Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

Diabetes Metab J : Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Search
OPEN ACCESS

Articles

Page Path
HOME > Diabetes Metab J > Volume 42(5); 2018 > Article
Original Article
Epidemiology Diabetes Fact Sheet in Korea, 2016: An Appraisal of Current Status
Jong Chul Won1, Jae Hyuk Lee2, Jae Hyeon Kim3, Eun Seok Kang4, Kyu Chang Won5, Dae Jung Kim6orcid, Moon-Kyu Lee3orcid
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 2018;42(5):415-424.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0017
Published online: August 9, 2018
  • 8,094 Views
  • 83 Download
  • 72 Web of Science
  • 71 Crossref
  • 72 Scopus

1Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

2Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea.

3Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

4Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

5Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.

6Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.

Corresponding author: Dae Jung Kim. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea. djkim@ajou.ac.kr
Corresponding author: Moon-Kyu Lee. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea. leemk@skku.edu
• Received: January 29, 2018   • Accepted: May 2, 2018

Copyright © 2018 Korean Diabetes Association

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

  • Background
    This report presents the recent prevalence and comorbidities related to diabetes in Korea by analyzing the nationally representative data.
  • Methods
    Using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2013 to 2014, the percentages and the total number of subjects over the age of 30 years with diabetes and prediabetes were estimated and applied to the National Population Census in 2014. Diagnosis of diabetes was based on fasting plasma glucose (≥126 mg/dL), current taking of antidiabetic medication, history of previous diabetes, or glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥6.5%. Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was defined by fasting plasma glucose in the range of 100 to 125 mg/dL among those without diabetes.
  • Results
    About 4.8 million (13.7%) Korean adults (≥30 years old) had diabetes, and about 8.3 million (24.8%) Korean adults had IFG. However, 29.3% of the subjects with diabetes are not aware of their condition. Of the subjects with diabetes, 48.6% and 54.7% were obese and hypertensive, respectively, and 31.6% had hypercholesterolemia. Although most subjects with diabetes (89.1%) were under medical treatment, and mostly being treated with oral hypoglycemic agents (80.2%), 10.8% have remained untreated. With respect to overall glycemic control, 43.5% reached the target of HbA1c <7%, whereas 23.3% reached the target when the standard was set to HbA1c <6.5%, according to the Korean Diabetes Association guideline.
  • Conclusion
    Diabetes is a major public health threat in Korea, but a significant proportion of adults were not controlling their illness. We need comprehensive approaches to overcome the upcoming diabetes-related disease burden in Korea.
The global estimated number of people with diabetes was 415 million (8.8%) among subjects aged 20 to 79 years in 2015, and it is expected to rise by 54.7%, to 642 million (10.4%) in 2040, according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) atlas 2017 [1]. It was also estimated that the Western Pacific region, in terms of the IDF atlas, is the largest (153.2 million) region for prevalence of diabetes and has the highest (16%) death rate from diabetes. In Korea, diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death, accounting for 3.9% of all deaths among individuals aged 20 to 79 years in 2014 [2], and the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years in 2012 [3]. Although ranking of mortality caused by diabetes decreased from fourth place to sixth place 10 years ago, diabetes and its complications still represent an important problem for socioeconomic and public health care systems in Korea [4].
With recognition of the rising burden of diabetes in Korea, the Korea Diabetes Association (KDA) published diabetes fact sheets in 2012, 2013, 2015, and 2016 (infographics are available at www.diabetes.or.kr). Those published in 2012, 2013, and 2016 were based on the nationwide survey, the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), performed by the Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC); the publication in 2015 was based on information provided by the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) in Korea to provide the latest extracted, detailed information on diabetes in Korea. These statistical resources contain many contemporary aspects of diabetes and its related medical problems and present representative nationwide statistics on diabetes in Korea to researchers, clinicians, health care policy makers, and media professionals. The aim of this study is to provide the assembled accessible information about diabetes in Korea, using nationally representative data, as a valuable contribution to the estimation and understanding of the disease.
This study analyzed data from the sixth (2013 to 2014) KNHANES. Among 15,568 participants (7,030 men and 8,538 women), 10,595 subjects aged 30 years or older were included in our final analyses (Supplementary Table 1). In brief, we estimated percentages and the total number of subjects with diabetes and prediabetes presented as age-standardized values by calculation of the survey sample weight with the sampling rate, response rate, and age/sex proportion of the reference population (national population census in 2014, 34.1 million people in Korea are aged 30 and older, 16.7 million men and 17.4 million women) to produce estimates representative of the noninstitutionalized Korean civilian population.
KNHANES data also include a standardized health interview assessing the prior history of diagnosis of diabetes, hypertension, or hypercholesterolemia and medication for those conditions. After overnight fasting, plasma glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG), serum and urinary concentration of creatinine were measured using a Hitachi Automatic Analyzer 7600 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was measured by direct assay in persons with TG >200 mg/dL (Hitachi Automatic Analyzer 7600; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan; KNHANES 2012 to 2014). Thus, we used either directly measured or calculated LDL-C according to the Friedewald calculation: LDL-C=total cholesterol−HDL-C−(TGs/5) [5]. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HLC-723G7; Tosoh, Tokyo, Japan). Urinary albumin was measured in random urine samples using a Hitachi Automatic Analyzer 7600, and the ratio of urinary albumin to urinary creatinine was calculated as albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) in milligrams per gram of creatinine.
Diagnosis of diabetes was based on fasting plasma glucose (FPG, ≥126 mg/dL), current taking of antidiabetic medication(s), history of previous diabetes, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was defined by FPG in the range of 100 to 125 mg/dL among those without diabetes as defined above [6]. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI; weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) ≥25.0 kg/m2, in accordance with the Asia-Pacific criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines [78]. Abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference ≥90 cm in men and ≥85 cm in women. The diagnosis of hypertension (systolic and diastolic blood pressure [BP], mm Hg) was based on BP ≥140/90 mm Hg or taking antihypertensive medication(s), and control rate of hypertension was based on BP <140/85 mm Hg, according to the KDA Treatment Guideline for Diabetes 2015 (English version is available at www.diabetes.or.kr) [9]. Diagnosis and control rate of hypercholesterolemia were total cholesterol ≥240 mg/dL or taking medication(s) and LDL-C <100 mg/dL, respectively [910]. The definition of albuminuria or chronic kidney disease (CKD) in persons with diabetes was increased albuminuria determined by the ACR >30 µg/mg of creatinine or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) was calculated as 175×(SCr)−1.154×(Age)−0.203×(0.742 if female), respectively [11]. Current smoking was defined as percentage of adults who had smoked at least five packs of cigarettes (100 cigarettes) during their lifetime and who are currently smokers. High-risk drinking was defined as more than seven glasses in men or five glasses in women on the same occasion on each of 2 or more days a week, and regular walking exercise activity was defined as 5 days or more per week and for 30 minutes or more per activity. Informed consent was obtained during the process of KNHANES and the survey protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the KCDC (2013-07CON-03-4C, 2013-12EXP-03-5C).
Prevalence of diabetes and IFG in Korea
The estimated population of diabetes in Korean adults (≥30 years of age) is 4.8 million, which represented 13.7% of this group in 2013 to 2014 (Table 1). This means nearly one of seven Koreans had diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes increased with age up to their 60s in men and their 70s in women. In the group aged 40 to 49 years, the prevalence of diabetes was more than double in men (12.1%) compared to women (5.7%). However, in those individuals aged 70 years or older, diabetes in women was more prevalent than in men (33.8% vs. 27.2%). The prevalence of diabetes was 1.4 times more common in subjects in the lowest quartile for family income (15.1%) than in the highest quartile (11.2%). The prevalence of IFG in adults aged 30 years or older was 24.8% (8.3 million) (Table 1). This means nearly one in four nondiabetic Koreans have IFG. IFG was more prevalent in men (29.6%) than in women (20.1%), as in diabetes (15.7% vs. 11.9%). Current smoker and high-risk drinker subjects with diabetes amounted to 27.4% and 14.3%, respectively, and 21.9% of those with diabetes participated in regular walking exercise activity (Table 2).
Comorbidities in diabetic adults in Korea
The prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity in Korean adults with diabetes was 48.6% and 58.9%, respectively (Fig. 1). Morbid obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) was 8.0% in men, 12.1% in women, and 9.7% in Korean adults with diabetes [78]. In addition, 54.7% and 69.1% had hypertension and reached the BP target goal, respectively. The prevalence and control rate of hypercholesterolemia were 31.6% and 49.8%, respectively. The prevalence of albuminuria and CKD in adults with diabetes was 23.9% and 12.5%, respectively. Collectively, the prevalence of nephropathy in Korean adults with diabetes (either albuminuria or CKD) was 30.3% (Table 3).
Management of diabetes
Among adults with diabetes (previously and newly diagnosed at this survey), 70.7% were aware of their condition and 63.0% were in treatment. Most adults with previously diagnosed diabetes were treated with oral hypoglycemic agents (80.2%), while 8.9% were treated with insulin with or without an oral hypoglycemic agent; 10.8% were maintained without pharmacologic treatment. The control rate among those with previously diagnosed diabetes was 23.3% for a target goal of HbA1c <6.5% or 43.5% for <7%. Fourteen point six percent (14.6%) of Korean diabetic adults remained above 9.0% of HbA1c (Fig. 2). Only 9.4% were under effective comprehensive management (namely, HbA1c <6.5%, systolic and diastolic BP <140/85 mm Hg, and LDL-C <100 mg/dL) based on the KDA treatment guideline 2015 (Table 4) [9].
Since 2012, the KDA has been working with the KCDC to derive regular statistics for the diabetes fact sheets in Korea [412131415]. In 2013 to 2014, an estimated 4.8 million Korean adults had diabetes, and 8.3 million had IFG (prediabetes). The prevalence of diabetes steadily increased (Δ59.3%) over 15 years from 2001 (8.6%) to 2014 (13.7%) in a nationally representative sample of Koreans aged ≥30 years [16]. Because the measurement of HbA1c was available and included in the diagnostic criteria since KNHANES 2011 [13], there was a difference in the criteria for diagnosis of diabetes between studies. In addition, this increase is due to the aging of the population and increasing obesity [1317]. Moreover, differences in prevalence by family income were clearly observed in both men and women; therefore, older people or subjects with low income bear a strikingly disproportionate burden of diabetes in Korea. Among Korean adults with diabetes, seven out of 10 (70.7%) were aware of their condition, and about two-thirds (63.0%, both diagnosed and undiagnosed) were in treatment, but only one of four of those with documented diabetes reached the target levels defined by HbA1c <6.5%.
Among Koreans ≥30 years of age, 15.7% of men and 11.9% of women had diabetes. Of older people (≥65 years of age), 30.4% had diabetes. The highest prevalence was among those aged 60 to 69 years old (33.1%) in men and ≥70 years old in women (33.8%), which is consistent with global age-specific prevalence figures of diabetes provided by the IDF [1]. Interestingly, the highest prevalence of IFG was observed in a 10-year younger group compared to that of diabetes in men in their 50s or women in their 60s. Therefore, it is predicted that older people with diabetes will increase in the aging society of Korea when those with IFG, who are at increased risk of diabetes [18], are incorporated into the diabetes risk model [19]. This reflects concomitant changes in increased intakes of calories and sedentary lifestyle [20] and calls for lifestyle interventions to prevent or delay progression from IFG to type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korea. In addition, the awareness and treatment rate for diabetes, and the control rate for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and comprehensive management for diabetes were lowest in subjects 40 to 49 years in both sexes. Current smoking, high-risk drinking, and sedentary lifestyles were prominently prevalent in this age group. This emphasized that there is also a need to encourage educational support and implementation of intensive intervention, especially for subjects with diabetes in their 40s, to prevent diabetes-related health and socioeconomic burden in the coming decades in Korea.