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Original Article
Clinical Diabetes & Therapeutics Effects of High-Dose α-Lipoic Acid on Heart Rate Variability of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy in Korea
Sol Jae Lee1, Su Jin Jeong1, Yu Chang Lee1, Yong Hoon Lee1, Jung Eun Lee1, Chong Hwa Kim1orcid, Kyung Wan Min2, Bong Yun Cha3orcid
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 2017;41(4):275-283.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.4.275
Published online: July 6, 2017
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1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Sejong General Hospital, Bucheon, Korea.

2Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

3Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.

corresp_icon Corresponding author: Chong Hwa Kim. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Sejong General Hospital, 28 Hohyeon-ro 489beon-gil, Sosa-gu, Bucheon 14754, Korea. drangelkr@hanmail.net
corresp_icon Corresponding author: Bong Yun Cha. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea. bycha@catholic.ac.kr
• Received: January 4, 2017   • Accepted: April 21, 2017

Copyright © 2017 Korean Diabetes Association

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Background
    Diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is one of the important complications of diabetes. It is characterized by reduced heart rate variability (HRV).
  • Methods
    In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial, 75 patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group (n=41) received α-lipoic acid (ALA) at an oral dose of 600 mg/day for the first 12 weeks and then 1,200 mg/day for the next 12 weeks. The other group (n=34) received placebo treatment for 24 weeks. CAN was assessed by measuring HRVs in people with diabetes.
  • Results
    Most of the baseline measures for HRVs were similar between the ALA and placebo groups. Although there were no statistically significant HRV changes in the ALA group compared to the placebo group after 24 weeks of trial, we found a positive tendency in some of the HRV parameters of the ALA group. The standard deviations of normal-to-normal RR intervals in the standing position increased by 1.87 ms in the ALA group but decreased by −3.97 ms in the placebo group (P=0.06). The power spectrum of the low frequency (LF) band in the standing position increased by 15.77 ms2 in the ALA group, whereas it declined by −15.04 ms2 in the placebo group (P=0.08). The high frequency/LF ratio in the upright position increased by 0.35 in the ALA group, whereas it declined by −0.42 in the placebo group (P=0.06). There were no differences between the two groups regarding rates of adverse events.
  • Conclusion
    Although a slight improvement tendency was seen in HRV in the ALA group, there were no statistically significant HRV changes in the ALA group compared to the placebo group after 24 weeks of trial. However, the high oral dose of ALA was well-tolerated.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with many complications, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular diseases. Hyperglycemia has an effect on the progression of autonomic neural dysfunction and can result in cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) [1].
CAN has many implications. It is correlated with increased mortality [2345] and associated with autonomic cardiomyopathy [678]. Furthermore, it is one of the potential causes of sudden cardiac death [91011]. Autonomic innervation is the main extrinsic control mechanism regulating heart rate variability (HRV) [1]. Therefore, diabetic cardiac autonomic dysfunction is inevitably associated with a decrement of HRV [12]. HRVs can be assessed with noninvasive methods. These facts make HRV an important index of CAN. According to a recent study, the prevalence of CAN in Korean patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) was 54.7% [13]. This means that diabetic CAN is a relatively common diabetic complication in Korea, so it is important to pay attention to diabetic CAN as a major health issue. However, there are only a few randomized studies about the treatment of diabetic CAN in Korea.
Like other diabetic complications, the progress of diabetic CAN is related to the duration of DM and degree of glycemic control [14], so control of hyperglycemia is regarded as a standard of treatment for CAN [14]. However, the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial has shown that CANs, represented by HRVs, were not completely prevented by focusing only on intensive blood glucose control [15].
