1University of Sydney Faculty of Health Sciences, Lidcombe, Australia.
2Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.
3Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.
4Australian Catholic University School of Exercise Science, Strathfield, Australia.
Copyright © 2016 Korean Diabetes Association
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CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Author | Subject, n | Male sex, % | Age, yr | BMI | Medication, n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baldi et al. (2003) [20]a |
C, 9 PRT, 9 |
100 |
C, 50.1±3.9 PRT, 46.5±6.3 |
C, 36.4±9.3 PRT, 34.3±9.6 |
Biguanides, 11 Sulfonylureas, 7 |
Boudou et al. (2003) [21] |
C, 8 AEx, 8 |
100 |
C, 47.9±8.4 AEx, 42.9±5.2 |
C, 30.9±5.2 AEx, 28.3±3.9 |
C: Metformin, 4 Metformin and gliclazide or glibenclamide, 1 AEx: Metformin, 2 Metformin and gliclazide or glibenclamide, 4 |
Cuff et al. (2003) [19]a |
C, 9 AEx, 9 AEx+PRT, 10 |
0 |
C, 60.0±8.7 AEx, 59.4±5.7 AEx+PRT, 63.4±7.0 |
C, 36.7±6.0 AEx, 32.5±4.2 AEx+PRT, 33.3±4.7 |
Oral hypoglycaemics |
Dunstan et al. (1997) [17] |
C, 12 AEx, 11 F, 12 AEx+F, 14 |
C, 75 AEx, 72.7 F, 83.3 AEx+F, 71.4 |
C, 53.0±7.0 AEx, 52.3±8.3 F, 54.1±8.2 AEx+F, 52.6±7.2 |
C, 29.7±4.3 AEx, 29.1±2.4 F, 29.8±4.4 AEx+F, 29.9±3.0 |
Antidiabetic and antihyperten- sive medication |
Dunstan et al. (1998) [22]a |
C, 10 PRT, 11 |
C, 50 PRT, 72.7 |
C, 51.1±7.0 PRT, 50.3±6.6 |
C, 30.1±3.5 PRT, 28.3±2.7 |
Sulfonylureas, 4 Biguanides, 5 Sulfonylureas+biguanides, 10 |
Karstoft et al. (2013) [24]a |
C, 8 AEx, Continuous, 12 Intermittent, 12 |
C, 62.5 AEx, Continuous, 66.7 Intermittent, 58.3 |
C, 57.1±8.5 AEx, Continuous, 60.8±7.6 Intermittent, 57.5±8.3 |
C, 29.7±5.4 AEx, Continuous, 29.9±5.5 Intermittent, 29.0±4.5 |
Antidiabetic and antihypertensive medication (abstained for 5 days prior to pre-/post-testing) |
Ligtenberg et al. (1997) [28] |
C, 28 AEx, 30 |
C, 35.7 AEx, 33.3 |
C, 61.0±5.0 AEx, 63.0±5.0 |
C, 31.2±3.3 AEx, 30.8±4.0 |
Oral hypoglycaemics and insulin |
Middlebrooke et al. (2006) [29] |
C, 30 AEx, 22 |
At initial recruitment overall, 54.2 |
C, 64.6±6.8 AEx, 61.8±7.7 |
C, 29.9±5.4 AEx, 31.8±4.5 |
Oral hypoglycaemics |
Mourier et al. (1997) [30]a |
C, 11 AEx, 10 |
At initial recruitment overall, 83.3 |
C, 46.0±10.0 AEx, 45.0±6.3 |
C, 30.1±5.3 AEx, 30.4±2.5 |
Metformin, 14; Sulfonylurea, 3 |
Okada et al. (2010) [23] |
C, 17 AEx+PRT, 21 |
C, 64.7 AEx, 47.6 |
C, 64.5±5.9 AEx, 61.9±8.6 |
C, 24.5±2.9 AEx, 25.7±3.2 |
Study reported both groups received comparable medical intervention after registration for 3 months |
Ronnemaa et al. (1986) [31] |
C, 12 AEx, 13 |
At recruitment, 66.7 | At recruitment overall, 52.5 (NR) | NR |
Sulfonylureas, 18 Metformin+sulfonylureas, 10 |
Tamura et al. (2005) [18]a |
D, 7 AEx+D, 7 |
D, 57.1 AEx+D, 42.8 |
D, 55.0±12.7 AEx+D, 46.3±7.4 |
D, 27.4±8.5 AEx+D, 27.1±7.7 |
D: Sulfonylureas, 3 Metformin+sulfonylureas, 2 α-Glucosidase inhibitor, 2 D+AEx: Sulfonylureas, 3 Metformin+sulfonylureas, 3 α-Glucosidase inhibitor, 1 |
Tan et al. (2012) [25] |
C, 10 AEx+PRT, 15 |
At recruitment: C, 45.5 AEx+PRT, 44.4 |
C, 64.8±6.8 AEx+PRT, 65.9±4.2 |
C, 25.8±2.5 AEx+PRT, 25.2±2.5 |
Oral hypoglycaemics |
Tessier et al. (2000) [26] |
C, 20 AEx+PRT, 19 |
C, 55.0 AEx+PRT, 63.2 |
C, 69.5±5.1 AEx+PRT, 69.3±4.2 |
C, 29.4±3.7 AEx+PRT, 30.7±5.4 |
Glyburide: C, 12 AEx+PRT, 10 Metformin: C, 15 AEx, 14 |
Wing et al. (1988) [32] |
Include study 1: P+D, 12 AEx+D, 10 |
