Fig. 1Distribution of mean body mass index (BMI) values among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients by chronic kidney disease (CKD) status. CKD (−), non-CKD patient; CKD (+), CKD patient. aP<0.05.
Fig. 2Distribution of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) categories (by chronic kidney disease [CKD]) according to body mass index (BMI) classification. T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Table 1General characteristic of study participants
Variable |
No. (%) (n=3,580) |
Age, yr |
|
<60 |
1,687 (47.11) |
≥60 |
1,893 (52.89) |
Mean±SD |
60.86±9.67 |
Min–Max |
20–95 |
Sex |
|
Male |
1,278 (35.70) |
Female |
2,302 (64.30) |
Occupation |
|
Unemployed |
403 (11.26) |
Farmer |
2,149 (60.02) |
Others |
1,028 (28.72) |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
|
Underweight (<18.50) |
0 |
Normal (18.50–24.9) |
1,962 (54.79) |
Overweight (25–29.9) |
1,246 (34.81) |
Obese (≥30) |
372 (10.40) |
Mean±SD |
24.88±4.00 |
Blood pressure |
|
Normotensive |
2,050 (57.26) |
Hypertensive |
1,530 (42.74) |
Glycosylated hemoglobin, % |
|
Optimal (≤6.5) |
1,658 (46.32) |
Poor (>6.5) |
1,922 (53.68) |
Mean±SD |
7.54±2.03 |
Min–Max |
4.4–17.0 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
|
Normal (<130) |
2,708 (75.66) |
High (≥130) |
872 (24.34) |
Mean±SD |
110.7±34.50 |
Min–Max |
32–698 |
Microalbuminuria |
|
No |
1,335 (37.30) |
Yes |
2,245 (62.70) |
Smoking history |
|
Non-smoker |
3,201 (89.42) |
Current-smoker |
379 (10.58) |
Chronic kidney disease |
|
No |
2,747 (76.74) |
Yes |
833 (23.26) |
Table 2Association of CKD with different risk factors including BMI among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Characteristic |
Non-CKD (n=2,747) |
CKD (n=833) |
COR (95% CI) |
AOR (95%CI)a
|
Age, yr |
|
|
|
|
≤60 |
1,465 (53.35) |
221 (26.58) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
>60 |
1,282 (46.65) |
612 (73.42) |
4.12 (5.28–5.87)b
|
3.95 (2.53–5.82)b
|
Sex |
|
|
|
|
Male |
1,175 (42.76) |
376 (45.13) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Female |
1,572 (57.24) |
457 (54.87) |
1.41 (1.12–2.18)b
|
1.27 (1.12–2.02)b
|
Occupation |
|
|
|
|
Unemployed |
278 (10.12) |
136 (16.34) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Farmer |
1,271 (46.27) |
413 (49.55) |
0.71 (0.32–0.91)b
|
0.69 (0.42–0.93) |
Others |
1,198 (43.61) |
284 (34.11) |
0.21 (0.15–0.26)b
|
0.58 (0.32–0.87) |
Body mass index |
|
|
|
|
Normal range |
1,405 (51.14) |
541 (64.98) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Overweight |
1,002 (36.47) |
229 (27.48) |
0.69 (0.58–0.81)b
|
0.73 (0.58–0.93)b
|
Obese |
340 (12.39) |
63 (7.54) |
0.49 (0.37–0.65)b
|
0.53 (0.35–0.81)b
|
Glycosylated hemoglobin |
|
|
|
|
Optimal control |
897 (32.64) |
340 (40.79) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Poor control |
1,850 (67.36) |
493 (59.21) |
1.03 (0.67–1.12) |
1.12 (0.83–1.52) |
Blood pressure |
|
|
|
|
Normotensive |
1,255 (45.69) |
272 (32.61) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Hypertensive |
1,492 (54.31) |
561 (67.39) |
1.97 (1.19–2.51)b
|
1.43 (1.02–2.11)b
|
LDL-C |
|
|
|
|
Normal |
1,881 (68.46) |
551 (66.13) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
High |
866 (31.54) |
282 (33.87) |
1.06 (0.63–1.71) |
1.12 (0.88–1.47) |
Microalbuminuria |
|
|
|
|
No |
1,336 (48.65) |
351 (42.11) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Yes |
1,411 (51.35) |
482 (57.89) |
1.73 (1.40–2.14)b
|
1.79 (1.41–2.27)b
|
Smoking history |
|
|
|
|
Non-smoker |
2,537 (92.37) |
755 (90.58) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Current-smoker |
210 (7.63) |
78 (9.42) |
0.92 (0.61–1.41) |
0.81 (0.47–1.09) |