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Pathophysiology
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Recent Glycemia Is a Major Determinant of β-Cell Function in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Ji Yoon Kim, Jiyoon Lee, Sin Gon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(6):1135-1146.   Published online June 17, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0359
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  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Progressive deterioration of β-cell function is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to investigate the relative contributions of clinical factors to β-cell function in T2DM.
Methods
In a T2DM cohort of 470 adults (disease duration 0 to 41 years), β-cell function was estimated using insulinogenic index (IGI), disposition index (DI), oral disposition index (DIO), and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-B) derived from a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The relative contributions of age, sex, disease duration, body mass index, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (at the time of the OGTT), area under the curve of HbA1c over time (HbA1c AUC), coefficient of variation in HbA1c (HbA1c CV), and antidiabetic agents use were compared by standardized regression coefficients. Longitudinal analyses of these indices were also performed.
Results
IGI, DI, DIO, and HOMA-B declined over time (P<0.001 for all). Notably, HbA1c was the most significant factor affecting IGI, DI, DIO, and HOMA-B in the multivariable regression analysis. Compared with HbA1c ≥9%, DI was 1.9-, 2.5-, 3.7-, and 5.5-fold higher in HbA1c of 8%–<9%, 7%–<8%, 6%–<7%, and <6%, respectively, after adjusting for confounding factors (P<0.001). Conversely, β-cell function was not affected by the type or duration of antidiabetic agents, HbA1c AUC, or HbA1c CV. The trajectories of the IGI, DI, DIO, and HOMA-B mirrored those of HbA1c.
Conclusion
β-Cell function declines over time; however, it is flexible, being largely affected by recent glycemia in T2DM.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • The Importance of Treating Hyperglycemia in β-Cell Dysfunction of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Arim Choi, Kyung-Soo Kim
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(6): 1056.     CrossRef
Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
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A Prospective 1-Year Follow-up of Glycemic Status and C-Peptide Levels of COVID-19 Survivors with Dysglycemia in Acute COVID-19 Infection
David Tak Wai Lui, Chi Ho Lee, Ying Wong, Carol Ho Yi Fong, Kimberly Hang Tsoi, Yu Cho Woo, Kathryn Choon Beng Tan
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(4):763-770.   Published online March 11, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0175
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
We evaluated changes in glycemic status, over 1 year, of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors with dysglycemia in acute COVID-19.
Methods
COVID-19 survivors who had dysglycemia (defined by glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] 5.7% to 6.4% or random glucose ≥10.0 mmol/L) in acute COVID-19 were recruited from a major COVID-19 treatment center from September to October 2020. Matched non-COVID controls were recruited from community. The 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were performed at baseline (6 weeks after acute COVID-19) and 1 year after acute COVID-19, with HbA1c, insulin and C-peptide measurements. Progression in glycemic status was defined by progression from normoglycemia to prediabetes/diabetes, or prediabetes to diabetes.
Results
Fifty-two COVID-19 survivors were recruited. Compared with non-COVID controls, they had higher C-peptide (P< 0.001) and trend towards higher homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (P=0.065). Forty-three COVID-19 survivors attended 1-year reassessment. HbA1c increased from 5.5%±0.3% to 5.7%±0.2% (P<0.001), with increases in glucose on OGTT at fasting (P=0.089), 30-minute (P=0.126), 1-hour (P=0.014), and 2-hour (P=0.165). At baseline, 19 subjects had normoglycemia, 23 had prediabetes, and one had diabetes. Over 1 year, 10 subjects (23.8%; of 42 non-diabetes subjects at baseline) had progression in glycemic status. C-peptide levels remained unchanged (P=0.835). Matsuda index decreased (P=0.007) and there was a trend of body mass index increase from 24.4±2.7 kg/m2 to 25.6±5.2 (P=0.083). Subjects with progression in glycemic status had more severe COVID-19 illness than non-progressors (P=0.030). Reassessment was not performed in the control group.
Conclusion
Subjects who had dysglycemia in acute COVID-19 were characterized by insulin resistance. Over 1 year, a quarter had progression in glycemic status, especially those with more severe COVID-19. Importantly, there was no significant deterioration in insulin secretory capacity.