The Deutsche Kardiale Autonome-Neurophathie (DEKAN) study showed that a daily oral dose of 800 mg α-lipoic acid (ALA), a free-radical scavenger, may be associated with positive clinical effects in the treatment of patients with diabetic CAN [16].
In this randomized, placebo-controlled trial, we assessed the effectiveness and safety of ALA (600 to 1,200 mg/day) orally administered to Korean patients with diabetic CAN for 24 weeks.
Study oversight
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at three centers. A list of participating centers is provided in the Appendix 1. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and was done in accordance with the Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects outlined in the Helsinki Declaration in 1975.
Study population
Eligible patients were aged between 20 and 80 years and retroactively assessed to have had T2DM based on medical records. CAN was defined as two or more abnormal results determined according to the time and frequency domains of HRV and five-standard cardiovascular reflex tests [17] according to the Ewing's protocol [18]. If there were no other clinical explanations for CAN than DM, patients were classified as having diabetic CAN. All enrolled patients provided written informed consent.
Patients were excluded if their CAN was secondary to diseases other than diabetes: if they had nervous system disorders and/or severe concomitant disease such as liver or renal dysfunction; if there were changes in oral antidiabetic medications or insulin dosages during the preceding 3 months; if there was a change in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level of more than 0.5% during the preceding 3 months; if they had a history of uncontrolled hypertension and/or heart disease unsuitable for this study, such as myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, or severe heart failure; if they had an episode of ketoacidosis within 4 weeks before the study; if HbA1c (%) was greater than 11% at baseline; if they were pregnant or breastfeeding or in childbearing years without contraception; if they had taken medications that had influence on the autonomic nervous system, such as α-blockers, β-blockers, or anti-tuberculosis drugs; or if they had taken ALA during the preceding 3 months.
Study design
A total of 75 patients were randomly assigned to one of the two groups (Fig. 1). One group (n=41) received ALA at an oral dose of 600 mg per day for the first 12 weeks and then 1,200 mg per day for the next 12 weeks. The other group (n=34) received matching placebo medication administered on the same dosing schedule for 24 weeks.
Evaluation of HRV and other autonomic nerve function tests were carried out at baseline and after 24 weeks. The evaluation of HRV and other autonomic function tests were conducted in a quiet room. All patients were requested to abstain from caffeine-containing food and beverages on the day of their assessment. After 15 minutes of supine rest with a regular and calm breathing pattern, a 5-minute electrocardiogram recording was performed using a DICAN (Medicore Co., Seoul, Korea) machine.
Assessment of cardiac autonomic neuropathy
There are time and frequency domains of HRV. As a time domain variable, the standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals (SDNN; unit, ms; correlated to total autonomic activity) and the square root of the mean of the squares of differences between successive RR intervals (RMSSD; unit, ms; correlated to parasympathetic activity) were calculated. To measure frequency domain variables, total power in the frequency range (0 to 0.40 Hz) can be divided by very low frequency (<0.04 Hz), low frequency (LF; 0.04 to 0.15 Hz; modulated by the sympathetic nervous system [SNS]), and high frequency (HF; 0.15 to 0.4 Hz; modulated by the parasympathetic nervous system) measures. The LF/HF ratio, regarded as an index of cardiac sympathetic/parasympathetic tone balance, was also calculated in this study [19]. A decrease in HRV was defined as SDNN <28.2 ms, RMSSD <18.8 ms, LF <132.6 ms2, HF <75.1 ms2, and/or LF/HF <0.9. Other autonomic function tests according to the Ewing's protocol [18] were estimated by using beat-to-beat variation with deep breathing, 30:15 heart rate ratio while standing, Valsalva ratio, hand grip blood pressure, and orthostatic blood pressure. The criteria between normal and abnormal response for the five autonomic function tests are as follows. In beat-to-beat variation with deep breathing, a difference in heart rate should be more than 15 beats/minute normally. The 30:15 heart rate ratio while standing should be more than 1.03 normally. Valsalva ratio should be more than 1.2 normally. The normal response in orthostatic blood pressure is a fall of systolic blood pressure below 10 mm Hg; an increase in diastolic blood pressure, more than 16 mm Hg, can be regarded as a normal hand grip response [20].
