1Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Québec, QC, Canada.
2Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada.
3University of Bordeaux, UMR 5248, CBMN, Bordeaux, France.
4Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
5Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Copyright © 2015 Korean Diabetes Association
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Probiotic strains | Dose | Host organism | Diet | Treatment | Principal findings | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VSL#3 (L. acidophilus MB 443, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus MB 453, L. casei MB 451, L. plantarum MB 452, B. longum Y10, B. infantis Y1, B. breve Y8, and S. salivarius subsp. thermophilus MB 455) | 5 mg/kg of body weight | Mice (C57BL6) | HFD | Preventive: 8 wk | ↓Body weight gain; ↓fat mass accumulation in WAT and liver, and adipocyte size; ↑insulin and glucose tolerance; ↓plasma pro-inf. cytokines, TG and FFA; ↓resistin; ↑adiponectin; ↑Stat3 phosphorylation in the hypothalamus; expression levels of food intake regulatory genes : ↓AgRP, ↓NpY, and ↑POMC; ↓Firmicutes; ↑Bacteroidetes; ↑Bifidobactericeae; ↑butyrate production; ↑GLP-1 secretion | Yadav et al. (2013) [ |
Therapeutic: 13 wk on HFD+8 wk of treatment | ||||||
L. plantarum KY1032; L. curvatus HY7601 | 1010 cfu/day for each strain | Mice (C57BL6) | HFHC | 9 wk | Probiotic strains combinaison ↓plasma and liver chol; ↓fat mass accumulation in WAT and liver; ↓transcriptional regulators of lipid metabolism genes; ↓FA synthesis-related genes and FA β-oxidation genes; ↓LPL in WAT; multi-strain probiotics may prove more beneficial than single-strain probiotics | Yoo et al. (2013) [ |
L. plantarum KY1032; L. curvatus HY7601 | 5.109 cfu/day for each strain | Mice (C57BL6) | HFD | 10 wk of treatment after DIO in 8 wk | ↓Body weight gain; ↓fat mass accumulation; ↓ALT; ↓plasma chol, leptin, and insulin; ↓eWAT pro-inf. gene expression; ↓gut microbiota diversity; ↓A. muciniphila; ↑Ruminococcaceae; ↑Lachnospiraceae | Park et al. (2013) [ |
Propionibacterium freudenreichii spp. shermanii JS (PJS) or L. rhamnosus GG (GG) | 109 cfu/day for each strain | Heterozygous ApoE*3Leiden C57B1/6 mice | HFD | 4 wk | PJS ↓body weight gain and gut TNF-α intensity; PJS and GG ↓intestinal mast cell numbers and ↓plasma ALT; GG ↑gut IL-10 intensity | Oksaharju et al. (2013) [ |
Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum CECT 7765 | 109 cfu/day | Mice (C57BL6) | HFD | 7 wk | ↓Serum chol, TG, glucose, insulin, and leptin levels; modulation of liver expression of key proteins involved in the energy metabolism and lipid transports | Moya-Perez et al. (2014) [ |
B. animalis subsp. lactis 420 | 109 cfu/day | Mice (C57BL6) | HFD | 12 wk | ↓Fat mass accumulation in obese and diabetic mice; ↓body weight gain; ↓metabolic endotoxemia | Stenman et al. (2014) [ |
Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 | 109-1010 cfu/day | Mice (C57BL6) | HFD | 10 wk | ↓Body weight gain; ↓fat mass accumulation; ↑GLUT4 mRNA expression in WAT; ↑mRNA expressions of ACO, CPT1, PPARα, PPARδ, and ANGPTL4 in the liver; ↓serum insulin and leptin | Kang et al. (2013) [ |
A. muciniphila | 2.108 cfu/day | Mice (C57BL6) | HFD | 4 wk | ↓s.c., mesenteric, epididymal fat mass, body weight gain, insulin resistance, endotoxemia; ↑mRNA expression of markers of adipocyte differentiation and lipid oxydation; A. muciniphila treatment restored mucus layer thickness | Everard et al. (2013) [ |
S. boulardii Biocodex (yeast) | 120 mg/day | Mice (db/db) | Chow diet | 4 wk | ↓Body weight gain; ↓fat mass accumulation; ↓hepatic steatosis (lipid content, liver weight); ↓hepatic and systemic inflammation (MCP1, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α); ↑caecum weight; ↑Bacteroidetes; ↓Firmicutes; ↓Proteobacteria; ↓Tenericutes; S. boulardii treatment ↓genera associated with diabetes and inflammation in db/db mice (i.e., Odoribacter, Ruminococcus, Prevotella) | Everard et al. (2014) [ |