Review
Pathophysiology
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Dysregulated Autophagy in Human Pancreatic Beta Cells
Seoil Moon, Hye Seung Jung
Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(4):533-542.   Published online July 27, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0070
  • 5,813 View
  • 274 Download
  • 16 Web of Science
  • 16 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Pancreatic beta cell homeostasis is crucial for the synthesis and secretion of insulin; disruption of homeostasis causes diabetes, and is a treatment target. Adaptation to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through the unfolded protein response (UPR) and adequate regulation of autophagy, which are closely linked, play essential roles in this homeostasis. In diabetes, the UPR and autophagy are dysregulated, which leads to beta cell failure and death. Various studies have explored methods to preserve pancreatic beta cell function and mass by relieving ER stress and regulating autophagic activity. To promote clinical translation of these research results to potential therapeutics for diabetes, we summarize the current knowledge on ER stress and autophagy in human insulin-secreting cells.

Citations

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  • Glucolipotoxicity Suppressed Autophagy and Insulin Contents in Human Islets, and Attenuation of PERK Activity Enhanced Them in an ATG7-Dependent Manner
    Seoil Moon, Ji Yoon Lim, Mirang Lee, Youngmin Han, Hongbeom Kim, Wooil Kwon, Jin-Young Jang, Mi Na Kim, Kyong Soo Park, Hye Seung Jung
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(2): 231.     CrossRef
  • Endoplasmic reticulum stress: A possible connection between intestinal inflammation and neurodegenerative disorders
    Giorgio Vivacqua, Romina Mancinelli, Stefano Leone, Rosa Vaccaro, Ludovica Garro, Simone Carotti, Ludovica Ceci, Paolo Onori, Luigi Pannarale, Antonio Franchitto, Eugenio Gaudio, Arianna Casini
    Neurogastroenterology & Motility.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Docosahexanoic Acid Attenuates Palmitate-Induced Apoptosis by Autophagy Upregulation via GPR120/mTOR Axis in Insulin-Secreting Cells
    Seok-Woo Hong, Jinmi Lee, Sun Joon Moon, Hyemi Kwon, Se Eun Park, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(2): 353.     CrossRef
  • HIV-1 Tat-Mediated Human Müller Glial Cell Senescence Involves Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Dysregulated Autophagy
    Uma Maheswari Deshetty, Nivedita Chatterjee, Shilpa Buch, Palsamy Periyasamy
    Viruses.2024; 16(6): 903.     CrossRef
  • Gallic acid suppresses the progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma through inducing autophagy via the PI3K/Akt/Atg16L1 signaling pathway
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    International Journal of Oncology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Dysregulation of pancreatic β-cell autophagy and the risk of type 2 diabetes
    Hayder M. Al-kuraishy, Majid S. Jabir, Ali I. Al-Gareeb, Daniel J. Klionsky, Ali K. Albuhadily
    Autophagy.2024; 20(11): 2361.     CrossRef
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    Qianyu Chen, Xiaoqin Zhao, Zujie Xu, Yiyao Liu
    Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2024; 177: 117122.     CrossRef
  • Tangningtongluo Tablet ameliorates pancreatic damage in diabetic mice by inducing autophagy and inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway
    Ying Ren, Xiangka Hu, Mushuang Qi, Wanjun Zhu, Jin Li, Shuyu Yang, Chunmei Dai
    International Immunopharmacology.2024; 142: 113032.     CrossRef
  • Ambient air fine particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and mechanisms of effects: a global systematic review and meta-analysis
    Salah Azizi, Mohammad Hadi Dehghani, Ramin Nabizadeh
    International Journal of Environmental Health Research.2024; : 1.     CrossRef
  • Pancreatic islet remodeling in cotadutide-treated obese mice
    Renata Spezani, Thatiany Souza Marinho, Luiz E. Macedo Cardoso, Marcia Barbosa Aguila, Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
    Life Sciences.2023; 327: 121858.     CrossRef
  • Modulation of Unfolded Protein Response Restores Survival and Function of β-Cells Exposed to the Endocrine Disruptor Bisphenol A
    Laura Maria Daian, Gabriela Tanko, Andrei Mircea Vacaru, Luiza Ghila, Simona Chera, Ana-Maria Vacaru
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(3): 2023.     CrossRef
  • Interplay of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue: sarcopenic obesity
    Min Jeong Park, Kyung Mook Choi
    Metabolism.2023; 144: 155577.     CrossRef
  • Identification and analysis of type 2 diabetes-mellitus-associated autophagy-related genes
    Kun Cui, Zhizheng Li
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Sestrin2 in diabetes and diabetic complications
    Xiaodan Zhang, Zirui Luo, Jiahong Li, Yaxuan Lin, Yu Li, Wangen Li
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Crosstalk between autophagy and insulin resistance: evidence from different tissues
    Asie Sadeghi, Maryam Niknam, Mohammad Amin Momeni-Moghaddam, Maryam Shabani, Hamid Aria, Alireza Bastin, Maryam Teimouri, Reza Meshkani, Hamed Akbari
    European Journal of Medical Research.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Beta cell lipotoxicity in the development of type 2 diabetes: the need for species-specific understanding
    Patricia Thomas, Meurig T. Gallagher, Gabriela Da Silva Xavier
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
Original Article
Basic Research
DA-1241, a Novel GPR119 Agonist, Improves Hyperglycaemia by Inhibiting Hepatic Gluconeogenesis and Enhancing Insulin Secretion in Diabetic Mice
Youjin Kim, Si Woo Lee, Hyejin Wang, Ryeong-Hyeon Kim, Hyun Ki Park, Hangkyu Lee, Eun Seok Kang
Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(2):337-348.   Published online January 21, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0056
  • 6,873 View
  • 326 Download
  • 10 Web of Science
  • 13 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
We investigated the antidiabetic effects of DA-1241, a novel G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 119 agonist, in vitro and in vivo.
