1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
2Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
3Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
4Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
5Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
6Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chosun University Hospital, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea.
7Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea.
8Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
9Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
10Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea.
Copyright © 2018 Korean Diabetes Association
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: This research was funded by Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Company. The funder did not play any role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decisions regarding data release, or manuscript preparation.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or number (%).
HOMA-β, homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.
aOnly 508 men and 397 women were measured.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range).
HOMA-β, homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.
aOnly 80 people aged <40 years, 600 people aged 40 to 64 years, and 225 people aged ≥65 years were measured.
Characteristic | Men (n=512) | Women (n=400) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, yr | 54.3±11.9 | 58.8±11.2 | <0.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.9±3.4 | 25.9±4.1 | 0.949 |
Waist circumference, cma | 90.3±8.3 | 86.8±10.4 | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 130.2±13.9 | 129.1±14.2 | 0.225 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 81.2±10.4 | 79.0±9.4 | 0.001 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 142.5 (116.0–200.5) | 122.0 (106.5–145.5) | <0.001 |
30-Minute glucose, mg/dL | 234.0 (196.5–294.5) | 212.0 (189.0–246.5) | 0.001 |
Fasting insulin, μIU/mL | 10.1 (7.5–13.3) | 10.4 (8.0–14.4) | 0.058 |
30-Minute insulin, μIU/mL | 17.3 (11.4–26.8) | 25.9 (16.4–38.4) | <0.001 |
Fasting C-peptide, ng/mL | 2.4 (1.8–3.2) | 2.3 (1.7–3.1) | 0.183 |
30-Minute C-peptide, ng/mL | 3.5 (2.7–4.9) | 4.1 (3.1–5.9) | <0.001 |
Measures of β-cell function | |||
HOMA-β | 45.9 (24.9–75.1) | 68.5 (41.3–99.1) | <0.001 |
Insulinogenic index | 9.7 (3.0–22.7) | 21.3 (10.3–37.4) | <0.001 |
Disposition index | 0.15 (0.05–0.31) | 0.29 (0.14–0.48) | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 3.6 (2.7–5.6) | 3.3 (2.3–4.9) | 0.006 |
HbA1c, % | 7.4 (6.4–9.5) | 6.6 (6.2–7.6) | <0.001 |
HbA1c | <0.001 | ||
<6.5 | 148 (28.9) | 175 (43.8) | |
6.5–6.9 | 69 (13.5) | 76 (19.0) | |
7.0–7.9 | 96 (18.8) | 66 (16.5) | |
8.0–8.9 | 49 (9.6) | 22 (5.5) | |
9.0–9.9 | 44 (8.6) | 24 (6.0) | |
≥10 | 106 (20.7) | 37 (9.3) | |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 200.7±51.4 | 195.4±43.2 | 0.009 |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 46.9±13.0 | 53.7±14.2 | <0.001 |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 121.2±50.9 | 113.9±41.2 | 0.002 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 155.0 (106.0–248.5) | 125.0 (91.0–176.5) | <0.001 |
Use of antihypertensive drugs | 185 (36.1) | 173 (43.3) | 0.034 |
Use of lipid-lowering drugs | 121 (23.6) | 143 (35.8) | <0.001 |
Metabolic syndromea | 334 (65.7) | 259 (65.2) | 0.929 |
Dietary therapy | 62 (12.1) | 64 (16.0) | 0.092 |
Physical activity | 133 (26.0) | 101 (25.3) | 0.803 |
Current smoker | 205 (40.0) | 19 (4.8) | <0.001 |
Current drinker | 369 (72.1) | 77 (19.3) | <0.001 |
