1Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
2Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2022 Korean Diabetes Association
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ASM/BMI tertiles | Lowest (n=103) | Middle (n=111) | Highest (n=91) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASM/BMI, m2 | 0.61±0.04 | 0.70±0.02 |
0.79±0.08 |
<0.001 | |
Follow-up duration, yr | 3.22±2.49 | 3.27±2.58 | 3.41±2.30 | 0.899 | |
Postpartum parameters | |||||
Age, yr | 35.5±3.8 | 34.4±3.4 | 34.7±3.7 | 0.081 | |
Height, cm | 156.7±4.3 | 161.3±3.9 |
164.0±4.0 |
<0.001 | |
Body weight, kg | 63.1±10.7 | 59.6±8.8 |
56.3±8.5 |
<0.001 | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.6±3.0 | 22.8±2.6 |
20.8±2.5 |
<0.001 | |
Waist circumference, cm | 86.8±10.3 | 81.4±7.5 |
79.8±7.7 |
<0.001 | |
ASM, kg | 15.7±2.0 | 15.9±1.8 | 16.5±1.9 |
0.011 | |
Whole body fat mass, kg | 24.2±6.7 | 19.9±5.0 |
15.5±4.8 |
<0.001 | |
Estimated visceral fat area, cm2 | 108.8±34.2 | 85.2±29.2 |
66.9±30.9 |
<0.001 | |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 121.7±14.8 | 116.7±14.4 |
116.3±13.2 |
0.014 | |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 73.0±12.1 | 70.7±11.3 | 70.4±9.9 | 0.049 | |
Family history of diabetes | 55 (56.7) | 52 (49.5) | 52 (58.4) | 0.840 | |
Parity (nullipara) | 57 (58.7) | 74 (69.8) | 59 (66.3) | 0.103 | |
Breast feeding | 51 (57.9) | 63 (62.4) | 57 (67.8) | 0.165 | |
Exercise | 10 (9.7) | 12 (10.8) | 15 (16.5) | 0.156 | |
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 98.6±12.5 | 95.1±10.7 | 92.6±8.9 |
0.001 | |
PP 2 hours, mg/dL | 141.8±44.2 | 133.4±33.2 | 133.3±39.2 | 0.211 | |
HbA1c, % | 5.6±0.4 | 5.5 ±0.4 | 5.4±0.34 |
0.003 | |
Insulin, µIU/mL | 9.6±4.8 | 8.5±3.6 | 6.9±2.8 |
<0.001 | |
C-peptide, ng/mL | 2.4 ±1.3 | 2.0±1.4 | 1.5±0.7 |
<0.001 | |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 213.9±43.1 | 210.1±38.4 | 205.0±47.9 | 0.393 | |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 122.9±69.5 | 119.8±70.1 | 87.0±41.9 |
<0.001 | |
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 60.8±11.5 | 59.8±11.2 | 66.5±16.8 |
0.002 | |
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 126.8±28.8 | 121.9±28.6 | 116.9±37.9 | 0.134 | |
Antepartum parameters | |||||
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 87.1±10.7 | 87.6±10.9 | 84.8±12.4 | 0.203 | |
PP 1 hour, mg/dL | 191.6±23.7 | 189.8±26.9 | 195.1±27.0 | 0.362 | |
PP 2 hours, mg/dL | 175.5±22.2 | 177.1±25.2 | 179.8±33.5 | 0.551 | |
PP 3 hours, mg/dL | 144.1±27.2 | 145.4±26.3 | 139.7±29.5 | 0.387 | |
HbA1c, % | 5.4±0.4 | 5.2±0.4 |
5.2±0.4 |
<0.001 | |
Insulin, µIU/mL | 11.0±5.1 | 11.2±5.7 | 10.9±6.2 | 0.590 | |
C-peptide, ng/mL | 2.7±1.3 | 2.4±1.3 | 2.3±1.5 | 0.181 | |
Insulin use | 29 (28.2) | 22 (19.8) | 14 (15.4) | 0.085 |
Variable | ASM/BMI tertiles (range) |
P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lowest (0.51–0.66) | Middle (0.67–0.73) | Highest (0.74–0.94) | ||
Total number | 103 | 111 | 91 | |
Prediabetes and T2DM | 59 (57.3) | 62 (55.9) | 33 (36.3) | 0.004 |
Model 1 | Ref | 0.68 (0.40–1.16) | 0.39 (0.22–0.69) | |
Model 2 | Ref | 0.69 (0.36–1.34) | 0.38 (0.17–0.83) | |
Model 3 | Ref | 0.70 (0.33–1.49) | 0.37 (0.15–0.92) | |
Prediabetes | 47 (45.6) | 53 (47.7) | 28 (30.8) | 0.004 |
Model 1 | Ref | 0.79 (0.45–1.38) | 0.43 (0.23–0.78) | |
Model 2 | Ref | 0.75 (0.38–1.51) | 0.38 (0.16–0.87) | |
Model 3 | Ref | 0.78 (0.36–1.70) | 0.36 (0.14–0.94) | |
T2DM | 12 (11.7) | 9 (8.1) | 5 (5.5) | 0.004 |
Model 1 | Ref | 0.31 (0.10–0.90) | 0.28 (0.10–0.82) | |