Methods
DA-1241 was administrated to high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice for 12 weeks after hyperglycaemia developed. Oral/intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test were performed. Serum insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels were measured during oral glucose tolerance test. Insulinoma cell line (INS-1E) cells and mouse islets were used to find whether DA-1241 directly stimulate insulin secretion in beta cell. HepG2 cells were used to evaluate the gluconeogenesis and autophagic process. Autophagic flux was evaluated by transfecting microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-fused to green fluorescent protein and monomeric red fluorescent (mRFP-GFP-LC3) expression vector to HepG2 cells.
Results
Although DA-1241 treatment did not affect body weight gain and amount of food intake, fasting blood glucose level decreased along with increase in GLP-1 level. DA-1241 improved only oral glucose tolerance test and showed no effect in intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. No significant effect was observed in insulin tolerance test. DA-1241 did not increase insulin secretion in INS-1E cell and mouse islets. DA-1241 reduced triglyceride content in the liver thereby improved fatty liver. Additionally, DA-1241 reduced gluconeogenic enzyme expression in HepG2 cells and mouse liver. DA-1241 reduced autophagic flow in HepG2 cells.
Conclusion
These findings suggested that DA-1241 augmented glucose-dependent insulin release via stimulation of GLP-1 secretion, and reduced hepatic gluconeogenesis, which might be associated with autophagic blockage, leading to improved glycaemic control.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • G protein-coupled receptors driven intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 reprogramming for obesity: Hope or hype?
    Mohan Patil, Ilaria Casari, Leon N. Warne, Marco Falasca
    Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2024; 172: 116245.     CrossRef
  • GPR119 agonists for type 2 diabetes: past failures and future hopes for preclinical and early phase candidates
    Deanne H Hryciw, Rhiannon K Patten, Raymond J Rodgers, Joseph Proietto, Dana S Hutchinson, Andrew J McAinch
    Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs.2024; 33(3): 183.     CrossRef
  • Immunomodulation through Nutrition Should Be a Key Trend in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment
    Katarzyna Napiórkowska-Baran, Paweł Treichel, Marta Czarnowska, Magdalena Drozd, Kinga Koperska, Agata Węglarz, Oskar Schmidt, Samira Darwish, Bartłomiej Szymczak, Zbigniew Bartuzi
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    Jingqian Su, Jingran Xu, Shan Hu, Hui Ye, Lian Xie, Songying Ouyang
    Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2024; 178: 117179.     CrossRef
  • Investigational new drug approval of DA-1241: what we know about GPR119 targeting for MASH therapy?