Characteristic | Age, yr | P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
<40 (n=81) | 40–64 (n=604) | ≥65 (n=227) | ||
Age, yr | 33.6±4.9 | 53.8±6.5 | 71.0±4.9 | <0.001 |
Male sex | 60 (74.1) | 356 (58.9) | 96 (42.3) | <0.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.7±4.9 | 25.8±3.6 | 25.1±3.2 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference, cma | 94.4±12.6 | 88.1±9.0 | 88.4±8.8 | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 132.2±15.1 | 129.2±13.9 | 130.2±13.9 | 0.174 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 84.4±12.4 | 80.7±10.0 | 77.5±8.2 | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 172.0 (115.0–251.0) | 136.0 (113.0–182.0) | 121.0 (109.0–137.0) | <0.001 |
30-Minute glucose, mg/dL | 248.0 (203.0–347.0) | 228.0 (196.0–283.5) | 207.0 (183.0–235.0) | <0.001 |
Fasting insulin, μIU/mL | 11.3 (8.0–16.7) | 10.2 (7.7–13.7) | 9.7 (7.5–12.9) | 0.037 |
30-Minute insulin, μIU/mL | 16.9 (10.8–30.5) | 19.9 (12.9–31.5) | 23.3 (14.7–33.2) | 0.047 |
Fasting C-peptide, ng/mL | 2.8 (1.8–3.8) | 2.4 (1.8–3.1) | 2.2 (1.6–3.0) | 0.031 |
30-Minute C-peptide, ng/mL | 4.1 (2.3–5.4) | 3.7 (2.8–5.1) | 3.9 (3.0–5.7) | 0.236 |
Measures of β-cell function | ||||
HOMA-β | 39.3 (16.3–99.4) | 51.7 (28.1–83.2) | 64.9 (43.6–93.6) | <0.001 |
Insulinogenic index | 10.3 (2.2–28.0) | 13.4 (4.9–27.9) | 18.7 (8.6–31.6) | 0.003 |
Disposition index | 0.15 (0.03–0.33) | 0.19 (0.07–0.37) | 0.25 (0.12–0.49) | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 5.0 (3.4–6.7) | 3.6 (2.6–5.3) | 3.0 (2.2–4.2) | <0.001 |
HbA1c, % | 9.2 (6.6–11.2) | 7.0 (6.3–8.9) | 6.6 (6.1–7.6) | <0.001 |
HbA1c | <0.001 | |||
<6.5 | 17 (21.0) | 199 (32.9) | 107 (47.1) | |
6.5–6.9 | 9 (11.1) | 96 (15.9) | 40 (17.6) | |
7.0–7.9 | 9 (11.1) | 115 (19.0) | 38 (16.7) | |
8.0–8.9 | 4 (4.9) | 50 (8.3) | 17 (7.5) | |
9.0–9.9 | 8 (9.9) | 51 (8.4) | 9 (4.0) | |
≥10 | 34 (42.0) | 93 (15.4) | 16 (7.0) | |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 222.2±74.1 | 198.1±44.3 | 190.6±43.0 | <0.001 |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 42.8±10.0 | 49.6±13.8 | 53.3±14.4 | <0.001 |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 147.0±73.3 | 117.8±42.7 | 108.2±41.8 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 155.0 (120.0–300.0) | 140.5 (98.5–220.5) | 130.0 (98.0–190.0) | 0.002 |
Use of antihypertensive drugs | 13 (16.0) | 223 (36.9) | 122 (53.7) | <0.001 |
Use of lipid-lowering drugs | 18 (22.2) | 167 (27.6) | 79 (34.8) | 0.049 |
Metabolic syndromea | 60 (75.0) | 392 (65.3) | 141 (62.7) | 0.135 |
Dietary therapy | 7 (8.6) | 77 (12.7) | 42 (18.5) | 0.037 |
Physical activity | 14 (17.3) | 150 (24.8) | 70 (30.8) | 0.041 |
Current smoker | 34 (42.0) | 165 (27.3) | 25 (11.0) | <0.001 |
Current drinker | 52 (64.2) | 321 (53.1) | 73 (32.2) | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR | C-peptide levels, ng/mL | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
<1.10 | 1.10–1.69 | ≥1.70 | ||
≥2.5 | 8 (0.9) | 62 (6.8) | 615 (67.4) | 685 (75.1) |
<2.5 | 32 (3.5) | 104 (11.4) | 91 (10.0) | 227 (24.9) |
Total | 40 (4.4) | 166 (18.2) | 706 (77.4) | 912 (100.0) |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or number (%). HOMA-β, homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol. aOnly 508 men and 397 women were measured.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range). HOMA-β, homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol. aOnly 80 people aged <40 years, 600 people aged 40 to 64 years, and 225 people aged ≥65 years were measured.
Values are presented as number (%). HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.