At recruitment: Study 1, 16.0 |
Study 1: P+D, 52.5±8.9 AEx+D, 56.2±7.5 |
Study 1: D+P, 37.2±1.8 AEx+D, 39.5±1.9 |
Study 1: P+D, oral hypogylcaemics, 6 AEx+D, oral hypoglycaemics, 6 |
Winnick et al. (2008) [27] |
D, 9 AEx+D, 9 |
D, 33.3 AEx+D, 22.2 |
D, 50.9±3.2 AEx+D, 48.4±8.4 |
D, 32.0±5.3 AEx+D, 34.9±3.1 |
At the outset of the study, all participants discontinued diabetic related medication |
Author | Mode | Nutritional intervention | Frequency | Intensity | Session duration | Intervention duration |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baldi et al. (2003) [20]a |
C: non exercising control PRT: circuit targeting major muscle groups of the upper and lower body |
Nil |
C: NA PRT: 3/7 (supervised) |
C: NA PRT: 10 RM upper body, 15 RM lower body exercises |
C: NA PRT: progressing from one to three sessions/week; multiple sets of 12 reps for 10 exercises (60 seconds recovery between sets) |
10 weeks |
Boudou et al. (2003) [21] |
C: sham intervention (cycle ergometer) AEx (continuous and HIIT): NR |
Nil |
C: 1/7 (supervised) AEx: 2/7+1/7, respectively (supervised) |
C: 30 W (60 rpm) AEx: Continuous: 75% VO2peak HIIT: 50%–85% VO2peak |
C: 20 minutes AEx: Continuous: 45 minutes HIIT: 5×2 minutes at 85% VO2peak, 3 minutes at 50% VO2peak between exercises |
8 weeks |
Cuff et al. (2003) [19]a |
C: usual care AEx (continuous): treadmill, stationary cycle ergometers, recumbent steppers, elliptical trainers, and rower ergometer AEx (continuous)+PRT: AEx–treadmills: stationary cycle ergometers, recumbent steppers, elliptical trainers, rowing machines |
Nil |
C: usual care AEx: 3/7 (supervised) AEx+PRT: 3/7 (supervised) |
C: NA AEx: 60%–75% HRR AEx+PRT: AEx: 60%–75% HRR PRT: 2×12 reps |
C: NA AEx: 75 minutes AEx+PRT: 75 minutes |
16 weeks |
AEx–PRT: stack weight equipment: leg press, leg curl, hip extension, chest press, and latissimus pulldown | ||||||
Dunstan et al. (1997) [17] |
C: sham exercise (cycle ergometer and stretches) AEx (continuous): cycle ergometer F: sham exercise. Cycle ergometer and stretches AEx (continuous)+F: cycle ergometer |
All participants were advised to reduce their sodium intake <100 mmol/day Fish intake groups were instructed to include one fish meal per day |
C: 3/7 (supervised) AEx: 3/7 (supervised) F: 3/7 (supervised) AEx+F: 3/7 (supervised) |
C: Nil AEx: Week 1: 50%–55% VO2peak Week 2–8: 55%–65% VO2peak F: no workload AEx+F: Week 1: 50%–55% VO2peak Week 2–8: 55%–65% VO2peak |
C: 10 minutes cycling; 30 minutes of stretching AEx: 40 minutes F: 10 minutes cycling; 30 minutes of stretching AEx+F: 40 minutes |
8 weeks |
Dunstan et al. (1998) [22]a |
C: non-exercising PRT: circuit including leg extension, bench press, leg curl, bicep curls, overhead press, seated row, forearm extension, and abdominal curls |
Nil |
C: NA PRT: 3/7 (supervision NR) |
C: NA PRT: 50%–55% 1 RM |
C: NA PRT: 60 minutes |
8 weeks |
Karstoft et al. (2013) [24]a |
C: NR AEx: Continuous: walking Intermittent: walking |
Nil |
C: NA AEx: Continuous: 5/7 (unsupervised) Intermittent: 5/7 (unsupervised) |
C: NA AEx: Continuous: 55% of peak energy-expenditure rate Intermittent: 55%–70% of peak energy-expenditure rate |
C: NA AEx: Continuous: 60 minutes Intermittent: 60 minutes (3 minutes at 70% followed by 3 minutes at 55% of peak energy-expenditure rate) |
4 months |
Ligtenberg et al. (1997) [28] |
