1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
2Huh's Diabetes Center and 21st Century Diabetes and Vascular Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.
3Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
4Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
5Department of Internal Medicine, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea.
6Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute for Health Promotion, Yonsei University Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul, Korea.
7Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea.
Copyright © 2018 Korean Diabetes Association
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CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation.
PAD, peripheral artery disease; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; ABI, ankle-brachial index; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness.
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation.
ABI, ankle-brachial index; PAD, peripheral artery disease; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DM; diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness.
PAD, peripheral artery disease; ABI, ankle-brachial index; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness.
aMultivariate model was adjusted for age, sex, BMI, systolic BP, DM duration, current smoking status, HbA1c level, total cholesterol level, leg symptoms, and mean CIMT.
Characteristic | Total | PAD (−) | PAD (+) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. of patients | 324 | 231 (71.3) | 93 (28.7) | |
Age, yr | 62.5±7.3 | 61.2±6.9 | 65.8±7.2 | <0.001 |
Male sex | 192 (59.3) | 129 (55.8) | 63 (67.7) | 0.049 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.5±2.9 | 24.7±2.9 | 23.9±2.7 | 0.018 |
Waist circumference, cm | 84.9±7.6 | 85.1±7.9 | 84.5±6.9 | 0.562 |
Systolic BP, mm Hg | 141.4±19.3 | 139.9±18.4 | 145.1±21.1 | 0.028 |
Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 87.1±11.0 | 85.0±12.2 | 87.9±10.4 | 0.031 |
DM duration, yr | 11.4±7.3 | 10.5±6.6 | 13.5±8.4 | 0.001 |
Current smoker | 52 (16.0) | 31 (13.4) | 21 (22.6) | 0.002 |
Use of insulin | 59 (18.2) | 37 (16.0) | 22 (23.7) | 0.107 |
Use of statins | 50 (15.4) | 33 (14.3) | 17 (18.3) | 0.368 |
Use of anti-hypertensive drugs | 110 (34.0) | 76 (32.9) | 34 (36.6) | 0.529 |
HbA1c, % | 8.4±1.8 | 8.4±1.8 | 8.5±1.7 | 0.741 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 163.3±57.0 | 164.1±56.1 | 161.4±59.6 | 0.701 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 193.4±41.5 | 193.1±42.6 | 194.2±38.7 | 0.831 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 148.5±95.1 | 153.6±107.0 | 135.8±53.3 | 0.131 |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 49.6±14.5 | 50.3±14.7 | 48.0±13.8 | 0.183 |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 113.5±35.5 | 111.4±36.5 | 118.9±32.5 | 0.103 |
Leg symptoms (yes) | ||||
Typical | 43 (13.3) | 6 (2.6) | 37 (39.8) | <0.001 |
Atypical | 31 (9.6) | 19 (8.2) | 12 (12.9) | 0.006 |
ABI | ||||
≤0.90 (abnormal) | 18 (5.6) | 2 (11.1) | 16 (88.9) | <0.001 |
0.91–0.99 (borderline) | 15 (4.6) | 7 (46.7) | 8 (53.3) | 0.010 |
Mean CIMT, mm | 0.94±0.23 | 0.90±0.19 | 1.03±0.27 | <0.001 |
Anatomical characteristic | ABI | ||
---|---|---|---|
0.91–1.40 | ≤0.90 | P value | |
No. of patients | 77 (82.8) | 16 (17.2) | |
No. of stenoses | 2 (1–4) | 4 (2–5) | 0.005 |
Location of stenosis | |||
Common iliac artery | 8 (10.4) | 3 (18.8) | 0.346 |
Common femoral artery | 11 (14.3) | 6 (37.5) | 0.029 |
Superficial femoral artery | 17 (22.1) | 8 (32.0) | 0.022 |
Deep femoral artery | 10 (13.0) | 4 (25.0) | 0.221 |
Popliteal artery | 11 (14.3) | 5 (31.3) | 0.102 |
Anterior tibial artery | 53 (68.8) | 13 (81.3) | 0.319 |
Posterior tibial artery | 42 (54.5) | 10 (62.5) | 0.560 |
Bilateral lesions | 50 (64.9) | 15 (93.8) | 0.022 |