Outcome
Primary endpoints were changes of parameters in HRV before and after treatment of ALA compared with placebo. Secondary endpoints were changes in the five autonomic function tests (beat-to-beat variation with deep breathing, 30:15 heart rate ratio while standing, Valsalva ratio, hand grip blood pressure, and orthostatic blood pressure) from the beginning to the end of study.
Statistical analysis
Continuous data were analyzed by Student t-test, and the changes in the parameters of HRV from baseline and other autonomic function tests after 24 weeks were analyzed by paired t-test. Each one of the parameters of HRV and autonomic nerve function tests had normal distribution. In that case, a parametric statistical test was used. Comparisons of the treatment groups were based on the intent to treat analysis because this approach is recommended to avoid any bias in superiority trials, like this study. All measures of upper 5% and lower 5% of the groups were excluded from the analysis to avoid deviation. All statistical computations were performed using the SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). Data with a P value of less than 0.05 were considered significant.
Baseline characteristics
A total of 91 patients underwent randomization from January 2010 through August 2012. Sixteen subjects were excluded because of lack of results of parameters of HRV. The remaining 75 subjects were included in the intent-to-treat population, with 41 assigned to receive ALA and 34 assigned to receive the placebo. Overall, 38 patients (92.7%) in the ALA group and 29 patients (86.3%) in the placebo group completed the study. Body mass index, blood pressure, HbA1c level, and lipid profiles were similar between the two groups at the baseline and at the end of the study. The demographic and clinical data of the patients at baseline and after 24 weeks of the study are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
Primary outcomes
The primary outcomes are shown in Table 3. All the baseline measures of HRV were similar between the two groups, except for the LF band; the measures of the LF band were greater in the placebo group than in the ALA group. In the upright position, the LF was 39.44±42.05 ms2 in the ALA group and 75.92±57.58 ms2 in the placebo group. In the supine position, the LF was 58.36±59.79 ms2 in the ALA group and 93.60±89.99 ms2 in the placebo group.
Although there were no statistically significant (P<0.05) changes in the ALA group compared to the placebo group after 24 weeks of trial, we found a positive tendency in some HRV indexes of the ALA group as follows. The SDNN in the standing position increased from the baseline to 24 weeks by 1.87 ms in the ALA group but decreased by −3.97 ms in the placebo group (P=0.06 for ALA vs. placebo). The power spectrum of the LF band in the standing position increased by 15.77 ms2 in the ALA group, whereas it declined by −15.04 ms2 in the placebo group (P=0.08 for ALA vs. placebo). The HF/LF ratio in the upright position increased by 0.35 in the ALA group, whereas it declined by −0.42 in the placebo group (P=0.06 for ALA vs. placebo). Furthermore, there was a trend toward a favorable effect of ALA versus placebo for the HF band power spectrum in the supine position (P=0.091 for ALA vs. placebo).
Secondary outcomes
The secondary outcomes are shown in Table 4. All the baseline measures of autonomic nerve function tests were similar between the groups, and after 24 weeks of treatment with ALA, there was no statistically significant difference of autonomic nerve function tests (beat-to-beat variation with deep breathing, 30:15 heart rate ratio while standing, Valsalva ratio, hand-grip blood pressure, and orthostatic blood pressure) in either group.
Safety outcomes
Overall incidences of abnormal reactions were similar to each other (ALA 39.13% vs. placebo 37.78%) except in any events that were probably or definitely not related to ALA. In the ALA group, there were three minor abnormal reactions: gastrointestinal problem, urological problem, and nervous problem. However, there were no abnormal reactions in the placebo group. In terms of severe adverse events, there were three: one (gastric cancer) in the ALA group and two (duodenitis, injury of cartilage) in the placebo group. In short, there were no differences between the groups regarding the rates of adverse events.
The results of this trial failed to show any statistically significant (P<0.05) differences of HRV or other autonomic nerve function tests between the ALA group and the placebo group after 24 weeks of experiment. However, a slight trend toward improvement in some HRV indexes of the ALA group was noticed, but the rates of overall abnormal reactions or severe adverse events between the both groups were similar, indicating that the treatment with high-dose ALA is safe.
As a treatment for diabetic neuropathy, ALA has been studied for many years. In the DEKAN study, ALA improved the HRV index of patients with diabetic CAN [16]. In the Alpha-Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Neuropathy (ALADIN) study, it showed that ALA could improve neuropathic symptoms such as pain, burning, paresthesia, and numbness [21]. Based on previous studies, we thought that ALA can be used to reduce symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and to improve cardiac autonomic dysfunction. In the DEKAN study, the oral dose of 800 mg/day was used, and that dose was well tolerated. In the ALADIN study, an intravenous dose of 600 mg/day was more effective than an intravenous dose of 100 mg/day. It is generally believed that 600 mg of intravenous administration corresponds to 1,200 to 1,800 mg of oral administration. We thought the oral dose of 1,200 mg/day could be well tolerated and might be more effective. This presumption led us to use ALA at an oral dose of 1,200 mg/day in this study. The pathophysiology of diabetic CAN is complex and multifactorial. One of the possible explanations is that a hyperglycemia-induced increment of oxidative stress can cause direct neuronal damage and dysfunction [1222]. ALA, which is a free-radical scavenger, could reduce this oxidative stress [23]. The antioxidant effect of ALA may explain how it improved symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy and cardiac autonomic dysfunction in the previous studies, such as the DEKAN study and the ALADIN study.
HRV is a function of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activities on the sinus nodes, which can be seen as an oscillation of RR intervals between each heartbeat [1924]. There are time domain methods and frequency domain methods by which to analyze HRV [19]. In this study, we used SDNN and RMSSD, which are time domain methods, and LF, HF, and LF/HF ratio as frequency domain methods. The HF component is known to be modulated by parasympathetic activity, whereas the LF component is considered by some studies to be modulated by sympathetic activity. Other studies say that the LF/HF ratio reflects both sympathetic and parasympathetic activities [19]. In normal individuals, the heart has a high degree of HRV, but as cardiac autonomic nerve dysfunction progresses, HRV decreases from an early stage [1]. Because a decrease in HRV reflects the progression of CAN, improvement in HRV could be a sign of recovery of autonomic nerve function.
The DEKAN study showed that an oral dose of 800 mg/day of ALA for 4 months can improve the HRV index (RMSSD, LF band, HF band) [16], indicating that ALA may also improve CAN. In our study, we used ALA at a dose of 1,200 mg/day, higher than the dose in the DEKAN study, and our 6-month observation period was longer than the duration of the DEKAN study. Even though a higher dosage and a longer duration of ALA were used, there was no significant adverse effect in either group. Although we conducted this study with an Asian population, we failed to show statistically significant changes of any HRV indexes between the placebo group and the ALA group, but we could see a trend toward a favorable effect of ALA versus placebo for some HRV indexes, such as SDNN in the standing position, the LF band in the standing position, the HF band in the supine position, and the HF/LF ratio in the upright position.
Our study has certain limitations. First, the study had a small sample size. Second, we did not evaluate symptoms and signs of diabetic CAN. Because of this fact, we could not analyze the effects of ALA on symptoms and signs of diabetic CAN. Third, we did not adjust for confounding factors such as use of antihypertensive agents and statin. Further studies are needed to answer whether some improvement of HRV can be realized by treatment with ALA.
Although a slight tendency toward improvement was seen in HRV in the ALA group, there were no statistically significant HRV changes in the ALA group compared to the placebo group after 24 weeks of trial. However, a high oral dose of ALA was well tolerated.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: This trial is supported by grants from the Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceuticals Korea Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea.