C: education program AEx (continuous): Phase 1: cycle ergometer, swimming, treadmill, and rower ergometer Phase 2: exercise at home based on personalised training advice (with contact from investigators) Phase 3: exercise at home without contact from investigators |
Nil |
C: NR AEx: Phase 1: 3/7 supervised for 6 weeks Phase 2: phone calls 1/14 for 6 weeks. NR frequency of exercise Phase 3: NR |
C: NR AEx: Phase 1: 60%–80% VO2peak Phase 2: NR Phase 3: NR |
C: NR AEx: Phase 1: 60 minutes Phase 2: NR Phase 3: NR |
26 weeks |
Middlebrooke et al. (2006) [29] |
C: standard care AEx (continuous): NR |
Nil |
C: NA AEx: 3/7 (2/7 supervised; 1/7 unsupervised) |
C: NA AEx: 70%–80% HRmax |
C: NA AEx: 50–60 minutes |
6 months |
Mourier et al. (1997) [30]a |
C: NR AEx (continuous and HIIT): cycle ergometer |
Branched chain amino acid supplementation (46% leucine, 24% isoleucine, 30% valine) Supplementation did not effect metabolic parameters |
C: NA AEx: 2/7 continuous+1/7 HIIT |
C: NA AEx: Continuous: 75% VO2peak HIIT: 50%–85% VO2peak |
C: NA AEx: 55 minutes HIIT: Continuous: 35 minutes (52 minutes at 85%) HIIT: VO2peak followed by 2 minutes at 50% VO2peak |
8 weeks |
Okada et al. (2010) [23] |
C: NR AEx (continuous)+PRT: AEx: aerobic dance, and stationary cycle ergometer PRT: NR |
Nil |
C: NA AEx+PRT: 3–5/7 (supervised) |
C: NA AEx+PRT: NR |
C: NA AEx+PRT: AEx: 55 minutes PRT: 20 minutes Overall: 75 minutes |
3 months |
Ronnemaa et al. (1986) [31] |
C: NA AEx: walking, jogging, or skiing |
Nil |
C: NA AEx: 5–7/7 |
C: NA AEx: 70% VO2peak |
C: NA AEx: 45 minutes |
4 months |
Tamura et al. (2005) [18]a |
D: Nil AEx (continuous)+D: walking |
Total mean energy intake of 27.9 kcal/kg of ideal body weight for both groups for 2 weeks |
D: NA AEx+D: 2–3/7 (unsupervised) |
D: NA AEx+D: 50%–60% VO2peak |
D: NA AEx+D: 30 minutes per session |
2 weeks |
Tan et al. (2012) [25] |
C: maintain individual habits of physical activity AEx (continuous)+PRT: AEx: walking, running PRT: knee flexion, knee extension, hip abduction, hip adduction, and standing calf raise |
Nil |
C: NA AEx+PRT: 3/7 (supervised) |
C: NA AEx+PRT: AEx: 55%–70% HRmax PRT: 50%–70% 1 RM |
C: NA AEx+PRT: 60 minutes |
6 months |
Tessier et al. (2000) [26] |
C: NR AEx (continuous) +PRT: AEx: walking PRT: strength/endurance training of major muscle groups |
Nil |
C: NA AEx+PRT: 3/7 (supervised) |
C: NA AEx+PRT: Initially: 35%–59% HRmax Week 4 onwards: 60%–79% HRmax |
C: NA AEx+PRT: 60 minutes |
16 weeks |
Wing et al. (1988) [32] |
P+D: sham exercise (light calisthenics and flexibility exercises) AEx+D: walking |
Diet was designed to produce approximately 1 kg/week weight loss |
P+D: 2/7 (unsupervised) AEx+D: 2/7 (unsupervised) |
P+D: low intensity AEx+D: moderate intensity (speed and distance increased until the individual able to walk 3 miles) |
~60 minutes | 10 weeks |
Winnick et al. (2008) [27] |
D: NA AEx (continuous)+D: treadmill walking |
Diet designed to maintain body weight close to baseline body weight |
D: NA AEx+D: 7/7 |
D: NA AEx+D: Days 1–3, 5–7: 70% VO2peak Day 4: 60% predicted HRmax |
D: NA AEx+D: 2×25 minutes, 10 minutes break between bouts Day 4: 60 minutes |
1 week |
C, control; PRT, progressive resistance training; NA, not applicable; RM, repetition maximum; HIIT, high intensity interval training; NR, not reported; AEx, aerobic training; VO2peak, peak oxygen consumption; HRR, heart rate reserve; F, fish meal; D, diet; HRmax, maximal heart rate; P, placebo.
aConverted from standard error of mean to standard deviation.
Author | Mode, n | Measure | Time post-intervention, hr | Pre, mean±SD | Post, mean±SD | Change score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baldi et al. (2003) [20]a |
C, 9 PRT, 9 |
OGTT | 36–48 |
2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 16.3±2.7 PRT, 17.0±3.0 |
2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 17.1±2.4 PRT, 16.3±2.1 |
NR |
Boudou et al. (2003) [21] |
C, 8 AEx, 8 |
ITT | 72–120 |
Constant rate of glucose disappearance (%/min): C, 1.95±1.00 AEx, 2.15±0.65 |
Constant rate of glucose disappearance (%/min): C, 1.80±0.90 AEx, 3.25±0.85 |
NR |
Cuff et al. (2003) [19]a |
C, 9 AEx, 9 AEx+PRT, 10 |
Clamp | 48–72 |
Glucose infusion rate (mg · kg–1 · min–1): C, 2.29±1.38 AEx, 2.78±1.47 AEx+PRT, 2.36±1.04 |
Glucose infusion rate (mg · kg–1 · min–1): C, NR AEx, NR AEx+PRT, NR |
Glucose infusion rate (mg · kg–1 · min–1): C, 0.07±0.84 AEx, 0.55±1.08 AEx+PRT, 1.82±1.64 |
Dunstan et al. (1997) [17]b |
C, 12 AEx, 11 F, 12 AEx+F, 14 |
OGTT | >48 |
AUC glucose (mmol/L–1·120 min–1): C, 1,810±340 AEx, 1,916±480 F, 1,787±465 AEx+F, 2,004±500 |
NR |
AUC glucose (mmol/L–1·120 min–1): C, 50±48.5 AEx, –112.5±65.0 F, 87.5±87.5 F+AEx, –87.5±75.0 |
Dunstan et al. (1998) [22]a |
C, 10 PRT, 11 |
OGTT | >48 | NR | NR |
AUC glucose (mmol/L–1 · 120 min–1): C, 191±265 PRT, –22±205 |
Karstoft et al. (2013) [24]a |
C, 8 AEx: Continuous, 12 Intermittent, 12 |
OGTT | ≈96 |
2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 14.7±3.96 AEx: Continuous, 14.8±3.46 Intermittent, 16.5±3.12 |
2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 15.7±3.96 AEx: Continuous, 15.0±4.85 Intermittent, 15.4±4.50 |
NR |
Ligtenberg et al. (1997) [28] |
C, 28 AEx, 30 |
ITT | <72 |
Glucose decline between 4–14 minutes (%·min-1): C, 1.5±1 AEx, 1.8±1.3 |
Glucose decline between 4–14 minutes (%·min-1): C, 1.8±1.1 AEx, 1.8±1.2 |
NR |
Middlebrooke et al. (2006) [29] |
C, 30 AEx, 22 |
ITT | ≥24 |
ITT slope (mmol/L–1 · min–1): C, –0.17±0.06 AEx, –0.16±0.10 |
ITT slope (mmol/L–1 · min–1): C, –0.17±0.06 AEx, –0.17±0.07 |
NR |
Mourier et al. (1997) [30]a |
C, 11 AEx, 10 |
ITT | 72–120 |
Constant rate of glucose disappearance (%·min-1): C, 1.86±0.96 AEx, 2.28±0.73 |
Constant rate of glucose disappearance (%·min-1): C, 1.81±0.90 AEx, 3.34±0.95 |
NR |
Okada et al. (2010) [23] |
C, 17 AEx+PRT, 21 |
SSPG | NR |
SSPG (mmol/L): C, 14.1±3.4 AEx+PRT, 11.1±5.3 |
SSPG (mmol/L): C, 9.7±4.6 AEx+PRT: 9.7±4.2 |
NR |
Ronnemaa et al. (1986) [31] |
C, 12 AEx, 13 |
OGTT | NR |
2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 19.6±4.1 AEx, 19.7±4.9 |
2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 19.7±2.7 AEx, 16.5±7.6 |
NR |
Tamura et al. (2005) [18]a |
D, 7 AEx+D, 7 |
Clamp | >24 |
Steady-state glucose infusion rate (mg/kg/min): D, 6.12±2.46 AEx+D, 5.26±0.87 |
Steady-state glucose infusion rate (mg/kg/min): C, 6.49±0.87 AEx+D, 8.22±1.24 |
NR |
Tan et al. (2012) [25] |
C, 10 AEx+PRT, 15 |
OGTT | 72 |
2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 11.11±5.26 AEx+PRT, 13.9±5.8 |
2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 10.58±4.41 AEx+PRT, 9.83±4.33 |
NR |
Tessier et al. (2000) [26] |
C, 20 AEx+PRT, 19 |
OGTT | NR |
AUC glucose (mmol/L): C, 16.1±2.9 AEx+PRT, 16.6±3.8 |
AUC glucose (mmol/L): C, 15.9±3.0 AEx+PRT, 15.3±3.1 |
NR |
Wing et al. (1988) [32] |
P+D, 12 AEx+D, 10 |
OGTT | 72 |
Plasma glucose: 60 minutes (mmol/L): P+D, 14.6±0.9 AEx+D, 14.3±1.2 |
Plasma glucose: 60 minutes (mmol/L): P+D, 11.3±1.2 AEx+D, 10.9±1.3 |
NR |
Winnick et al. (2008) [27] |
D, 9 AEx+D, 9 |
Clamp | <24 |
Glucose levels (mg/dL): D: 137.0±3.0 (low-dose); 135.0±3.0 (high-dose) AEx+D: 131.0±3.0 (low-dose); 123.0±3.0 (high-dose) |
Glucose levels (mg/dL): D: 131.0±3.0 (low-dose); 119.0±3.0 (high-dose) AEx+D: 129.0±3.0 (low-dose); 124.0±3.0 (high-dose) |
NR |
SD, standard deviation; C, control; PRT, progressive resistance training; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; NR, not reported; AEx, aerobic training; ITT, insulin tolerance test; F, fish meal; AUC, area under the curve; SSPG, steady state plasma glucose; D, diet; P, placebo.
aConverted from standard error of mean to standard deviation, bData has been extrapolated from a graph.
Antidiabetic Effects of Physical Activity: How It Helps to Control Type 2 Diabetes
Author | Subject, n | Male sex, % | Age, yr | BMI | Medication, n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baldi et al. (2003) [ | C, 9 PRT, 9 | 100 | C, 50.1±3.9 PRT, 46.5±6.3 | C, 36.4±9.3 PRT, 34.3±9.6 | Biguanides, 11 Sulfonylureas, 7 |
Boudou et al. (2003) [ | C, 8 AEx, 8 | 100 | C, 47.9±8.4 AEx, 42.9±5.2 | C, 30.9±5.2 AEx, 28.3±3.9 | C: Metformin, 4 Metformin and gliclazide or glibenclamide, 1 AEx: Metformin, 2 Metformin and gliclazide or glibenclamide, 4 |
Cuff et al. (2003) [ | C, 9 AEx, 9 AEx+PRT, 10 | 0 | C, 60.0±8.7 AEx, 59.4±5.7 AEx+PRT, 63.4±7.0 | C, 36.7±6.0 AEx, 32.5±4.2 AEx+PRT, 33.3±4.7 | Oral hypoglycaemics |
Dunstan et al. (1997) [ | C, 12 AEx, 11 F, 12 AEx+F, 14 | C, 75 AEx, 72.7 F, 83.3 AEx+F, 71.4 | C, 53.0±7.0 AEx, 52.3±8.3 F, 54.1±8.2 AEx+F, 52.6±7.2 | C, 29.7±4.3 AEx, 29.1±2.4 F, 29.8±4.4 AEx+F, 29.9±3.0 | Antidiabetic and antihyperten- sive medication |
Dunstan et al. (1998) [ | C, 10 PRT, 11 | C, 50 PRT, 72.7 | C, 51.1±7.0 PRT, 50.3±6.6 | C, 30.1±3.5 PRT, 28.3±2.7 | Sulfonylureas, 4 Biguanides, 5 Sulfonylureas+biguanides, 10 |
Karstoft et al. (2013) [ | C, 8 AEx, Continuous, 12 Intermittent, 12 | C, 62.5 AEx, Continuous, 66.7 Intermittent, 58.3 | C, 57.1±8.5 AEx, Continuous, 60.8±7.6 Intermittent, 57.5±8.3 | C, 29.7±5.4 AEx, Continuous, 29.9±5.5 Intermittent, 29.0±4.5 | Antidiabetic and antihypertensive medication (abstained for 5 days prior to pre-/post-testing) |
Ligtenberg et al. (1997) [ | C, 28 AEx, 30 | C, 35.7 AEx, 33.3 | C, 61.0±5.0 AEx, 63.0±5.0 | C, 31.2±3.3 AEx, 30.8±4.0 | Oral hypoglycaemics and insulin |
Middlebrooke et al. (2006) [ | C, 30 AEx, 22 | At initial recruitment overall, 54.2 | C, 64.6±6.8 AEx, 61.8±7.7 | C, 29.9±5.4 AEx, 31.8±4.5 | Oral hypoglycaemics |
Mourier et al. (1997) [ | C, 11 AEx, 10 | At initial recruitment overall, 83.3 | C, 46.0±10.0 AEx, 45.0±6.3 | C, 30.1±5.3 AEx, 30.4±2.5 | Metformin, 14; Sulfonylurea, 3 |
Okada et al. (2010) [ | C, 17 AEx+PRT, 21 | C, 64.7 AEx, 47.6 | C, 64.5±5.9 AEx, 61.9±8.6 | C, 24.5±2.9 AEx, 25.7±3.2 | Study reported both groups received comparable medical intervention after registration for 3 months |
Ronnemaa et al. (1986) [ | C, 12 AEx, 13 | At recruitment, 66.7 | At recruitment overall, 52.5 (NR) | NR | Sulfonylureas, 18 Metformin+sulfonylureas, 10 |
Tamura et al. (2005) [ | D, 7 AEx+D, 7 | D, 57.1 AEx+D, 42.8 | D, 55.0±12.7 AEx+D, 46.3±7.4 | D, 27.4±8.5 AEx+D, 27.1±7.7 | D: Sulfonylureas, 3 Metformin+sulfonylureas, 2 α-Glucosidase inhibitor, 2 D+AEx: Sulfonylureas, 3 Metformin+sulfonylureas, 3 α-Glucosidase inhibitor, 1 |
Tan et al. (2012) [ | C, 10 AEx+PRT, 15 | At recruitment: C, 45.5 AEx+PRT, 44.4 | C, 64.8±6.8 AEx+PRT, 65.9±4.2 | C, 25.8±2.5 AEx+PRT, 25.2±2.5 | Oral hypoglycaemics |
Tessier et al. (2000) [ | C, 20 AEx+PRT, 19 | C, 55.0 AEx+PRT, 63.2 | C, 69.5±5.1 AEx+PRT, 69.3±4.2 | C, 29.4±3.7 AEx+PRT, 30.7±5.4 | Glyburide: C, 12 AEx+PRT, 10 Metformin: C, 15 AEx, 14 |
Wing et al. (1988) [ | Include study 1: P+D, 12 AEx+D, 10 | At recruitment: Study 1, 16.0 | Study 1: P+D, 52.5±8.9 AEx+D, 56.2±7.5 | Study 1: D+P, 37.2±1.8 AEx+D, 39.5±1.9 | Study 1: P+D, oral hypogylcaemics, 6 AEx+D, oral hypoglycaemics, 6 |
Winnick et al. (2008) [ | D, 9 AEx+D, 9 | D, 33.3 AEx+D, 22.2 | D, 50.9±3.2 AEx+D, 48.4±8.4 | D, 32.0±5.3 AEx+D, 34.9±3.1 | At the outset of the study, all participants discontinued diabetic related medication |
Author | Mode | Nutritional intervention | Frequency | Intensity | Session duration | Intervention duration |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baldi et al. (2003) [ | C: non exercising control PRT: circuit targeting major muscle groups of the upper and lower body | Nil | C: NA PRT: 3/7 (supervised) | C: NA PRT: 10 RM upper body, 15 RM lower body exercises | C: NA PRT: progressing from one to three sessions/week; multiple sets of 12 reps for 10 exercises (60 seconds recovery between sets) | 10 weeks |
Boudou et al. (2003) [ | C: sham intervention (cycle ergometer) AEx (continuous and HIIT): NR | Nil | C: 1/7 (supervised) AEx: 2/7+1/7, respectively (supervised) | C: 30 W (60 rpm) AEx: Continuous: 75% VO2peak HIIT: 50%–85% VO2peak | C: 20 minutes AEx: Continuous: 45 minutes HIIT: 5×2 minutes at 85% VO2peak, 3 minutes at 50% VO2peak between exercises | 8 weeks |
Cuff et al. (2003) [ | C: usual care AEx (continuous): treadmill, stationary cycle ergometers, recumbent steppers, elliptical trainers, and rower ergometer AEx (continuous)+PRT: AEx–treadmills: stationary cycle ergometers, recumbent steppers, elliptical trainers, rowing machines | Nil | C: usual care AEx: 3/7 (supervised) AEx+PRT: 3/7 (supervised) | C: NA AEx: 60%–75% HRR AEx+PRT: AEx: 60%–75% HRR PRT: 2×12 reps | C: NA AEx: 75 minutes AEx+PRT: 75 minutes | 16 weeks |
AEx–PRT: stack weight equipment: leg press, leg curl, hip extension, chest press, and latissimus pulldown | ||||||
Dunstan et al. (1997) [ | C: sham exercise (cycle ergometer and stretches) AEx (continuous): cycle ergometer F: sham exercise. Cycle ergometer and stretches AEx (continuous)+F: cycle ergometer | All participants were advised to reduce their sodium intake <100 mmol/day Fish intake groups were instructed to include one fish meal per day | C: 3/7 (supervised) AEx: 3/7 (supervised) F: 3/7 (supervised) AEx+F: 3/7 (supervised) | C: Nil AEx: Week 1: 50%–55% VO2peak Week 2–8: 55%–65% VO2peak F: no workload AEx+F: Week 1: 50%–55% VO2peak Week 2–8: 55%–65% VO2peak | C: 10 minutes cycling; 30 minutes of stretching AEx: 40 minutes F: 10 minutes cycling; 30 minutes of stretching AEx+F: 40 minutes | 8 weeks |
Dunstan et al. (1998) [ | C: non-exercising PRT: circuit including leg extension, bench press, leg curl, bicep curls, overhead press, seated row, forearm extension, and abdominal curls | Nil | C: NA PRT: 3/7 (supervision NR) | C: NA PRT: 50%–55% 1 RM | C: NA PRT: 60 minutes | 8 weeks |
Karstoft et al. (2013) [ | C: NR AEx: Continuous: walking Intermittent: walking | Nil | C: NA AEx: Continuous: 5/7 (unsupervised) Intermittent: 5/7 (unsupervised) | C: NA AEx: Continuous: 55% of peak energy-expenditure rate Intermittent: 55%–70% of peak energy-expenditure rate | C: NA AEx: Continuous: 60 minutes Intermittent: 60 minutes (3 minutes at 70% followed by 3 minutes at 55% of peak energy-expenditure rate) | 4 months |
Ligtenberg et al. (1997) [ | C: education program AEx (continuous): Phase 1: cycle ergometer, swimming, treadmill, and rower ergometer Phase 2: exercise at home based on personalised training advice (with contact from investigators) Phase 3: exercise at home without contact from investigators | Nil | C: NR AEx: Phase 1: 3/7 supervised for 6 weeks Phase 2: phone calls 1/14 for 6 weeks. NR frequency of exercise Phase 3: NR | C: NR AEx: Phase 1: 60%–80% VO2peak Phase 2: NR Phase 3: NR | C: NR AEx: Phase 1: 60 minutes Phase 2: NR Phase 3: NR | 26 weeks |
Middlebrooke et al. (2006) [ | C: standard care AEx (continuous): NR | Nil | C: NA AEx: 3/7 (2/7 supervised; 1/7 unsupervised) | C: NA AEx: 70%–80% HRmax | C: NA AEx: 50–60 minutes | 6 months |
