Against Methionine–Choline-Deficient Diet-Induced Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis by Improving Gut Barrier Function, Attenuating Inflammation and Reducing Endotoxin Levels
      Jianzhong Ye, Longxian Lv, Wenrui Wu, Yating Li, Ding Shi, Daiqiong Fang, Feifei Guo, Huiyong Jiang, Ren Yan, Wanchun Ye, Lanjuan Li
      Frontiers in Microbiology.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Olive oil combined with Lycium barbarum polysaccharides attenuates liver apoptosis and inflammation induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats
      Yun-Yun Chiang, Jane C.-J. Chao
      Journal of Functional Foods.2018; 48: 329.     CrossRef
    • Dietary oleic acid regulates hepatic lipogenesis through a liver X receptor-dependent signaling
      Simon Ducheix, Alexandra Montagner, Arnaud Polizzi, Frédéric Lasserre, Marion Régnier, Alice Marmugi, Fadila Benhamed, Justine Bertrand-Michel, Laila Mselli-Lakhal, Nicolas Loiseau, Pascal G. Martin, Jean-Marc Lobaccaro, Laurent Ferrier, Catherine Postic,
      PLOS ONE.2017; 12(7): e0181393.     CrossRef
    • Is hepatic lipogenesis fundamental for NAFLD/NASH? A focus on the nuclear receptor coactivator PGC-1β
      Simon Ducheix, Maria Carmela Vegliante, Gaetano Villani, Nicola Napoli, Carlo Sabbà, Antonio Moschetta
      Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.2016; 73(20): 3809.     CrossRef
    • Metformin alleviates hepatosteatosis by restoring SIRT1-mediated autophagy induction via an AMP-activated protein kinase-independent pathway
      Young Mi Song, Yong-ho Lee, Ji-Won Kim, Dong-Sik Ham, Eun-Seok Kang, Bong Soo Cha, Hyun Chul Lee, Byung-Wan Lee
      Autophagy.2015; 11(1): 46.     CrossRef
    • Adipokines and proinflammatory cytokines, the key mediators in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
      Sanja Stojsavljević
      World Journal of Gastroenterology.2014; 20(48): 18070.     CrossRef
    • Microglial Cell Activation Increases Saturated and Decreases Monounsaturated Fatty Acid Content, but Both Lipid Species are Proinflammatory
      Emily B. Button, Andrew S. Mitchell, Marcia M. Domingos, Jessica H.‐J. Chung, Ryan M. Bradley, Ashkan Hashemi, Phillip M. Marvyn, Ashley C. Patterson, Ken D. Stark, Joe Quadrilatero, Robin E. Duncan
      Lipids.2014; 49(4): 305.     CrossRef
    • Modeling progressive non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the laboratory mouse
      Jesse D. Riordan, Joseph H. Nadeau
      Mammalian Genome.2014; 25(9-10): 473.     CrossRef
    • Rapid chromatographic method to decipher distinct alterations in lipid classes in NAFLD/NASH
      Stephan Laggai, Yvette Simon, Theo Ranssweiler, Alexandra K Kiemer, Sonja M Kessler
      World Journal of Hepatology.2013; 5(10): 558.     CrossRef
    • Dimethyl sulfoxide reduces hepatocellular lipid accumulation through autophagy induction
      Young Mi Song, Sun-Ok Song, Yong-Keun Jung, Eun-Seok Kang, Bong Soo Cha, Hyun Chul Lee, Byung-Wan Lee
      Autophagy.2012; 8(7): 1085.     CrossRef

    • PubReader PubReader
    • Cite
      CITE
      export Copy
      Close
      Download Citation
      Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

      Format:
      • RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
      • BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software
      Include:
      • Citation for the content below
      Dietary Oleate Has Beneficial Effects on Every Step of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Progression in a Methionine- and Choline-Deficient Diet-Fed Animal Model
      Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(5):489-496.   Published online October 31, 2011
      Close
    • XML DownloadXML Download
    Figure

    Diabetes Metab J : Diabetes & Metabolism Journal