1Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
2Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
3Life Sciences, LG Chem Ltd., Seoul, Korea
4Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2021 Korean Diabetes Association
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
Sangmo Hong, Chang Hee Jung, and Cheol-Young Park had no potential conflict of interest relevant to this article. Song Han was hired by LG Chem Ltd., Seoul.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conception or design: S.H., C.H.L., C.Y.P.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: S.H, C.H.L., S.H., C.Y.P.
Drafting the work or revising: S.H., C.H.L.
Final approval of the manuscript: S.H., C.Y.P.
FUNDING
None
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function.
Model 1: age, ethnicity, body mass index; Model 2: age, ethnicity, body mass index, HbA1c at baseline; Model 3: age, ethnicity, body mass index, HbA1c at baseline, DPP-4 activity at baseline; Model 4: ethnicity, body mass index; Model 5: ethnicity, body mass index, HbA1c at baseline; Model 6: ethnicity, body mass index, HbA1c at baseline, DPP-4 activity at baseline.
DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; SE, standard error.
Characteristic | DPP-4 enzyme inhibition rate |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | T1 (<65.26%) | T2 (65.26%–76.35%) | T3 (≥76.35%) | P value | |
No. of patients | 323 | 96 | 112 | 115 | |
Age, yr | 52.9±9.7 | 49.8±8.3 | 53.1±10.5 | 55.3±9.5 | <0.0001 |
Male sex, % | 53.9 | 58.3 | 57.1 | 44.0 | 0.1611 |
Ethnicity (Indian/Korean), % | 29.7/70.3 | 32.3/67.7 | 23.2/76.8 | 33.9/66.1 | 0.1702 |
The proportion of each DPP-4 inhibitor (sitagliptin/gemigliptin), % | 31.6/68.4 | 57.3/42.7 | 25.0/75.0 | 16.5/83.5 | <0.0001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.8±3.5 | 25.9±3.2 | 26.0±3.6 | 25.6±3.6 | 0.6759 |
Waist circumference, cm | 89.45±9.1 | 90.2±9.0 | 89.2±8.6 | 89.1±9.7 | 0.6176 |
HbA1c at baseline, % | 8.01±0.8 | 8.1±0.8 | 8.0±0.8 | 8.0±0.8 | 0.3978 |
FPG at baseline, mg/dL | 144.7±30.6 | 145.8±29.7 | 148.2±35.0 | 140.4±26.2 | 0.1515 |
Total cholesterol at baseline, mg/dL | 166.9±38.8 | 168.2±43.9 | 166.0±36.5 | 166.6±36.6 | 0.9962 |
HDL-C at baseline, mg/dL | 43.9±12.0 | 41.7±12.1 | 45.0±12.5 | 44.6±11.4 | 0.0681 |
LDL-C at baseline, mg/dL | 91.9±31.4 | 93.4±31.2 | 92.3±31.3 | 90.3±31.9 | 0.5721 |
TG at baseline, mg/dL | 161.6±122.2 | 173.0±143.6 | 155.2±135.4 | 158.1±83.7 | 0.3746 |
HOMA-IR at baseline | 3.73±4.2 | 3.7±2.1 | 4.1±6.7 | 3.4±1.7 | 0.5581 |
HOMA-β at baseline | 49.9±33.7 | 51.0±36.9 | 50.4±38.2 | 48.3±25.5 | 0.8798 |
Baseline DPP-4 activity | 22.43±4.71 | 21.70±5.58 | 21.99±4.37 | 23.47±4.32 | 0.0130 |
Variable | DPP-4 enzyme inhibition rate |
P value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | T1 (<65.26%) | T2 (65.26%–76.35%) | T3 (≥76.35%) | ||
HbA1c at baseline, % | 8.01±0.80 | 8.10±0.84 | 7.97±0.79 | 7.98±0.77 | 0.3978 |
HbA1c at week 24 | 7.13±0.82 | 7.30±0.88 | 7.12±0.78 | 7.00±0.78 | 0.0212 |
P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
HbA1c change from baseline to week 24, % | –10.74±8.67 | –9.60±9.34 | –10.29±8.50 | –12.12±8.11 | 0.0620 (0.037a) |