Model 2 | Ref | 0.45 (0.12–1.65) | 0.40 (0.09–1.85) | |
Model 3 | Ref | 0.46 (0.10–2.12) | 0.44 (0.06–3.07) |
Variable | ASM/BMI tertiles |
P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lowest (n=103) | Middle (n=111) | Highest (n=91) | ||
BMI <23 kg/m2 (n=169) | 31 | 62 | 76 | |
Incident prediabetes and T2DM | 16 (51.6) | 30 (48.4) | 25 (32.9) | 0.040 |
Model 1 | Ref | 0.68 (0.30–1.52) | 0.44 (0.20–0.97) | |
Model 2 | Ref | 0.56 (0.21–1.53) | 0.22 (0.07–0.69) | |
Model 3 | Ref | 0.60 (0.18–1.95) | 0.21 (0.06–0.77) | |
BMI ≥23 kg/m2 (n=136) | 72 | 49 | 15 | |
Incident prediabetes and T2DM | 43 (59.7) | 32 (65.3) | 8 (53.3) | 0.956 |
Model 1 | Ref | 0.88 (0.41–1.92) | 0.67 (0.22–2.04) | |
Model 2 | Ref | 0.74 (0.28–1.91) | 0.64 (0.18–2.35) | |
Model 3 | Ref | 0.66 (0.2–2.12) | 0.56 (0.10–3.26) |
Variable | ASM/BMI tertiles |
P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lowest | Middle | Highest | ||
HOMA-IR | ||||
Antepartum | 2.35±1.08 | 2.46±1.35 | 2.20±1.35 | 0.427 |
Postpartum | 2.36±1.35 | 2.03±1.00 |
1.57±0.67 |
<0.001 |
P valuec | 0.929 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Mean difference | 0.01±1.48 | –0.42±1.10 | –0.64±1.31 |
0.009 |
HOMA-β | ||||
Antepartum | 11.1±24.0 | 10.9±14.9 | 8.2±29.1 | 0.662 |
Postpartum | 5.64±2.43 | 5.32±2.73 | 4.96±2.23 | 0.219 |
P valuec | 0.044 | <0.001 | 0.335 | |
Mean difference | –5.48±24.1 | –5.60±14.4 | –3.25±30.0 | 0.764 |
Insulinogenic index | 0.47±0.31 | 0.38±1.20 | 0.44±0.40 | 0.786 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%). Statistical significance for linear by linear association between categorical variables was calculated using chi-square tests or ANOVA (Bonferroni method for ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; BMI, body mass index; PP, postprandial glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein. Significant difference ( Compared to the middle group.
Values are presented as number (%) or odds ratio (95% confidence interval) using a logistic regression model. Model 1 is unadjusted; Model 2 is adjusted for age, family history of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, total fat mass, and waist circumference; and Model 3 is adjusted for the variables listed for Model 2 plus breast feeding, exercise after delivery, fasting plasma glucose concentration during pregnancy, and postpartum BMI change. P values are for linear by linear association analysis. T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; BMI, body mass index.
Values are presented as number (%) or odds ratio (95% confidence interval) using a logistic regression model. Model 1 is unadjusted; Model 2 is adjusted for age, family history of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, total fat mass, and waist circumference; and Model 3 is adjusted for the variables listed for Model 2 plus breast feeding, exercise after delivery, fasting plasma glucose concentration during pregnancy, and postpartum BMI change. P values are for linear by linear association analysis. T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; BMI, body mass index.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. Antepartum and postpartum values were calculated at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation and at 6 to 8 weeks after delivery, respectively. P values were calculated using ANOVA (Bonferroni method for HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; BMI, body mass index. Significant difference ( Compared to the middle group, Paired