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Appendix 1

A list of participating centers

dmj-41-275-a001.jpg
Fig. 1

Study enrollment and follow-up.

dmj-41-275-g001.jpg
Table 1

Demographic and clinical baseline characteristics of the patients

dmj-41-275-i001.jpg
Characteristic α-Lipoic acid Placebo P value
No. of patients 46 45 -
Sex, male/female 27/19 20/25 -
Age, yr 64.37±7.80 62.40±9.10 0.270
BMI, kg/m2 25.38±3.29 25.64±2.86 0.723
Duration of diabetes, yr 13.84±9.11 11.37±8.82 0.240
HbA1c, % 7.54±1.12 7.35±1.04 0.393
SBP, mm Hg 124.26±12.45 125.76±13.89 0.590
DBP, mm Hg 73.24±8.57 75.09±8.52 0.305
Mean HR, beat/min 72.54±7.91 70.60±7.35 0.228
Lipid profile, mg/dL
 Total cholesterol 162.33±36.69 163.42±42.65 0.896
 Triglyceride 145.67±100.67 133.56±79.97 0.527
 HDL-C 48.09±12.52 45.51±11.03 0.301
 LDL-C 84.03±35.22 87.01±31.99 0.705
No. of patients on the medication
 Oral anti-hypertensives 33 26 -
 Statin 27 26 -
 Insulin 13 10 -
 Oral anti-diabetes 31 24 -

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 2

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients after 24 weeks of the study

dmj-41-275-i002.jpg
Characteristic α-Lipoic acid Placebo P value
No. of patients 41 34 -
Sex, male/female 24/17 18/16 -
Age, yr 63.76±7.84 62.09±9.43 0.405
BMI, kg/m2 25.17±3.17 25.84±2.75 0.512
HbA1c, % 7.64±1.02 7.65±1.04 0.262
SBP, mm Hg 120.70±12.84 123.71±15.06 0.307
DBP, mm Hg 78.02±10.14 76.78±10.69 0.570
Mean HR, beat/min 74.30±9.58 73.71±9.72 0.770
Lipid profiles, mg/dL
 Total cholesterol 161.23±32.49 164.32±41.55 0.685
 Triglyceride 146.46±86.74 141.64±82.47 0.314
 HDL-C 48.48±11.47 46.41±10.24 0.218
 LDL-C 82.43±34.82 88.41±36.48 0.642

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 3

Heart rate variability at baseline and changes after 24 weeks

dmj-41-275-i003.jpg
Position Index Baseline Changes after 24 weeks
ALA Placebo P value ALA Placebo P value
No. of patient Mean±SD No. of patient Mean±SD t-test No. of patient Mean±SD Paired t-test No. of patient Mean±SD Paired t-test t-test
Up-right Mean HR, beat/min 36 78.94±8.88 30 77.20±8.66 0.425 36 1.31±9.04 0.392 28 2.43±7.06 0.080 0.591
SDNN, ms 37 19.59±7.54 29 24.72±9.14 0.015 36 1.87±11.79 0.347 28 –3.97±12.64 0.108 0.061
RMSSD, ms 38 14.05±8.23 32 15.95±9.13 0.362 34 0.87±8.44 0.553 31 0.47±10.17 0.799 0.864
LF, ms2 39 39.44±42.05 31 75.92±57.58 0.003 37 15.77±58.87 0.112 28 –15.04±82.26 0.342 0.083
HF, ms2 39 31.47±34.19 33 38.78±35.44 0.377 39 –1.58±32.44 0.763 28 8.14±49.87 0.395 0.371
LF/HF ratio 38 1.98±1.53 31 2.19±1.69 0.587 37 0.35±1.60 0.195 29 –0.42±1.69 0.191 0.063
Supine Mean HR, beat/min 35 72.37±7.22 31 71.42±8.37 0.621 36 1.31±9.04 0.392 28 2.43±7.06 0.080 0.591
SDNN, ms 37 25.80±12.03 29 23.77±6.64 0.389 37 –0.61±9.93 0.710 28 –0.11±9.01 0.947 0.836
RMSSD, ms 36 16.08±9.46 31 16.98±9.25 0.694 34 0.80±12.38 0.709 31 –3.18±9.50 0.072 0.154
LF, ms2 38 58.36±59.79 31 93.60±89.99 0.067 37 26.75±97.70 0.105 28 2.57±75.99 0.859 0.282
HF, ms2 38 50.94±58.93 31 46.37±34.42 0.690 38 22.16±85.75 0.120 31 –6.40±50.90 0.489 0.091
LF/HF ratio 38 1.74±1.20 30 2.02±1.81 0.470 38 0.71±2.31 0.066 28 0.49±2.20 0.248 0.700

ALA, α-lipoic acid; SD, standard deviation; HR, heart rate; SDNN, standard deviation of RR intervals; RMSSD, root mean square of successive differences; LF, low-frequency component; HF, high-frequency component.