L. rhamnosus GG | 5.107 cfu/g of body weight | Mice (C57BL6, female) | HFrD | 8 wk | ↓Development of high-fructose induced NAFLD; ↓plasma ALT; ↓liver fat accumulation; ↓liver expression of ChREBP, ACC1 and FAS; ↓liver inflammation (TNF-α, IL-1β); ↑gut expression of occludin and claudin-1; LGG almost normalized the elevated portal LPS levels in HFrD fed mice; ↑Bacteroidetes; ↑Firmicutes | Ritze et al. (2014) [ |
Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-4270 (LC), L. rhamnosus I-3690 (LR) or B. animalis subsp. lactis I-2494 (BA) | 108 cells/day (individually, not in combination) | Mice (C57BL6) | HFD | 12 wk | Each strain attenuated weight gain, macrophage infiltration into eWAT, markedly ↑glucose-insulin homeostasis and hepatic steatosis; BA more robustly attenuated inflammatory effect of HFD (↓TNF-α expression in eWAT and liver, ↓LBP (a marker of endotoxin load), ↑anti-inf. adiponectin levels); Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains differentially affected host inflammation, gut microbial fermentation and gut microbiota composition | Wang et al. (2015) [ |
L. plantarum K21 | 109 cfu/day | Mice (C57Bl/6J) | HFD | 8 wk | ↓Body weight gain; ↓visceral fat mass accumulation; ↓hepatic lipid, chol content; ↓plasma leptin, ALT, AST, TG, and chol; regulation of hepatic PPAR-γ expression; ↓gut permeability; ↓Clostridium perfringens; ↑Bifidobacterium; ↑Lactobacillus | Wu et al. (2015) [ |
Probiotic strains | Dose | Host organism | Diet | Treatment | Principal findings | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lactobacillus acidophilus La5; Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 | 300 g of low fat (2.5% fat) yogurt/day corresponding to more than 5.108 cfu/dose of each strain | NAFLD patients | Own regular lifestyles (without other yogurt) | 8 wk | ↓Body weight and BMI; ↓serum ALT and AST, total chol and LDL-C | Nabavi et al. (2014) [ |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724+ prebiotics | 1, 6.108 cfu/capsule with oligofructose and inulin (2 capsules/day) | Healthy overweight men and women | Energy restriction | Phase 1: 12 wk of dietary restriction +/- probiotic | Prebiotics improve probiotic survival; ↓of body weight gain and body fat mass in women; ↓Lachnospiraceae family in women but not in men; ↓leptin concentration in plasma | Sanchez et al. (2014) [ |
Phase 2: 12 wk of weight maintenance +/probiotic | ||||||
Lactobacillus curvatus HY7601; L. plantarum KY1032 | 0, 5.1010 cfu/day of each strain in 2 g of powder | Non-diabetic and hyper-triglyceridemic subjects | Own regular lifestyles | 12 wk | ↓Serum TG; ↑plasma apolipoprotein A-V and LDL particule size | Ahn et al. (2015) [ |
Lactobacillus casei Shirota | 65 mL of Yakult Light twice each day | Healthy human subjects | HFD (only 7 day) | 4 wk (normal diet during 3 wk followed by a high-fat high-energy diet during 7 day) | Trend to reduce body weight gain; prevention of ↓insulin sensitivity induced by HFD; preservation of glycaemia and insulin action | Hulston et al. (2015) [ |
L. plantarum A7 | 200 mL soy milk/day | Type 2 diabetes patients | Own regular lifestyles (without consumption of other dairy products) | 8 wk | ↓Systolic and diastolic blood pressure | Hariri et al. (2015) [ |
Bifidobacterium breve B-3 | 5.1010 cfu/day | Overweight human subjects | Own regular lifestyles | 12 wk | ↓Fat mass accumulation; ↓plasma HbA1c; ↑γ-GTP; ↓hCRP levels | Minami et al. (2015) [ |
cfu, colony forming unit; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; BMI, body mass index; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; chol, cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol;