1Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
2Department of Preventive Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.
Copyright © 2016 Korean Diabetes Association
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Test for all patients |
---|
1. Which organ makes insulin? |
① Kidney ② Pancreas ③ Cardiac ④ Spleen ⑤ Don't know |
2. Which is not the purpose of treatment for diabetes? |
① Maintain normal blood glucose level ② Maintain current body weight |
③ Maintain normal blood pressure ④ Maintain normal blood lipid |
3. Which are not foods that diabetic patients can take freely? |
① Black tea, green tea ② Cucumber, Chinese cabbage, lettuce |
③ Seaweed, brown seaweed, kelp ④ Konjak, agar ⑤ Glucose-free juice |
4. What is a symptom of low blood glucose? |
① Thirstiness ② Often urination ③ Dried lips and skin |
④ Shivering and cold sweating ⑤ Weight loss |
5. How many days past does a glycosylated hemoglobin assay reflect? |
① One day ② A week ③ 6–10 weeks ④ 6 months ⑤ Don't know |
6. What will happen to insulin or diabetic medicine when you exercise regularly? |
① Will increase ② Will decrease ③ Will not change ④ Don't know |
7. What will happen to blood glucose level when diabetic patients have a virus? |
① Will increase ② Will decrease ③ Will not change ④ Don't know |
8. Which food contains the most carbohydrates? |
① Fried chicken ② Cheese ③ Baked potato ④ Butter |
9. What will happen to blood glucose level when you drink glucose-free fruit juice? |
① Will increase ② Will decrease ③ Will not change ④ Don't know |
10. What is the best treatment for low blood glucose? |
① A half can of diet coke ② Cracker with cheese |
③ Refined glucose or fruit juice (3/4 cup, 175 mL) ④ Don't know |
11. Which activity does not cause low blood glucose? |
① Eating between meals ② Having more activities than usual |
③ Having no lunch ④ Don't know |
12. What happens to the risk of blindness by diabetic eye disease when a diabetic patient manages blood glucose well? |
① Increases ② Decreases ③ Does not change ④ Don't know |
13. What is the cause of insensibility and numbness? |
① Kidney disease ② Nervous system disease ③ Eye disease ④ Liver disease |
14. How does the risk of having cardiac disease among diabetic patients compare with that among normal people? |
① Increased ② Decreased ③ The same ④ Don't know |
15. What do diabetes patients need to do for foot care? |
① Sit with crossed legs to circulate blood to feet well |
② Remove hardened skin with razor when there is an unpleasant odor |
③ Clip toenail in a straight line |
④ Use a corn plaster when there is a corn on the foot |
16. What happens to the risk of having cardiac disease when blood cholesterol is high? |
① Will increase ② Will decrease ③ Will not change ④ Don't know |
17. What happens to the risk of having cardiac disease if LDL is high? |
① Will increase ② Will decrease ③ Will not change ④ Don't know |
18. How is the HDL level among diabetic patients generally? |
① Increased ② Decreased ③ Unchanged ④ Don't know |
19. What is the standard reference 2 hours after a meal to diagnose diabetes? |
① 100 mg/dL ② 140 mg/dL ③ 200 mg/dL ④ 250 mg/dL ⑤ Don't know |
20. What is the target of regulating glycosylated hemoglobin assays with diabetic patients? |
① 7% or less ② 8% or less ③ 9% or less ④ 10% or less ⑤ Don't know |
Test only for insulin users |
1. How long does Lantus work after injection? |
① 2 hours ② 6 hours ③ 12 hours ④ 24 hours ⑤ Don't know |
2. What is the best answer about measuring blood glucose level among diabetic patients using insulin? |
① Use blood glucose measuring instrument |
② It shows blood glucose for latest hours |
③ Measure blood glucose at least once a week |
④ Don't know |
3. Before lunch, you realize that you did not have your insulin injection before breakfast. What do you need to do? |
① Skip lunch to decrease blood glucose |
② Take the same insulin injection you were supposed to get before breakfast |
③ Take twice as much insulin as you normally receive before breakfast |
④ Measure blood glucose to determine the quantity of insulin to inject |
4. What should you do when you find an unconscious diabetic patient who injected insulin? |
① Keep the patient flat and call an ambulance |
② Put honey into the patient's mouth and contact the patient's family |
③ Let the patient get up and drink juice |
④ Don't know |
5. When do patients most likely have low blood glucose? |
① With too much insulin ② With too little insulin |
③ With too much food ④ With too little exercise |
6. When do patients most likely have high blood glucose? |
① Not enough insulin ② After skipping a meal ③ After having a late snack |
④ There is too much ketone in the urine |
Test for all patients |
---|
1. What is the normal the blood glucose 2 hours after a meal? |
① Less than 140 mg/dL ② Less than 200 mg/dL ③ Less than 250 mg/dL |
④ Less than 300 mg/dL ⑤ Don't know |
2. What is the normal range of glycosylated hemoglobin assays? |
① 6% or less ② 7% ③ 8% ④ 9% ⑤ Don't know |
3. What is the target of controlling blood pressure among diabetic patients? |
① 130/80 mm Hg or less ② 140/90 mm Hg or less |
③ 150/100 mm Hg or less ④ 160/110 mm Hg or less ⑤ Don't know |
4. What is the risk of my children having diabetes if I have diabetes? |
① Will increase ② Will decrease ③ Will not change ④ Don't know |
5. What happens to blood glucose without insulin excretion? |
① Increases ② Decreases ③ Does not change ④ Don't know |
6. What is the best way to check blood glucose level? |
① Urine test ② Blood test ③ Urine test and blood test ④ Don't know |
7. What is the diet for diabetic patients? |
① Common diets for normal people |
② Recommended diets for normal people |
③ More carbohydrate than normal diets |
④ More protein than normal diets |
8. Which of the following foods contain the most fat? |
① Low-fat milk ② Orange juice ③ Corn ④ Honey |
9. Which of the following foods can diabetic patients take freely? |
① Sugar-free food |
② Nutrient food |
③ Food labeled "sugar-free" |
④ Food with 20 Kcal or less per unit |
10. What are common symptoms of hypoglycemia? |
① Pale, shivering, cold sweat ② Thirst, increased urine |
③ Decreased appetite, fever ④ Don't know |
11. Which of the following is a symptom of ketoacidosis (acute complications caused by sever hyperglycemia)? |
① Shivering ② Sweating ③ Vomiting ④ Low blood glucose ⑤ Don't know |
12. If you take fat less, you can lower the risk of ( ). |
① Nervous disease ② Kidney disease ③ Cardiac disease ④ Eye disease |
13. Which of the following is not associated with diabetes mellitus? |
① Eyesight problem ② Kidney problem ③ Nervous problem ④ Lung problem |
14. What is the best method of foot management? |
① Wash and observe everyday ② Rinse with alcohol everyday |
③ Dip into water for 1 hour everyday ④ Put on bigger shoes |
15. What happens to the risk of cardiac disease when blood pressure is managed well? |
① Will increase ② Will decrease ③ Will not change ④ Don't know |
16. If HDL is high, what happens to the risk of cardiac disease? |
① Will increase ② Will decrease ③ Will not change ④ Don't know |
17. What happens to the risk of lowered HDL and increased LDL among diabetic patients? |
① Will increase ② Will decrease ③ Will not change ④ Don't know |
18. What will happen to the risk of cardiac disease when cholesterol is controlled well among diabetic patients? |
① Will increase ② Will decrease ③ Will not change ④ Don't know |
19. Which of the following statements is incorrect? |
① Insulin is the only treatment for diabetes mellitus |
② Sometimes, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients also need insulin treatment |
③ Slight weight loss can be helpful for diabetes mellitus patients |
④ If fasting blood glucose level is 210 mg/dL, it is abnormally high |
20. Which of the following is correct? |
① Diabetes mellitus has symptoms all of the time |
② Diabetes mellitus can be cured |
③ Aging is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus |
④ The best way to examine the blood glucose is the urine test |
Test only for insulin users |
1. What is the reason for hypoglycemia? |
① Less exercise than usual |
② Increased meal amount |
③ Over amount of insulin injection |
④ Less intake of oral hypoglycemic agent than prescribed |
⑤ Regular meal time |
2. What should type 1 diabetic patients eat? |
① Meals and snacks at regular times |
② Healthy food that does not contain glucose |
③ Anything in case of hunger |
④ High-protein, low-fat foods |
3. If you are injected with NPH insulin, when does the insulins peek effect show? |
① 1–3 hours ② 6–12 hours ③ 12–15 hours ④ Over 15 hours |
4. If you are suffering from the flu, what should you do? |
① Inject less insulin ② Drink less water |
③ Eat more protein ④ Undergo more examination on blood glucose and ketone levels |
5. If you were injected with insulin in the morning but you did not have breakfast, What would happen to your blood glucose level? |
① Would increase ② Would decrease ③ Would not change ④ Don't know |
6. What do you need for management of diabetes mellitus? |
① Food, insulin ② Food, exercise, insulin |
③ Insulin, exercise ④ Don't know |
1. Do you visit the hospital on the scheduled day? |
① Always ② Usually ③ Sometimes ④ No |
2. How many times do you check your blood glucose in a week? |
______ times/week |
3. Do you take the medicine according to treatment guidance? |
① Always ② Usually ③ Sometimes ④ No |
1. Do you understand your doctor's order? |
① Always ② Usually ③ Sometimes ④ No |
2. Do you try to follow doctor's order? |
① Always ② Usually ③ Sometimes ④ No |
3. Do you follow doctor's order? |
① Always ② Usually ③ Sometimes ④ No |
Characteristic | OTDMS (n=42) | Control (n=50) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, yr | 56.36±8.32 | 56.94±11.94 | 0.784 |
Sex, male/female | 20/22 | 22/28 | 0.728 |
Duration of DM, yr | 6.75±2.89 | 5.98±2.87 | 0.238 |
Baseline HbA1c, % | 8.95±1.69 | 8.67±1.74 | 0.430 |
After 6 months HbA1c, % | 8.02±1.43 | 7.94±1.63 | 0.797 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.90±2.84 | 24.92±4.11 | 0.973 |
Treatment | 0.934 | ||
OHAs | 18 (43) | 21 (42) | |
OHAs+insulin | 24 (57) | 29 (58) |
Maximum score=1/item | OTDMS | Control | P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | Before | After | ||
Overall knowledge | 0.54±0.23 | 0.75±0.20 | 0.57±0.24 | 0.76±0.19 | 0.518 |
Complications of DM | 0.73±0.29 | 0.62±0.19 | 0.77±0.21 | 0.60±0.20 | 0.884 |
Diet | 0.25±0.21 | 0.49±0.34 | 0.35±0.24 | 0.48±0.33 | 0.341 |
The goal of DM management | 0.30±0.26 | 0.43±0.30 | 0.29±0.23 | 0.43±0.26 | 0.901 |
Hypoglycemia | 0.64±0.32 | 0.93±0.26 | 0.70±0.29 | 0.92±0.27 | 0.584 |
Total score (maximum score=20) | 10.86±3.83 | 12.38±2.96 | 11.66±3.08 | 12.20±2.96 | 0.577 |
OTDMS | Control | P value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | After | Before | ||
Compliance | 7.4±1.0 | 7.6±0.7 | 7.7±0.7 | 7.5±0.9 | 0.790 |
Do you visit the hospital on the scheduled day? | 3.76±0.48 | 3.81±0.40 | 3.82±0.44 | 3.84±0.37 | 0.369 |
How many times do you check your blood glucose in a week? ______times/week | 1.33±2.58 | 4.02±2.91 | 1.80±4.11 | 3.34±2.66 | <0.001 |
Do you take the medicine comply ing with treatment guidance? | 3.62±0.62 | 3.79±0.42 | 3.84±0.42 | 3.68±0.57 | 0.867 |
Reliability | 10.57±1.65 | 11.10±1.08 | 10.80±1.58 | 10.70±1.43 | 0.257 |
Do you understand doctor's order? | 3.60±0.54 | 3.83±0.38 | 3.76±0.48 | 3.62±0.53 | 0.615 |
Do you try to follow doctor's order? | 3.52±0.59 | 3.74±0.50 | 3.60±0.61 | 3.66±0.52 | 0.033 |
Do you follow doctor's order? | 3.45±0.74 | 3.52±0.51 | 3.44±0.81 | 3.42±0.78 | 0.798 |
Satisfaction | 6.50±2.37 | 7.64±2.07 | 6.46±2.87 | 7.76±2.14 | 0.928 |
LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein.
HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; NPH, neutral protamine Hagedorn.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%). OTDMS, OneTouch Diabetes Management Software; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; BMI, body mass index; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. OTDMS, OneTouch Diabetes Management Software; DM, diabetes mellitus.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. OTDMS, OneTouch Diabetes Management Software.