Table 4

Autonomic nerve functions at baseline and changes after 24 weeks

dmj-41-275-i004.jpg
Index Baseline Changes after 24 weeks
ALA Placebo P value ALA Placebo P value
No. of patient Mean±SD No. of patient Mean±SD t-test No. of patient Mean±SD Paired t-test No. of patient Mean±SD Paired t-test t-test
30:15 Heart rate ratio with standing 39 1.02±0.04 32 1.04±0.08 0.088 39 0.02±0.07 0.036 28 0.04±0.08 0.014 0.359
Valsalva ratio 36 1.11±0.12 33 1.16±0.14 0.150 34 0.07±0.14 0.009 31 0.05±0.18 0.140 0.611
Beat to beat variation with deep breathing, ms 38 10.32±4.59 29 10.83±6.54 0.721 38 4.53±8.70 0.003 24 2.13±6.96 0.148 0.259
Orthostasis blood pressure (SBP), mm Hg 37 2.38±10.21 29 3.59±8.11 0.604 36 –4.39±10.03 0.013 27 0.63±9.44 0.732 0.048
Orthostasis blood pressure (DBP), mm Hg 34 4.26±5.33 30 4.83±5.58 0.678 34 –2.35±5.62 0.020 25 –0.76±5.61 0.504 0.286
Hand grip blood pressure (SBP), mm Hg 38 149.37±18.45 31 150.71±22.56 0.787 36 –1.17±21.09 0.742 28 3.36±19.89 0.380 0.386
Hand grip blood pressure (DBP), mm Hg 38 94.53±13.28 31 92.84±16.39 0.638 36 –3.22±13.11 0.149 28 3.57±16.94 0.274 0.075

ALA, α-lipoic acid; SD, standard deviation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.