Mourier et al. (1997) [ | C: NR AEx (continuous and HIIT): cycle ergometer | Branched chain amino acid supplementation (46% leucine, 24% isoleucine, 30% valine) Supplementation did not effect metabolic parameters | C: NA AEx: 2/7 continuous+1/7 HIIT | C: NA AEx: Continuous: 75% VO2peak HIIT: 50%–85% VO2peak | C: NA AEx: 55 minutes HIIT: Continuous: 35 minutes (52 minutes at 85%) HIIT: VO2peak followed by 2 minutes at 50% VO2peak | 8 weeks |
Okada et al. (2010) [ | C: NR AEx (continuous)+PRT: AEx: aerobic dance, and stationary cycle ergometer PRT: NR | Nil | C: NA AEx+PRT: 3–5/7 (supervised) | C: NA AEx+PRT: NR | C: NA AEx+PRT: AEx: 55 minutes PRT: 20 minutes Overall: 75 minutes | 3 months |
Ronnemaa et al. (1986) [ | C: NA AEx: walking, jogging, or skiing | Nil | C: NA AEx: 5–7/7 | C: NA AEx: 70% VO2peak | C: NA AEx: 45 minutes | 4 months |
Tamura et al. (2005) [ | D: Nil AEx (continuous)+D: walking | Total mean energy intake of 27.9 kcal/kg of ideal body weight for both groups for 2 weeks | D: NA AEx+D: 2–3/7 (unsupervised) | D: NA AEx+D: 50%–60% VO2peak | D: NA AEx+D: 30 minutes per session | 2 weeks |
Tan et al. (2012) [ | C: maintain individual habits of physical activity AEx (continuous)+PRT: AEx: walking, running PRT: knee flexion, knee extension, hip abduction, hip adduction, and standing calf raise | Nil | C: NA AEx+PRT: 3/7 (supervised) | C: NA AEx+PRT: AEx: 55%–70% HRmax PRT: 50%–70% 1 RM | C: NA AEx+PRT: 60 minutes | 6 months |
Tessier et al. (2000) [ | C: NR AEx (continuous) +PRT: AEx: walking PRT: strength/endurance training of major muscle groups | Nil | C: NA AEx+PRT: 3/7 (supervised) | C: NA AEx+PRT: Initially: 35%–59% HRmax Week 4 onwards: 60%–79% HRmax | C: NA AEx+PRT: 60 minutes | 16 weeks |
Wing et al. (1988) [ | P+D: sham exercise (light calisthenics and flexibility exercises) AEx+D: walking | Diet was designed to produce approximately 1 kg/week weight loss | P+D: 2/7 (unsupervised) AEx+D: 2/7 (unsupervised) | P+D: low intensity AEx+D: moderate intensity (speed and distance increased until the individual able to walk 3 miles) | ~60 minutes | 10 weeks |
Winnick et al. (2008) [ | D: NA AEx (continuous)+D: treadmill walking | Diet designed to maintain body weight close to baseline body weight | D: NA AEx+D: 7/7 | D: NA AEx+D: Days 1–3, 5–7: 70% VO2peak Day 4: 60% predicted HRmax | D: NA AEx+D: 2×25 minutes, 10 minutes break between bouts Day 4: 60 minutes | 1 week |
Author | Mode, n | Measure | Time post-intervention, hr | Pre, mean±SD | Post, mean±SD | Change score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baldi et al. (2003) [ | C, 9 PRT, 9 | OGTT | 36–48 | 2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 16.3±2.7 PRT, 17.0±3.0 | 2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 17.1±2.4 PRT, 16.3±2.1 | NR |
Boudou et al. (2003) [ | C, 8 AEx, 8 | ITT | 72–120 | Constant rate of glucose disappearance (%/min): C, 1.95±1.00 AEx, 2.15±0.65 | Constant rate of glucose disappearance (%/min): C, 1.80±0.90 AEx, 3.25±0.85 | NR |
Cuff et al. (2003) [ | C, 9 AEx, 9 AEx+PRT, 10 | Clamp | 48–72 | Glucose infusion rate (mg · kg–1 · min–1): C, 2.29±1.38 AEx, 2.78±1.47 AEx+PRT, 2.36±1.04 | Glucose infusion rate (mg · kg–1 · min–1): C, NR AEx, NR AEx+PRT, NR | Glucose infusion rate (mg · kg–1 · min–1): C, 0.07±0.84 AEx, 0.55±1.08 AEx+PRT, 1.82±1.64 |
Dunstan et al. (1997) [ | C, 12 AEx, 11 F, 12 AEx+F, 14 | OGTT | >48 | AUC glucose (mmol/L–1·120 min–1): C, 1,810±340 AEx, 1,916±480 F, 1,787±465 AEx+F, 2,004±500 | NR | AUC glucose (mmol/L–1·120 min–1): C, 50±48.5 AEx, –112.5±65.0 F, 87.5±87.5 F+AEx, –87.5±75.0 |