Variable | R2 | B | SE | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | ||||
Age | 0.0245 | –0.0100 | 0.0045 | 0.0279 |
Enthinicity (Indian/Korean), % | 0.0509 | 0.0953 | 0.5937 | |
Body mass index | 0.0004 | 0.0125 | 0.9751 | |
Degree of DPP-4 inhibition | –0.0024 | 0.0024 | 0.3210 | |
Model 2 | ||||
Age | 0.2615 | –0.0125 | 0.0040 | 0.0019 |
Enthinicity (Indian/Korean), % | 0.1827 | 0.0840 | 0.0304 | |
Body mass index | 0.0011 | 0.0109 | 0.9173 | |
HbA1c at baseline | –0.4758 | 0.0472 | <0.0001 | |
Degree of DPP-4 inhibition | –0.0039 | 0.0021 | 0.0678 | |
Model 3 | ||||
Age | 0.2403 | –0.0129 | 0.0040 | 0.0013 |
Enthinicity (Indian/Korean), % | 0.1688 | 0.0848 | 0.0474 | |
Body mass index | 0.0015 | 0.0848 | 0.8902 | |
HbA1c at baseline | –0.4701 | 0.0109 | <0.0001 | |
DPP-4 activity at baseline | –0.0094 | 0.0474 | 0.2324 | |
Degree of DPP-4 inhibition | –0.0033 | 0.0021 | 0.1195 | |
Model 4 | 0.0096 | |||
Enthinicity (Indian/Korean), % | 0.0842 | 0.0946 | 0.3742 | |
Body mass index | 0.0047 | 0.0124 | 0.7035 | |
Degree of DPP-4 inhibition | –0.0033 | 0.0024 | 0.1650 | |
Model 5 | 0.2386 | |||
Enthinicity (Indian/Korean), % | 0.2214 | 0.0842 | 0.0090 | |
Body mass index | 0.0065 | 0.0109 | 0.5528 | |
HbA1c at baseline | –0.4669 | 0.0477 | <0.0001 | |
Degree of DPP-4 inhibition | –0.0050 | 0.0021 | 0.0186 | |
Model 6 | 0.2403 | |||
Enthinicity (Indian/Korean), % | 0.2128 | 0.0850 | 0.0128 | |
Body mass index | 0.0069 | 0.0109 | 0.5281 | |
HbA1c at baseline | –0.4626 | 0.0480 | <0.0001 | |
DPP-4 activity at baseline | –0.0066 | 0.0080 | 0.4041 | |
Degree of DPP-4 inhibition | –0.0047 | 0.0021 | 0.0305 |
DPP-4 enzyme inhibition rate | Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | P value | B | SE | P value | B | SE | P value | |
<65.26% | |||||||||
Age | –0.0167 | 0.0108 | 0.1269 | –0.0137 | 0.0097 | 0.1623 | –0.0138 | 0.0097 | 0.1612 |
HbA1c at baseline | - | - | - | –0.4400 | 0.0884 | <0.0001 | –0.4422 | 0.0891 | <0.0001 |
65.26%–76.35% | |||||||||
Age | –0.0039 | 0.0070 | 0.5786 | –0.0098 | 0.0062 | 0.1169 | –0.0123 | 0.0064 | 0.0568 |
HbA1c at baseline | - | - | - | –0.4959 | 0.0814 | <0.0001 | –0.4903 | 0.0811 | <0.0001 |
≥76.35% | |||||||||
Age | –0.0117 | 0.0072 | 0.1065 | –0.0137 | 0.0063 | 0.0321 | –0.0144 | 0.0063 | 0.0244 |
HbA1c at baseline | - | - | - | –0.4754 | 0.0808 | <0.0001 | –0.4628 | 0.0811 | <0.0001 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4.
Model 1: age, ethnicity, body mass index; Model 2: age, ethnicity, body mass index, HbA1c at baseline; Model 3: age, ethnicity, body mass index, HbA1c at baseline, DPP-4 activity at baseline; Model 4: ethnicity, body mass index; Model 5: ethnicity, body mass index, HbA1c at baseline; Model 6: ethnicity, body mass index, HbA1c at baseline, DPP-4 activity at baseline. DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; SE, standard error.
Model 1: age, ethnicity, body mass index; Model 2: age, ethnicity, body mass index, HbA1c at baseline; Model 3: age, ethnicity, body mass index, HbA1c at baseline, DPP-4 activity at baseline. DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; SE, ; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin.