The Role of Adipose Tissue Lipolysis in Diet-Induced Obesity: Focus on Vimentin

Eun Roh; Hye Jin Yoo

doi:10.4093/dmj.2020.0293

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Editorial The Role of Adipose Tissue Lipolysis in Diet-Induced Obesity: Focus on Vimentin: Eun Roh, Hye Jin Yoo; Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 2021;45(1):43-45.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0293
Published online: January 22, 2021

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Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Hye Jin Yoo

Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Gurogu, Seoul 08308, Korea E-mail: deisy21@naver.com

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Adipose tissue (AT) is the main organ for energy storage. During periods of energy demands, such as fasting and physical exercise, fatty acids (FAs) can be mobilized from fat stores to meet energy needs. Lipolysis is the catabolic pathway through which stored triglycerides (TGs) are hydrolyzed into FA and glycerol. Three lipases work sequentially [1]. First, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) hydrolyzes TG into diacylglycerol (DAG) and FA. Then, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) cleaves DAG into monoacylglycerol, which is ultimately converted into FA and glycerol by monoacylglycerol lipase. HSL resides freely in the cytosol and can associate with lipid droplets. Lipolytic hormones such as catecholamines stimulate lipolysis primarily via cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-mediated activation of protein kinase A (PKA) [2]. PKA then phosphorylates HSL serine residues 563, 659, and 660, leading to translocation of HSL to a lipid droplet and to its active participation in lipolysis [3]. On the other hand, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylates HSL Ser565 and prevents PKA-mediated phosphorylation of this enzyme [3]. In addition to the cAMP/PKA signaling cascade, pathways involving cGMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C (PKC), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) contribute to activate lipolysis in adipocytes [4].

During the development of obesity, AT expands tremendously and adipocyte size increases to neutralize and store nutritional overload [5]. This process is necessary to protect the body from peripheral insulin resistance. However, when the adipocytes are eventually unable to store excess lipids, two important pathological processes in AT are important for the development of metabolic diseases: AT inflammation and hypertrophy [5]. In obese individuals, AT inflammation due to the recruitment of T-cells and macrophages has been shown to contribute to insulin resistance by disturbed adipokine balance [6,7]. Moreover, large adipocytes increase lipolysis and promote elevated circulating TGs, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and glycerols. This process is accompanied by redirection of FA to the liver, promoting hepatic TG accumulation [8].

Vimentin is a type III intermediate filament that comprises a type of cytoskeletal element [9]. It is expressed in mesenchymal cells, including adipocytes where it forms lipid droplets, stabilizes TG [10], and participates insulin-dependent translocation of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), the predominant insulin-responsive glucose transporter isoform, to the plasma membrane [11]. Using a proteomics approach, vimentin has been considered to participate in lipolysis through direct interactions with HSL [10], in addition to its interaction with β-adrenergic receptors and ERK signaling [12]. A recent study showed that mice lacking vimentin (Vim^−/−) had less fat accumulation compared with wild-type mice, suggesting that vimentin is important for normal fat accumulation in the body [13]. However, there have been no animal studies that verified the role of vimentin in diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

In the article titled, “Vimentin deficiency prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice,” Kim et al. [14] investigated whether vimentin deficiency affected high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and glucose intolerance. After 10 weeks of HFD feeding, Vim^−/− mice showed reduced increase in body weight and less epididymal white AT and subcutaneous AT compared to wild-type mice. Interestingly, epididymal Vim^−/− adipocytes were bigger than wild-type cells and serum TG and NEFA levels were higher in Vim^−/− mice. These results suggested that Vim^−/− adipocytes in epididymal fat appear to have improved function with respect to storing lipids and decreasing lipolysis. The authors further revealed that vimentin deficiency reduced trafficking of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), a major FA translocase, to the plasma membrane in adipocytes, indicating that vimentin plays a role in trafficking of CD36 and regulates FA uptake of adipocytes. In vimentinnull AT, active forms of HSL phosphorylation (HSL phosphorylation on Ser563, Ser659, and Ser660) were reduced without changes in the expression of FA synthase or perilipin, two major markers for lipogenesis. The authors also evaluated if vimentin affected insulin resistance in HFD-fed obese mice. Vim^−/− mice had significantly lower fasting glucose levels and improved glucose tolerance compared to control mice. For the mechanism, vimentin deficiency resulted in reduced expression of GLUT4 in the plasma membrane in adipocytes, although the role of vimentin in different regulatory mechanisms should be studied.

CD36, a multifunctional membrane receptor, is a key facilitator of FA uptake and subsequent TG storage in adipocytes [15]. CD36 localization at the plasma membrane was shown to be critical for its activity in FA uptake [16]. CD36 deletion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes decreased lipolysis with altered signaling in the cAMP/PKA and ERK pathways [16]. In humans with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, subcutaneous AT CD36 expression was upregulated, whereas visceral AT CD36 expression was only increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus [17]. CD36 deficient mice showed reduced adiposity and improved insulin resistance [18]. Kim et al. [14] showed that vimentin-null adipocytes have less membrane-localized CD36 and thus less FA uptake via CD36. This deficient CD36-mediated signaling may contribute to decreased lipolysis via reduced phosphorylation of HSL. Thus, we can conclude that vimentin should be noted as a new therapeutic target for diet-induced obesity and diabetes through the regulation of CD36 trafficking and FA uptake in adipocytes. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism by which vimentin is involved in membrane localization of CD36.

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CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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