Dunstan et al. (1998) [ | C, 10 PRT, 11 | OGTT | >48 | NR | NR | AUC glucose (mmol/L–1 · 120 min–1): C, 191±265 PRT, –22±205 |
Karstoft et al. (2013) [ | C, 8 AEx: Continuous, 12 Intermittent, 12 | OGTT | ≈96 | 2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 14.7±3.96 AEx: Continuous, 14.8±3.46 Intermittent, 16.5±3.12 | 2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 15.7±3.96 AEx: Continuous, 15.0±4.85 Intermittent, 15.4±4.50 | NR |
Ligtenberg et al. (1997) [ | C, 28 AEx, 30 | ITT | <72 | Glucose decline between 4–14 minutes (%·min-1): C, 1.5±1 AEx, 1.8±1.3 | Glucose decline between 4–14 minutes (%·min-1): C, 1.8±1.1 AEx, 1.8±1.2 | NR |
Middlebrooke et al. (2006) [ | C, 30 AEx, 22 | ITT | ≥24 | ITT slope (mmol/L–1 · min–1): C, –0.17±0.06 AEx, –0.16±0.10 | ITT slope (mmol/L–1 · min–1): C, –0.17±0.06 AEx, –0.17±0.07 | NR |
Mourier et al. (1997) [ | C, 11 AEx, 10 | ITT | 72–120 | Constant rate of glucose disappearance (%·min-1): C, 1.86±0.96 AEx, 2.28±0.73 | Constant rate of glucose disappearance (%·min-1): C, 1.81±0.90 AEx, 3.34±0.95 | NR |
Okada et al. (2010) [ | C, 17 AEx+PRT, 21 | SSPG | NR | SSPG (mmol/L): C, 14.1±3.4 AEx+PRT, 11.1±5.3 | SSPG (mmol/L): C, 9.7±4.6 AEx+PRT: 9.7±4.2 | NR |
Ronnemaa et al. (1986) [ | C, 12 AEx, 13 | OGTT | NR | 2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 19.6±4.1 AEx, 19.7±4.9 | 2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 19.7±2.7 AEx, 16.5±7.6 | NR |
Tamura et al. (2005) [ | D, 7 AEx+D, 7 | Clamp | >24 | Steady-state glucose infusion rate (mg/kg/min): D, 6.12±2.46 AEx+D, 5.26±0.87 | Steady-state glucose infusion rate (mg/kg/min): C, 6.49±0.87 AEx+D, 8.22±1.24 | NR |
Tan et al. (2012) [ | C, 10 AEx+PRT, 15 | OGTT | 72 | 2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 11.11±5.26 AEx+PRT, 13.9±5.8 | 2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 10.58±4.41 AEx+PRT, 9.83±4.33 | NR |
Tessier et al. (2000) [ | C, 20 AEx+PRT, 19 | OGTT | NR | AUC glucose (mmol/L): C, 16.1±2.9 AEx+PRT, 16.6±3.8 | AUC glucose (mmol/L): C, 15.9±3.0 AEx+PRT, 15.3±3.1 | NR |
Wing et al. (1988) [ | P+D, 12 AEx+D, 10 | OGTT | 72 | Plasma glucose: 60 minutes (mmol/L): P+D, 14.6±0.9 AEx+D, 14.3±1.2 | Plasma glucose: 60 minutes (mmol/L): P+D, 11.3±1.2 AEx+D, 10.9±1.3 | NR |
Winnick et al. (2008) [ | D, 9 AEx+D, 9 | Clamp | <24 | Glucose levels (mg/dL): D: 137.0±3.0 (low-dose); 135.0±3.0 (high-dose) AEx+D: 131.0±3.0 (low-dose); 123.0±3.0 (high-dose) | Glucose levels (mg/dL): D: 131.0±3.0 (low-dose); 119.0±3.0 (high-dose) AEx+D: 129.0±3.0 (low-dose); 124.0±3.0 (high-dose) | NR |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. BMI, body mass index; C, control; PRT, progressive resistance training; AEx, aerobic exercise training; F, fish meal; NR, not reported; D, diet; P, placebo. aConverted from standard error of mean to standard deviation.
C, control; PRT, progressive resistance training; NA, not applicable; RM, repetition maximum; HIIT, high intensity interval training; NR, not reported; AEx, aerobic training; VO2peak, peak oxygen consumption; HRR, heart rate reserve; F, fish meal; D, diet; HRmax, maximal heart rate; P, placebo. aConverted from standard error of mean to standard deviation.
SD, standard deviation; C, control; PRT, progressive resistance training; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; NR, not reported; AEx, aerobic training; ITT, insulin tolerance test; F, fish meal; AUC, area under the curve; SSPG, steady state plasma glucose; D, diet; P, placebo. aConverted from standard error of mean to standard deviation, bData has been extrapolated from a graph.