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with clustered risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [21]. The prevalence was 54.7% for hypertension, 31.6% for hypercholesterolemia, and 48.6% for obesity among adults with diabetes. Although aggressive treatment of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia is recommended for adults with diabetes to prevent micro- and macrovascular complications, the proportion of adults with diabetes who achieved targets for control of BP and LDL-C were 69.1% and 49.8%, respectively [2223]. CKD is also known to increase the risk of CVD, CVD outcomes, and all causes of mortality [24]. The prevalence of albuminuria and reduced eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m2) in Korean adults with diabetes was 23.9% and 12.5%, respectively. Compared to previous studies conducted by the task force team of fact sheets of the KDA [12131415], there are some discrepancies regardless of the study population, statistical methods such as adjustment and sampling weight, and extrapolations of rates beyond the data collection period. The definition of IFG by using KNHANES 2011 included the value of FPG, HbA1c, or both between 5.7% and 6.4% [13], but in this study, we defined IFG by only the FPG level in nondiabetic subjects. The control rate of hypertension (33.3%) based on KNHANES 2011 was much lower than observed in this study (69.1%) [14]; we thought that this difference was largely caused by the difference in BP levels defined as controlled based on KDA guidelines between 2012 (<130/80 mm Hg) and 2015 (<140/85 mm Hg) [925]. The prevalence and control rate of hypercholesterolemia were 36.0% and 62.6% in studies using KNHANES 2010, respectively [15]. Compared to this study (31.6% and 49.8%, respectively), a relatively higher prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and treatment rate of hypercholesterolemia might be caused by a higher rate of self-reported diagnosis by a physician and use of lipid-lowering drugs. Although the prevalence of albuminuria in this study (23.7%) is comparable to previous studies using KNHANES 2011 (26.7%) [12], there is a relatively large difference in the prevalence of decreased eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m2, 12.5% in 2013 to 2014 and 8.6% in 2011). The main difference between these two studies is that we used revised modification in diet renal disease (MDRD) 175 equations rather than the traditional MDRD 186 equations used in previous studies. Despite the same source of data, such as the KNHANES, we need to take differences in population estimates into account in comparing possible trends in prevalence.
Previously, data from the health insurance claims database of Korea NHIS showed that the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among adults aged ≥30 years, based on the claim history for antidiabetic medications in subjects with International Classification of Diseases 10th (ICD-10) codes E11-E14, increased from 5.6% to 8% from 2006 to 2013 [26]. Although the NHIS data used information about ICD-10 codes and billing for reimbursement of health care services eligible for coverage based mainly on pharmacologically treated diabetes [27], this update used data containing the laboratory and health behavioral information, and diagnoses of diabetes and comorbidities (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity) were based on measurements of FPG, HbA1c, BP, lipid profile, BMI, and abdominal circumferences. In addition, previous studies found that the diagnostic validity of health insurance data for diabetes was only 62.7% [28]. In addition, health insurance claim data would not include the information about subjects with undiagnosed or untreated diabetes, and it was estimated that more than 50% of adults with diabetes in the Western Pacific regions were undiagnosed according to the IDF diabetes atlas [1]. Therefore, we need more accurate national estimates of diabetes prevalence for planning and monitoring prevention and treatment strategies to reach the goals developed by the WHO.
Thus, our analysis, based on the natinal level health examination survey data, would be representative of the nationwide prevalence of diabetes in Koreans. However, our study has some limitations. First, it is difficult to prove that those studies and this one correlate, because this study is a cross-sectional, descriptive study, and we provided the actual estimated data rather than statistical powers to analyze or compare these estimates to prove the relationship between variables or the comparison between subjects with and without diabetes or different data sets. Second, most estimations of our variables were carried out by self-reported questionnaires and face-to-face interviews, which always implies the possibility of recall bias. However, there was a high concordance between the self-administered questionnaire and the actual measurement of diabetes (κ=0.82) in the KNHANES [29]. Third, with these analyses, it was not possible to estimate the relative proportion of the population with type 1 diabetes mellitus from the total estimates because there were no measurable biomarkers or medical records to identify type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Although accumulating evidence has suggested that the importance of glycemic control and availability of newly developed antidiabetic treatment has increased over the past few decades, the control rate of diabetes (defined by HbA1c <6.5%) in Korean adults remains unsatisfactory between 2005 (22.9%) and 2014 (23.3%) [30]. In addition, one out of seven adults (14.6%) with diabetes has remained in a poorly controlled state (HbA1c ≥9.0%) in Korea. We are now facing serious threats: increased prevalence of diabetes, much higher prevalence of IFG, putative undiagnosed diabetes, and poorly controlled diabetes and comorbidities, especially in middle-aged subjects with diabetes. Thus, it is crucial for the government to understand the magnitude of the current status accurately; monitor its trend; and provide appropriate and timely interventions, funds, and educational programs both to prevent or delay the development of diabetes and to help individuals with diabetes.
Diabetes continues to be a major public health threat in Korea, affecting one in seven adults. However, a significant proportion of the adult population is not controlling their illness. It is critical to monitor this situation continuously through nationally representative data and to establish a program for the prevention of diabetes and its related comorbidities to reach the nation's urgent goals.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Supplementary Table 1