Figure & Data

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      Effects of High-Dose α-Lipoic Acid on Heart Rate Variability of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy in Korea
      Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(4):275-283.   Published online July 6, 2017
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    Effects of High-Dose α-Lipoic Acid on Heart Rate Variability of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy in Korea
    Image
    Fig. 1 Study enrollment and follow-up.
    Effects of High-Dose α-Lipoic Acid on Heart Rate Variability of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy in Korea
    Characteristicα-Lipoic acidPlaceboP value
    No. of patients4645-
    Sex, male/female27/1920/25-
    Age, yr64.37±7.8062.40±9.100.270
    BMI, kg/m225.38±3.2925.64±2.860.723
    Duration of diabetes, yr13.84±9.1111.37±8.820.240
    HbA1c, %7.54±1.127.35±1.040.393
    SBP, mm Hg124.26±12.45125.76±13.890.590
    DBP, mm Hg73.24±8.5775.09±8.520.305
    Mean HR, beat/min72.54±7.9170.60±7.350.228
    Lipid profile, mg/dL
     Total cholesterol162.33±36.69163.42±42.650.896
     Triglyceride145.67±100.67133.56±79.970.527
     HDL-C48.09±12.5245.51±11.030.301
     LDL-C84.03±35.2287.01±31.990.705
    No. of patients on the medication
     Oral anti-hypertensives3326-
     Statin2726-
     Insulin1310-
     Oral anti-diabetes3124-
    Characteristicα-Lipoic acidPlaceboP value
    No. of patients4134-
    Sex, male/female24/1718/16-
    Age, yr63.76±7.8462.09±9.430.405
    BMI, kg/m225.17±3.1725.84±2.750.512
    HbA1c, %7.64±1.027.65±1.040.262
    SBP, mm Hg120.70±12.84123.71±15.060.307
    DBP, mm Hg78.02±10.1476.78±10.690.570
    Mean HR, beat/min74.30±9.5873.71±9.720.770
    Lipid profiles, mg/dL
     Total cholesterol161.23±32.49164.32±41.550.685
     Triglyceride146.46±86.74141.64±82.470.314
     HDL-C48.48±11.4746.41±10.240.218
     LDL-C82.43±34.8288.41±36.480.642
    PositionIndexBaselineChanges after 24 weeks
    ALAPlaceboP valueALAPlaceboP value
    No. of patientMean±SDNo. of patientMean±SDt-testNo. of patientMean±SDPaired t-testNo. of patientMean±SDPaired t-testt-test
    Up-rightMean HR, beat/min3678.94±8.883077.20±8.660.425361.31±9.040.392282.43±7.060.0800.591
    SDNN, ms3719.59±7.542924.72±9.140.015361.87±11.790.34728–3.97±12.640.1080.061
    RMSSD, ms3814.05±8.233215.95±9.130.362340.87±8.440.553310.47±10.170.7990.864
    LF, ms23939.44±42.053175.92±57.580.0033715.77±58.870.11228–15.04±82.260.3420.083
    HF, ms23931.47±34.193338.78±35.440.37739–1.58±32.440.763288.14±49.870.3950.371
    LF/HF ratio381.98±1.53312.19±1.690.587370.35±1.600.19529–0.42±1.690.1910.063
    SupineMean HR, beat/min3572.37±7.223171.42±8.370.621361.31±9.040.392282.43±7.060.0800.591
    SDNN, ms3725.80±12.032923.77±6.640.38937–0.61±9.930.71028–0.11±9.010.9470.836
    RMSSD, ms3616.08±9.463116.98±9.250.694340.80±12.380.70931–3.18±9.500.0720.154
    LF, ms23858.36±59.793193.60±89.990.0673726.75±97.700.105282.57±75.990.8590.282
    HF, ms23850.94±58.933146.37±34.420.6903822.16±85.750.12031–6.40±50.900.4890.091
    LF/HF ratio381.74±1.20302.02±1.810.470380.71±2.310.066280.49±2.200.2480.700
    IndexBaselineChanges after 24 weeks
    ALAPlaceboP valueALAPlaceboP value
    No. of patientMean±SDNo. of patientMean±SDt-testNo. of patientMean±SDPaired t-testNo. of patientMean±SDPaired t-testt-test
    30:15 Heart rate ratio with standing391.02±0.04321.04±0.080.088390.02±0.070.036280.04±0.080.0140.359
    Valsalva ratio361.11±0.12331.16±0.140.150340.07±0.140.009310.05±0.180.1400.611
    Beat to beat variation with deep breathing, ms3810.32±4.592910.83±6.540.721384.53±8.700.003242.13±6.960.1480.259
    Orthostasis blood pressure (SBP), mm Hg372.38±10.21293.59±8.110.60436–4.39±10.030.013270.63±9.440.7320.048
    Orthostasis blood pressure (DBP), mm Hg344.26±5.33304.83±5.580.67834–2.35±5.620.02025–0.76±5.610.5040.286
    Hand grip blood pressure (SBP), mm Hg38149.37±18.4531150.71±22.560.78736–1.17±21.090.742283.36±19.890.3800.386
    Hand grip blood pressure (DBP), mm Hg3894.53±13.283192.84±16.390.63836–3.22±13.110.149283.57±16.940.2740.075
    Table 1 Demographic and clinical baseline characteristics of the patients

    Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

    BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.

    Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients after 24 weeks of the study

    Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

    BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.

    Table 3 Heart rate variability at baseline and changes after 24 weeks

    ALA, α-lipoic acid; SD, standard deviation; HR, heart rate; SDNN, standard deviation of RR intervals; RMSSD, root mean square of successive differences; LF, low-frequency component; HF, high-frequency component.

    Table 4 Autonomic nerve functions at baseline and changes after 24 weeks

    ALA, α-lipoic acid; SD, standard deviation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.

    Lee SJ, Jeong SJ, Lee YC, Lee YH, Lee JE, Kim CH, Min KW, Cha BY. Effects of High-Dose α-Lipoic Acid on Heart Rate Variability of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy in Korea. Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(4):275-283.
    Received: Jan 04, 2017; Accepted: Apr 21, 2017
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.4.275.

    Diabetes Metab J : Diabetes & Metabolism Journal
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