Variable | ABI | ||
---|---|---|---|
0.91–1.40 | ≤0.90 | P value | |
No. of patients | 77 (82.8) | 16 (17.2) | |
Age, yr | 65.2±7.0 | 68.6±8.0 | 0.084 |
Male sex | 51 (66.2) | 12 (75.0) | 0.495 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.0±2.7 | 23.1±2.5 | 0.204 |
Waist circumference, cm | 84.9±7.2 | 82.9±4.8 | 0.324 |
Systolic BP, mm Hg | 144.1±21.7 | 149.8±17.3 | 0.329 |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | 81.1±11.1 | 85.8±12.3 | 0.163 |
DM duration, yr | 12.4±8.0 | 18.9±8.5 | 0.004 |
Current smoker | 18 (23.4) | 3 (18.8) | 0.687 |
Use of insulin | 15 (19.5) | 7 (43.8) | 0.038 |
Use of statins | 12 (15.6) | 5 (31.3) | 0.140 |
Use of anti-hypertensive drugs | 27 (35.1) | 7 (43.8) | 0.512 |
HbA1c, % | 8.4±1.6 | 9.1±1.9 | 0.099 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 156.3±53.9 | 185.8±79.6 | 0.071 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 193.6±40.2 | 196.7±31.6 | 0.776 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 137.4±55.7 | 129.2±42.0 | 0.581 |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 48.4±14.0 | 45.9±13.3 | 0.511 |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 117.6±33.0 | 125.5±30.2 | 0.428 |
Leg symptoms (typical+atypical) | 37 (48.1) | 12 (75.0) | 0.044 |
Mean CIMT, mm | 1.02±0.27 | 1.10±0.24 | 0.247 |
Variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysisa | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
Age (per 10 yr) | 2.23 (1.51–3.28) | <0.001 | 1.86 (1.18–2.93) | 0.008 |
Male sex | 1.55 (0.90–2.66) | 0.113 | 1.07 (0.53–2.21) | 0.853 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 0.92 (0.84–1.01) | 0.090 | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) | 0.158 |
Waist circumference, cm | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | 0.877 | ||
Systolic BP (per 10 mm Hg) | 1.12 (0.98–1.28) | 0.096 | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) | 0.085 |
Diastolic BP (per 10 mm Hg) | 0.84 (0.66–1.06) | 0.145 | ||
DM duration, yr | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 0.042 | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 0.402 |
Current smoker | 1.95 (1.02–3.73) | 0.044 | 2.62 (1.10–6.21) | 0.029 |
Use of insulin (yes) | 1.30 (0.67–2.53) | 0.445 | ||
Use of statins (yes) | 1.10 (0.54–2.25) | 0.801 | ||
Use of anti-hypertensive drugs (yes) | 1.09 (0.63–1.87) | 0.763 | ||
HbA1c, % | 0.98 (0.85–1.14) | 0.807 | 0.89 (0.74–1.07) | 0.222 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.303 | ||
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.932 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.783 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.193 | ||
HDL-C, mg/dL | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.306 | ||
LDL-C, mg/dL | 1.01 (0.99–1.01) | 0.200 | ||
Leg symptoms (yes) | 7.55 (4.10–13.89) | <0.001 | 7.35 (3.71–14.57) | <0.001 |
Mean CIMT, mm | 10.46 (3.12–35.03) | <0.001 | 4.73 (1.14–19.57) | 0.032 |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation. PAD, peripheral artery disease; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; ABI, ankle-brachial index; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness.
Values are presented as number (%) or median (interquartile range). ABI, ankle-brachial index; PAD, peripheral artery disease.
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation. ABI, ankle-brachial index; PAD, peripheral artery disease; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DM; diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness.
PAD, peripheral artery disease; ABI, ankle-brachial index; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness. aMultivariate model was adjusted for age, sex, BMI, systolic BP, DM duration, current smoking status, HbA1c level, total cholesterol level, leg symptoms, and mean CIMT.