Demographic and clinical characteristics of 10,595 subjects aged 30 years or older
dmj-42-415-s001.pdf
  • 1. Ogurtsova K, da Rocha Fernandes JD, Huang Y, Linnenkamp U, Guariguata L, Cho NH, Cavan D, Shaw JE, Makaroff LE. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017;128:40-50. ArticlePubMed
  • 2. Shin HY, Lee JY, Song J, Lee S, Lee J, Lim B, Kim H, Huh S. Cause-of-death statistics in the Republic of Korea, 2014. J Korean Med Assoc 2016;59:221-232.ArticlePDF
  • 3. Yoon J, Seo H, Oh IH, Yoon SJ. The non-communicable disease burden in Korea: findings from the 2012 Korean Burden of Disease Study. J Korean Med Sci 2016;31(Suppl 2):S158-S167. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 4. Choi YJ, Lee MS, An SY, Kim TH, Han SJ, Kim HJ, Chung YS, Lee KW, Kim DJ. The relationship between diabetes mellitus and health-related quality of life in Korean adults: the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2009). Diabetes Metab J 2011;35:587-594. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 5. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972;18:499-502. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 6. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2014;37(Suppl 1):S81-S90. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 7. Bassett J. International Diabetes Institute. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific. International Association for the Study of Obesity. International Obesity Task Force. The Asia-Pacific perspective: redefining obesity and its treatment. Sydney: Health Communications Australia; 2000.
  • 8. Oh SW, Shin SA, Yun YH, Yoo T, Huh BY. Cut-off point of BMI and obesity-related comorbidities and mortality in middle-aged Koreans. Obes Res 2004;12:2031-2040. ArticlePubMed
  • 9. Korean Diabetes Association. Treatment guideline for diabetes. 5th ed. Seoul: Gold' Planning and Development; 2015.
  • 10. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Blaha MJ, Dai S, Ford ES, Fox CS, Franco S, Fullerton HJ, Gillespie C, Hailpern SM, Heit JA, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Judd SE, Kissela BM, Kittner SJ, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Mackey RH, Magid DJ, Marcus GM, Marelli A, Matchar DB, McGuire DK, Mohler ER 3rd, Moy CS, Mussolino ME, Neumar RW, Nichol G, Pandey DK, Paynter NP, Reeves MJ, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Towfighi A, Turan TN, Virani SS, Wong ND, Woo D, Turner MB. American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics: 2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2014;129:e28-e92. PubMed
  • 11. Levey AS, Coresh J, Greene T, Stevens LA, Zhang YL, Hendriksen S, Kusek JW, Van Lente F. Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration. Using standardized serum creatinine values in the modification of diet in renal disease study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 2006;145:247-254. ArticlePubMed
  • 12. Ahn JH, Yu JH, Ko SH, Kwon HS, Kim DJ, Kim JH, Kim CS, Song KH, Won JC, Lim S, Choi SH, Han K, Cha BY, Kim NH. Taskforce Team of Diabetes Fact Sheet of the Korean Diabetes Association. Prevalence and determinants of diabetic nephropathy in Korea: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Metab J 2014;38:109-119. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 13. Jeon JY, Ko SH, Kwon HS, Kim NH, Kim JH, Kim CS, Song KH, Won JC, Lim S, Choi SH, Jang MJ, Kim Y, Oh K, Kim DJ, Cha BY. Taskforce Team of Diabetes Fact Sheet of the Korean Diabetes Association. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes according to fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c. Diabetes Metab J 2013;37:349-357. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 14. Ko SH, Kwon HS, Kim DJ, Kim JH, Kim NH, Kim CS, Song KH, Won JC, Lim S, Choi SH, Han K, Park YM, Cha BY. Taskforce Team of Diabetes Fact Sheet of the Korean Diabetes Association. Higher prevalence and awareness, but lower control rate of hypertension in patients with diabetes than general population: the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2011. Diabetes Metab J 2014;38:51-57. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 15. Roh E, Ko SH, Kwon HS, Kim NH, Kim JH, Kim CS, Song KH, Won JC, Kim DJ, Choi SH, Lim S, Cha BY. Taskforce Team of Diabetes Fact Sheet of the Korean Diabetes Association. Prevalence and management of dyslipidemia in Korea: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 1998 to 2010. Diabetes Metab J 2013;37:433-449. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 16. Kim DJ. The epidemiology of diabetes in Korea. Diabetes Metab J 2011;35:303-308. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 17. Kim CS, Ko SH, Kwon HS, Kim NH, Kim JH, Lim S, Choi SH, Song KH, Won JC, Kim DJ, Cha BY. Taskforce Team of Diabetes Fact Sheet of the Korean Diabetes Association. Prevalence, awareness, and management of obesity in Korea: data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998-2011). Diabetes Metab J 2014;38:35-43. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 18. Warren B, Pankow JS, Matsushita K, Punjabi NM, Daya NR, Grams M, Woodward M, Selvin E. Comparative prognostic performance of definitions of prediabetes: a prospective cohort analysis of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017;5:34-42. ArticlePubMed
  • 19. Razavian N, Blecker S, Schmidt AM, Smith-McLallen A, Nigam S, Sontag D. Population-level prediction of type 2 diabetes from claims data and analysis of risk factors. Big Data 2015;3:277-287. ArticlePubMed
  • 20. Kim S, Moon S, Popkin BM. The nutrition transition in South Korea. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:44-53. ArticlePubMed
  • 21. Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, Jensen GV, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2003;348:383-393. ArticlePubMed
  • 22. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, Brewer HB Jr, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB, Pasternak RC, Smith SC Jr, Stone NJ. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. American College of Cardiology Foundation. American Heart Association. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 2004;110:227-239. ArticlePubMed
  • 23. Ford ES. Trends in the control of risk factors for cardiovascular disease among adults with diagnosed diabetes: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2008*. J Diabetes 2011;3:337-347. ArticlePubMed
  • 24. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu CY. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1296-1305. ArticlePubMed
  • 25. Ko SH, Kim SR, Kim DJ, Oh SJ, Lee HJ, Shim KH, Woo MH, Kim JY, Kim NH, Kim JT, Kim CH, Kim HJ, Jeong IK, Hong EK, Cho JH, Mok JO, Yoon KH. Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines, Korean Diabetes Association. 2011 Clinical practice guidelines for type 2 diabetes in Korea. Diabetes Metab J 2011;35:431-436. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 26. Noh J, Han KD, Ko SH, Ko KS, Park CY. Trends in the pervasiveness of type 2 diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and co-morbidities during an 8-year-follow-up of nationwide Korean population. Sci Rep 2017;7:46656ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 27. Kim JA, Yoon S, Kim LY, Kim DS. Towards actualizing the value potential of Korea Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA) data as a resource for health research: strengths, limitations, applications, and strategies for optimal use of HIRA data. J Korean Med Sci 2017;32:718-728. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 28. Task Force Team for Basic Statistical Study of Korean Diabetes Mellitus of Korean Diabetes Association. Park IeB, Kim J, Kim DJ, Chung CH, Oh JY, Park SW, Lee J, Choi KM, Min KW, Park JH, Son HS, Ahn CW, Kim H, Lee S, Lee IB, Choi I, Baik SH. Diabetes epidemics in Korea: reappraise nationwide survey of diabetes “diabetes in Korea 2007”. Diabetes Metab J 2013;37:233-239. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 29. Chun H, Kim IH, Min KD. Accuracy of self-reported hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia: analysis of a representative sample of Korean older adults. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2016;7:108-115. ArticlePubMed
  • 30. Choi YJ, Kim HC, Kim HM, Park SW, Kim J, Kim DJ. Prevalence and management of diabetes in Korean adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1998-2005. Diabetes Care 2009;32:2016-2020. PubMedPMC
Fig. 1

Estimated proportion of adults (≥30 years old) with diabetes according to body mass index (kg/m2) (A) and abdominal obesity (B). Abdominal obesity is defined by abdominal circumferences ≥90 cm in men and ≥85 cm in women.

dmj-42-415-g001.jpg
Fig. 2

Estimated proportion of adults (≥30 years old) with diabetes according to type of treatment for hyperglycemia (A) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (%) (B). OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent; TLC, therapeutic life style.

dmj-42-415-g002.jpg
Table 1

Estimated prevalence of adults (≥30 years old) with diabetes and impaired fasting glucose

dmj-42-415-i001.jpg
Variable Diabetes Impaired fasting glucose
Total Men Women Total Men Women
By age group, yr
 ≥30 13.7 (4,810) 15.7 (2,580) 11.9 (2,230) 24.8 (8,259) 29.6 (4,786) 20.1 (3,473)
 ≥65 30.4 (1,951) - - 26.6 (1,684) - -
 30–39 3.1 (124) 2.1 (80) 20.0 (796) 11.2 (425)
 40–49 12.1 (521) 5.7 (239) 31.4 (1,354) 16.9 (708)
 50–59 18.8 (748) 11.1 (442) 37.9 (1,511) 26.2 (1,042)
 60–69 33.1 (729) 24.1 (574) 30.3 (668) 26.9 (642)
 ≥70 27.2 (457) 33.8 (895) 27.1 (457) 24.4 (657)
By family incomes (quartiles)a
 Quartile 1 15.1 17.7 12.6 22.4 27.0 17.8
 Quartile 2 12.8 14.7 10.6 24.2 28.1 20.4
 Quartile 3 11.7 13.3 10.2 24.6 29.2 20.3
 Quartile 4 11.2 13.4 9.2 23.2 29.7 16.9

Values are presented as percentage (number) and percentage.

aFrom the lowest to the highest.

Table 2

Estimated proportion for health behaviors in adults with diabetes

dmj-42-415-i002.jpg
Variable Current smoking High-risk drinking Regular walking exercise
Total
 ≥30 yr 27.4 14.3 21.9
 ≥65 yr 13.7 3.7 7.6
By sex and age group, yr
 Men 44.0 23.0 38.3
  30–39 61.8 34.5 38.2
  40–49 57.2 39.8 46.4
  50–59 46.2 25.5 32.7
  60–69 41.6 14.6 18.5
  ≥70 18.7 7.5 12.6
 Women 5.2 2.6 37.3
  30–39 20.2 7.8 11.1
  40–49 1.5 7.5 11.5
  50–59 6.0 4.3 6.9
  60–69 6.3 0.0 0.0
  ≥70 3.0 1.2 3.9

Values are presented as percentage.

Table 3

Estimated prevalence and control rate of comorbidities in adults with diabetes

dmj-42-415-i003.jpg
Variable Hypertension Hypercholesterolemia Nephropathy
Prevalence Treatment rate Prevalence Treatment rate Albuminuria CKD Total
Total
 ≥30 yr 54.7 69.1 31.6 49.8 23.9 12.5 30.3
 ≥65 yr 71.7 76.6 31.7 51.0 26.1 23.1 39.0
By sex and age group, yr
 Men
  30–39 15.8 81.3 40.4 46.9 8.7 4.7 8.7
  40–49 43.2 44.9 26.6 44.7 28.0 0.9 28.9
  50–59 51.0 55.9 28.7 59.9 24.1 11.8 28.5
  60–69 58.9 74.5 29.8 54.0 26.0 13.7 35.6
  ≥70 66.9 77.7 17.7 51.7 33.5 32.5 52.5
 Women
  30–39 7.8 92.2 42.1 32.2 23.2 - 23.2
  40–49 24.2 73.6 19.6 34.1 22.6 3.8 22.6
  50–59 42.3 79.9 35.5 43.1 18.7 3.5 19.5
  60–69 70.6 76.6 44.9 49.1 21.0 11.4 25.5
  ≥70 78.1 72.4 37.0 49.1 20.7 22.9 34.5

Values are presented as percentage.

CKD, chronic kidney disease.

Table 4

Estimated proportion of awareness, treatment, and comprehensive managementa in adults with previously diagnosed diabetes

dmj-42-415-i004.jpg
Variable Awareness Treatment Comprehensive management
<6.5 <7.0
Total
 ≥30 yr 70.7 63.0 9.4 16.8
 ≥65 yr 85.2 77.6 12.0 22.0
By sex and age group, yr
 Men
  30–39 - - 18.6 29.7
  40–49 46.0 32.9 7.0 8.0
  50–59 65.5 59.3 7.9 14.9
  60–69 78.4 72.2 9.0 19.5
  ≥70 82.0 73.6 15.0 26.0
 Women
  30–39 - - 13.4 13.4
  40–49 56.9 52.8 5.6 9.1
  50–59 68.7 59.7 5.6 13.1
  60–69 81.5 75.6 10.7 16.9
  ≥70 87.4 80.8 10.3 20.9

Values are presented as percentage.

aComprehensive management included treatment of hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia.

Figure & Data

References

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Clinical trait and systemic risk of familial diabetes mellitus according to its onset timing and number: A community-based KoGES cohort study
      Ju-Yeun Lee, Kyungsik Kim, Sangjun Lee, Woo Ju An, Sue K Park
      Epidemiology and Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • The prevalence and predictors of pre-diabetes and diabetes among adults 40–70 years in Kharameh cohort study: A population-based study in Fars province, south of Iran
      Masoumeh Ghoddusi Johari, Kimia Jokari, Alireza Mirahmadizadeh, Mozhgan Seif, Abbas Rezaianzadeh
      Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders.2022; 21(1): 85.     CrossRef
    • Concept and Proof of the Lifelog Bigdata Platform for Digital Healthcare and Precision Medicine on the Cloud
      Kyu Hee Lee, Erdenebayar Urtnasan, Sangwon Hwang, Hee Young Lee, Jung Hun Lee, Sang Baek Koh, Hyun Youk
      Yonsei Medical Journal.2022; 63(Suppl): S84.     CrossRef
    • The Impact of Diabetes on Vascular Disease: Progress from the Perspective of Epidemics and Treatments
      Runyang Liu, Lihua Li, Chen Shao, Honghua Cai, Zhongqun Wang, Pawel Kleczynski
      Journal of Diabetes Research.2022; 2022: 1.     CrossRef
    • Incidence and Predisposing Factors of Postoperative Infection after Rhinoplasty: A Single Surgeon’s 16-Year Experience with 2630 Cases in an East Asian Population
      Khanh Ngoc Tran, Yong Ju Jang
      Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery.2022; 150(1): 51e.     CrossRef
    • Predictors for successful weight reduction during treatment with Dapagliflozin among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in primary care
      Youn Huh, Young Sik Kim
      BMC Primary Care.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Skin accumulation of advanced glycation end products and cardiovascular risk in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
      Lee-Seoul Choi, Kainat Ahmed, Young-Seol Kim, Jung-Eun Yim
      Heliyon.2022; 8(6): e09571.     CrossRef
    • Health-related Quality of Life Instrument With 8 Items for Use in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Validation Study in Korea
      Juyoung Kim, Hyeon-Jeong Lee, Min-Woo Jo
      Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2022; 55(3): 234.     CrossRef
    • Factors Influencing the Utilization of Diabetes Complication Tests Under the COVID-19 Pandemic: Machine Learning Approach
      Haewon Byeon
      Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Prevalence and risk of diabetic complications in young-onset versus late-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus
      Yongin Cho, Hye-Sun Park, Byung Wook Huh, Seong Ha Seo, Da Hea Seo, Seong Hee Ahn, Seongbin Hong, Young Ju Suh, So Hun Kim
      Diabetes & Metabolism.2022; 48(6): 101389.     CrossRef
    • Prevalence and Early Prediction of Diabetes Using Machine Learning in North Kashmir: A Case Study of District Bandipora
      Salliah Shafi Bhat, Venkatesan Selvam, Gufran Ahmad Ansari, Mohd Dilshad Ansari, Md Habibur Rahman, Mamoon Rashid
      Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience.2022; 2022: 1.     CrossRef
    • Association between Nighttime Work and HbA1c Levels in South Korea
      Yeon-Suk Lee, Jae Hong Joo, Eun-Cheol Park
      Healthcare.2022; 10(10): 1977.     CrossRef
    • Differences in health behavior and nutrient intake status between diabetes-aware and unaware Korean adults based on the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2016–18 data: A cross-sectional study
      Anshul Sharma, Chen Lulu, Kee-Ho Song, Hae-Jeung Lee
      Frontiers in Public Health.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Screening for Prediabetes and Diabetes in Korean Nonpregnant Adults: A Position Statement of the Korean Diabetes Association, 2022
      Kyung Ae Lee, Dae Jung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Suk Chon, Min Kyong Moon
      Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2022; 46(6): 819.     CrossRef
    • Sex differences in sarcopenia and frailty among community‐dwelling Korean older adults with diabetes: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study
      Sunyoung Kang, Tae Jung Oh, Be Long Cho, Yong Soon Park, Eun Roh, Hyeon Ju Kim, Sam‐Gyu Lee, Bong Jo Kim, Miji Kim, Chang Won Won, Hak Chul Jang
      Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2021; 12(2): 155.     CrossRef
    • Umbilical Cord-Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium Improves Insulin Resistance in C2C12 Cell
      Kyung-Soo Kim, Yeon Kyung Choi, Mi Jin Kim, Jung Wook Hwang, Kyunghoon Min, Sang Youn Jung, Soo-Kyung Kim, Yong-Soo Choi, Yong-Wook Cho
      Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(2): 260.     CrossRef
    • Hemoglobin glycation index is associated with incident chronic kidney disease in subjects with impaired glucose metabolism: A 10-year longitudinal cohort study
      Wonjin Kim, Taehwa Go, Dae Ryong Kang, Eun Jig Lee, Ji Hye Huh
      Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2021; 35(1): 107760.     CrossRef
    • East Asian diet‐mimicking diet plan based on the Mediterranean diet and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet in adults with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial
      Sang‐Man Jin, Jiyeon Ahn, Jiyun Park, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jae Hyeon Kim, Moon‐Kyu Lee
      Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2021; 12(3): 357.     CrossRef
    • Status of Diabetic Neuropathy in Korea: A National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort Analysis (2006 to 2015)
      Seong-Su Moon, Chong Hwa Kim, Seon Mee Kang, Eun Sook Kim, Tae Jung Oh, Jae-Seung Yun, Ho Chan Cho, Dae Jung Kim, Tae Sun Park
      Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(1): 115.     CrossRef
    • Diabetes Fact Sheets in Korea, 2020: An Appraisal of Current Status
      Chan-Hee Jung, Jang Won Son, Shinae Kang, Won Jun Kim, Hun-Sung Kim, Hae Soon Kim, Mihae Seo, Hye-Jung Shin, Seong-Su Lee, Su Jin Jeong, Yongin Cho, Seung Jin Han, Hyang Mi Jang, Mira Rho, Shinbi Lee, Mihyun Koo, Been Yoo, Jung-Wha Moon, Hye Young Lee, Ja
      Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(1): 1.     CrossRef
    • Considering serum alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase levels together strengthen the prediction of impaired fasting glucose risk: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study
      Ji Hye Jeong, Susie Jung, Kyu-Nam Kim
      Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • The Associations Between Vitamin D Receptor BsmI and ApaI Polymorphisms and Obesity in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
      Sang Won Nam, Jinwoo Choi, Hyun Jeong Jeon, Tae Keun Oh, Dong-Hwa Lee
      Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy.2021; Volume 14: 557.     CrossRef
    • Association between living alone and incident type 2 diabetes among middle-aged individuals in Korea: a nationwide cohort study
      Ga Eun Nam, Wonsock Kim, Kyungdo Han, Jin-Hyung Jung, Byoungduck Han, Jinwook Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Kyung Hwan Cho, Yong Gyu Park, Seon Mee Kim
      Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Retracted: Western pacific consensus proposals for management of prediabetes

      International Journal of Clinical Practice.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Blood glucose levels and bodyweight change after dapagliflozin administration
      Hyunah Kim, Seung‐Hwan Lee, Hyunyong Lee, Hyeon Woo Yim, Jae‐Hyoung Cho, Kun‐Ho Yoon, Hun‐Sung Kim
      Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2021; 12(9): 1594.     CrossRef
    • Prevalence and socioeconomic burden of diabetes mellitus in South Korean adults: a population-based study using administrative data
      Sung-Hee Oh, Hyemin Ku, Kang Seo Park
      BMC Public Health.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Prediction of Type 2 Diabetes Based on Machine Learning Algorithm
      Henock M. Deberneh, Intaek Kim
      International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(6): 3317.     CrossRef
    • Development of a clinical risk score for incident diabetes: A 10‐year prospective cohort study
      Tae Jung Oh, Jae Hoon Moon, Sung Hee Choi, Young Min Cho, Kyong Soo Park, Nam H Cho, Hak Chul Jang
      Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2021; 12(4): 610.     CrossRef
    • New Era for Renal-Protective Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes: Better Renal Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Taking Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors versus Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors
      Chan-Hee Jung
      Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(2): 339.     CrossRef
    • Treatment Patterns of Type 2 Diabetes Assessed Using a Common Data Model Based on Electronic Health Records of 2000–2019
      Kyung Ae Lee, Heung Yong Jin, Yu Ji Kim, Yong-Jin Im, Eun-Young Kim, Tae Sun Park
      Journal of Korean Medical Science.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • No influence of hepatic steatosis on the 3‐year outcomes of patients with quiescent chronic hepatitis B
      Jin Won Chang, Jae Seung Lee, Hye Won Lee, Beom Kyung Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Seung Up Kim
      Journal of Viral Hepatitis.2021; 28(11): 1545.     CrossRef
    • Occupational Noise Exposure and Incidence of High Fasting Blood Glucose: A 3-Year, Multicenter, Retrospective Study
      Seunghan Kim, Byungyoon Yun, Seunghyun Lee, Changyoung Kim, Juho Sim, Ara Cho, Yeonsuh Oh, Jiho Lee, Jinha Yoon
      International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(17): 9388.     CrossRef
    • Young-onset type 2 diabetes in South Korea: a review of the current status and unmet need
      Ye Seul Yang, Kyungdo Han, Tae Seo Sohn, Nam Hoon Kim
      The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2021; 36(5): 1049.     CrossRef
    • Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease in Older Patients With Diabetes: Retrospective Cohort Study
      Sangmo Hong, Jung Hwan Park, Kyungdo Han, Chang Beom Lee, Dong Sun Kim, Sung Hoon Yu
      Journal of the American Heart Association.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Prevalence of significant hepatic fibrosis using magnetic resonance elastography in a health check‐up clinic population
      Kyung A Kang, Dae Won Jun, Mi Sung Kim, Heon‐Ju Kwon, Mindie H. Nguyen
      Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics.2020; 51(3): 388.     CrossRef
    • The Effects of Bariatric Surgery on Type 2 Diabetes in Asian Populations: a Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
      Jin Hwa Kim, Jung-Soo Pyo, Won Jin Cho, Sang Yong Kim
      Obesity Surgery.2020; 30(3): 910.     CrossRef
    • Opposite Effects of Work-Related Physical Activity and Leisure-Time Physical Activity on the Risk of Diabetes in Korean Adults
      Hyun Sook Oh
      International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(16): 5812.     CrossRef
    • Middle-aged men with type 2 diabetes as potential candidates for pancreatic cancer screening: a 10-year nationwide population-based cohort study
      Dong-Hoe Koo, Kyung-Do Han, Hong Joo Kim, Cheol-Young Park
      Acta Diabetologica.2020; 57(2): 197.     CrossRef
    • Efficacy and safety of insulin glargine 300 U/mL versus insulin glargine 100 U/mL in Asia Pacific insulin‐naïve people with type 2 diabetes: The EDITION AP randomized controlled trial
      Linong Ji, Eun Seok Kang, XiaoLin Dong, Ling Li, GuoYue Yuan, Shuhua Shang, Elisabeth Niemoeller
      Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2020; 22(4): 612.     CrossRef
    • Non-Exercise Based Estimation of Cardiorespiratory Fitness Mediates Associations between Comorbidities and Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Korean Adults with Diabetes
      Inhwan Lee, Shinuk Kim, Hyunsik Kang
      International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(4): 1164.     CrossRef
    • γ-Linolenic Acid versus α-Lipoic Acid for Treating Painful Diabetic Neuropathy in Adults: A 12-Week, Double-Placebo, Randomized, Noninferiority Trial
      Jong Chul Won, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Seong-Su Moon, Sung Wan Chun, Chong Hwa Kim, Ie Byung Park, In Joo Kim, Jihyun Lee, Bong Yun Cha, Tae Sun Park
      Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(4): 542.     CrossRef
    • Circulating myokine levels in different stages of glucose intolerance
      Kahui Park, Chul Woo Ahn, Jong Suk Park, YuSik Kim, Ji Sun Nam
      Medicine.2020; 99(8): e19235.     CrossRef
    • Associations among Obesity Degree, Glycemic Status, and Risk of Heart Failure in 9,720,220 Korean Adults
      Eun-Jung Rhee, Hyemi Kwon, Se Eun Park, Kyung-Do Han, Yong-Gyu Park, Yang-Hyun Kim, Won-Young Lee
      Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(4): 592.     CrossRef
    • The sweet spot: fasting glucose, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in older adults with diabetes: a nationwide population-based study
      Ji Hyun Lee, Kyungdo Han, Ji Hye Huh
      Cardiovascular Diabetology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Glucose-Lowering Effect of Home-Delivered Therapeutic Meals in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
      Jong Han Choi, Se Hee Min, Kyeong Hye Lim, Uoon Jeong Shin, Min-Seon Kim
      The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2020; 21(1): 46.     CrossRef
    • Fasting Plasma Glucose Level Independently Predicts the Mortality of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection: A Multicenter, Retrospective Cohort Study
      Min Cheol Chang, Jong-Moon Hwang, Jae-Han Jeon, Sang Gyu Kwak, Donghwi Park, Jun Sung Moon
      Endocrinology and Metabolism.2020; 35(3): 595.     CrossRef
    • Gender differences in adverse event reports associated with antidiabetic drugs
      Kyung-In Joung, Gyu-Won Jung, Han-Heui Park, Hyesung Lee, So-Hee Park, Ju-Young Shin
      Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Relative fat mass at baseline and its early change may be a predictor of incident nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
      Hwi Young Kim, Su Jung Baik, Hye Ah Lee, Byoung Kwon Lee, Hye Sun Lee, Tae Hun Kim, Kwon Yoo
      Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Peripheral Arterial Stiffness Increases the Risk of Progression of Renal Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
      Tae Hoon Lim, Seung Min Chung, Dong Sung Lee, Se Ra Choi, Jun Sung Moon, Ji Sung Yoon, Kyu Chang Won, Hyoung Woo Lee
      Frontiers in Medicine.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Association of Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Diabetes in Korean Adults: Data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey Cycle 2 (2012–2014)


      Yon Ju Nam, Shin-Hye Kim
      Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy.2020; Volume 13: 3993.     CrossRef
    • Present and Future of Digital Health in Diabetes and Metabolic Disease
      Sang Youl Rhee, Chiweon Kim, Dong Wook Shin, Steven R. Steinhubl
      Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(6): 819.     CrossRef
    • Trends in the Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality of End-Stage Kidney Disease in South Korea
      Min-Jeong Lee, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim, Inwhee Park
      Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(6): 933.     CrossRef
    • An evaluation of the impact of aggressive diabetes and hypertension management on chronic kidney diseases at the population level: a simulation analysis
      John Pastor Ansah, Shawn Tan Yi Wei, Tessa Lui Shi Min
      System Dynamics Review.2020; 36(4): 497.     CrossRef
    • Nationwide Trends in Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer Risk Among Patients With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Receiving Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors
      Minyoung Lee, Jiyu Sun, Minkyung Han, Yongin Cho, Ji-Yeon Lee, Chung Mo Nam, Eun Seok Kang
      Diabetes Care.2019; 42(11): 2057.     CrossRef
    • Clinical Efficacy and Parameters Affecting the Response to Dulaglutide Treatment in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective, Real-World Data Study
      Jee Hee Yoo, Yun Kyung Cho, Jiwoo Lee, Hwi Seung Kim, Yu Mi Kang, Chang Hee Jung, Joong-Yeol Park, Woo Je Lee
      Diabetes Therapy.2019; 10(4): 1453.     CrossRef
    • Diabetes and the Risk of Infection: A National Cohort Study
      Eun Jin Kim, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim, Young Hwa Choi
      Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2019; 43(6): 804.     CrossRef
    • Current Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Primary Care Clinics in Korea
      Da Hea Seo, Shinae Kang, Yong-ho Lee, Jung Yoon Ha, Jong Suk Park, Byoung-Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong-Soo Cha
      Endocrinology and Metabolism.2019; 34(3): 282.     CrossRef
    • Effects of Blood Pressure and Glucose Levels on Visual Acuity
      Dae-Jong Kim
      Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society.2019; 24(2): 181.     CrossRef
    • An evaluation of the impact of aggressive hypertension, diabetes and smoking cessation management on CVD outcomes at the population level: a dynamic simulation analysis
      John Pastor Ansah, Ryan Leung Hoe Inn, Salman Ahmad
      BMC Public Health.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Retracted : Angelica polysaccharide alleviates TNF‐α‐induced MIN6 cell damage a through the up‐regulation microRNA‐143
      Yingying Zhao, Chuanqian Liu, Xueting Zhang, Xipeng Yan
      BioFactors.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Poor Control of Blood Glucose, Lifestyle, and Cardiometabolic Parameters in Younger Adult Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
      Nam, Han, Joo, Kang, Lim, Kim, Park
      Journal of Clinical Medicine.2019; 8(9): 1405.     CrossRef
    • Frailty and Disability in Diabetes
      Sol-Ji Yoon, Kwang-il Kim
      Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research.2019; 23(4): 165.     CrossRef
    • A Case Report of Increased Blood Sugar in a Diabetic Patient Treated with Socheongryong-tang
      Youngji Kim, Juyeon Song, Seungcheol Hong, Song-won Park, Hakkyeom Kim, Lib Ahn, Dong-jun Choi
      The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine.2019; 40(5): 929.     CrossRef
    • A comparison of sotagliflozin therapy for diabetes mellitus between week 24 with week 52
      Nie Zhang, Zhi-Qun Gu, Yun-Long Ding, Liu Yang, Mao-Bing Chen, Qi-Han Zheng
      Medicine.2019; 98(47): e17976.     CrossRef
    • 2019 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korea
      Mee Kyoung Kim, Seung-Hyun Ko, Bo-Yeon Kim, Eun Seok Kang, Junghyun Noh, Soo-Kyung Kim, Seok-O Park, Kyu Yeon Hur, Suk Chon, Min Kyong Moon, Nan-Hee Kim, Sang Yong Kim, Sang Youl Rhee, Kang-Woo Lee, Jae Hyeon Kim, Eun-Jung Rhee, SungWan Chun, Sung Hoon Yu
      Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2019; 43(4): 398.     CrossRef
    • Letter: Comparison of the Efficacy of Rosuvastatin Monotherapy 20 mg with Rosuvastatin 5 mg and Ezetimibe 10 mg Combination Therapy on Lipid Parameters in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Metab J2019;43:582–9)
      Tae Seo Sohn
      Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2019; 43(6): 909.     CrossRef
    • The Need to Improve the Quality of Diabetes Care in Korea
      Seung Jin Han, Dae Jung Kim
      Journal of Korean Medical Science.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Letter: Projection of Diabetes Prevalence in Korean Adults for the Year 2030 Using Risk Factors Identified from National Data (Diabetes Metab J 2019;43:90–6)
      Bo Kyung Koo
      Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2019; 43(2): 242.     CrossRef
    • Letter: Efficacy and Safety of Voglibose Plus Metformin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial (Diabetes Metab J 2019;43;276-86)
      Hannah Seok, Tae Seo Sohn
      Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2019; 43(4): 545.     CrossRef
    • Teneligliptin versus sitagliptin in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin and glimepiride: A randomized, double‐blind, non‐inferiority trial
      Yonghyun Kim, Eun Seok Kang, Hak Chul Jang, Dong Jun Kim, Taekeun Oh, Eun Sook Kim, Nan‐Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sung‐Rae Kim, JiYoung You, Se‐Jin Kim, Moon‐Kyu Lee
      Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2019; 21(3): 631.     CrossRef
    • Fifty Years of Compassionate Care and Harmonious Collaboration of the Korean Diabetes Association: The 50th Anniversary of Korean Diabetes Association
      Jong Chul Won, Eun-Jung Rhee, Hyung Joon Yoo
      Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2018; 42(6): 475.     CrossRef

    • PubReader PubReader
    • Cite
      CITE
      export Copy
      Close
      Download Citation
      Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

      Format:
      • RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
      • BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software
      Include:
      • Citation for the content below
      Diabetes Fact Sheet in Korea, 2016: An Appraisal of Current Status
      Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(5):415-424.   Published online August 9, 2018
      Close
    • XML DownloadXML Download
    Figure
    Related articles

    Diabetes Metab J : Diabetes & Metabolism Journal