    Khaled Al Smadi, Ammar Qureshi, Besher Ashouri, Zeid Kayali
    Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs.2024; 33(9): 877.     CrossRef
  • Chronic metabolic effects of novel gut-oriented small-molecule GPR119 agonists in diet-induced obese mice
    Mohan Patil, Dinesh Thapa, Leon N. Warne, Ricky R. Lareu, Elena Dallerba, Jerome Lian, Massimiliano Massi, Rodrigo Carlessi, Marco Falasca
    Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2024; 181: 117675.     CrossRef
  • Discovery of orally active sulfonylphenyl thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives as GPR119 agonists
    Heecheol Kim, Minjung Kim, Kyujin Oh, Sohee Lee, Sunyoung Lim, Sangdon Lee, Young Hoon Kim, Kwee Hyun Suh, Kyung Hoon Min
    European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.2023; 258: 115584.     CrossRef
  • Increased expression of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 and O-GlcNAcylation in hepatocytes drives non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
    Hye Jin Chun, Eun Ran Kim, Minyoung Lee, Da Hyun Choi, Soo Hyun Kim, Eugene Shin, Jin-Hong Kim, Jin Won Cho, Dai Hoon Han, Bong-Soo Cha, Yong-ho Lee
    Metabolism.2023; 145: 155612.     CrossRef
  • Human skin stem cell-derived hepatic cells as in vitro drug discovery model for insulin-driven de novo lipogenesis
    Karolien Buyl, Martine Vrints, Ruani Fernando, Terry Desmae, Thomas Van Eeckhoutte, Mia Jans, Jan Van Der Schueren, Joost Boeckmans, Robim M. Rodrigues, Veerle De Boe, Vera Rogiers, Joery De Kock, Filip Beirinckx, Tamara Vanhaecke
    European Journal of Pharmacology.2023; 957: 175989.     CrossRef
  • GPR119 activation by DA-1241 alleviates hepatic and systemic inflammation in MASH mice through inhibition of NFκB signaling
    Seung-Ho Lee, Hansu Park, Eun-Kyoung Yang, Bo Ram Lee, Il-Hoon Jung, Tae-Hyoung Kim, Moon Jung Goo, Yuna Chae, Mi-Kyung Kim
    Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2023; 166: 115345.     CrossRef
  • Characteristics of the Latest Therapeutic Agent for Diabetes
    Nuri Yun
    The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2023; 24(3): 148.     CrossRef
  • DA-1241, a Novel GPR119 Agonist, Improves Hyperglycaemia by Inhibiting Hepatic Gluconeogenesis and Enhancing Insulin Secretion in Diabetic Mice
    Youjin Kim, Si Woo Lee, Hyejin Wang, Ryeong-Hyeon Kim, Hyun Ki Park, Hangkyu Lee, Eun Seok Kang
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2022; 46(2): 337.     CrossRef
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    Chun-Liang Chen, Yu-Cheng Lin
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(17): 10055.     CrossRef
Review
Technology/Device
Article image
Assessment of Insulin Secretion and Insulin Resistance in Human
So Young Park, Jean-François Gautier, Suk Chon
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(5):641-654.   Published online September 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0220
  • 18,960 View
  • 1,112 Download
  • 81 Web of Science
  • 23 Crossref
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
The impaired insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance (or decreased insulin sensitivity) play a major role in the pathogenesis of all types of diabetes mellitus (DM). It is very important to assess the pancreatic β-cell function and insulin resistance/ sensitivity to determine the type of DM and to plan an optimal management and prevention strategy for DM. So far, various methods and indices have been developed to assess the β-cell function and insulin resistance/sensitivity based on static, dynamic test and calculation of their results. In fact, since the metabolism of glucose and insulin is made through a complex process related with various stimuli in several tissues, it is difficult to fully reflect the real physiology. In order to solve the theoretical and practical difficulties, research on new index is still in progress. Also, it is important to select the appropriate method and index for the purpose of use and clinical situation. This review summarized a variety of traditional methods and indices to evaluate pancreatic β-cell function and insulin resistance/sensitivity and introduced novel indices.

Citations

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  • Polyphenol-Rich Extract of Fermented Chili Pepper Alleviates Insulin Resistance in HepG2 Cells via Regulating INSR, PTP1B, PPAR-γ, and AMPK Pathways
    Tao Wang, Meiqi Li, Shengbao Cai, Linyan Zhou, Xiaosong Hu, Junjie Yi
    Fermentation.2023; 9(2): 84.     CrossRef
  • 2,3-Dihydrosorbicillin and chrysopanol stimulate insulin secretion in INS-1 cells
    Dahae Lee, Jaekyung Kim, Sungyoul Choi, Jinwon Choi, Jin Woo Lee, Ki Sung Kang, Sang Hee Shim
    Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters.2023; 83: 129186.     CrossRef
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    Brenda De la Cruz Concepción, Yaccil Adilene Flores Cortez, Martha Isela Barragán Bonilla, Juan Miguel Mendoza Bello, Monica Espinoza Rojo
    World Journal of Diabetes.2023; 14(2): 76.     CrossRef
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    Wenbo Yang, Xintian Cai, Junli Hu, Wen Wen, Heizhati Mulalibieke, Xiaoguang Yao, Ling Yao, Qing Zhu, Jing Hong, Qin Luo, Shasha Liu, Nanfang Li
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    Bernardo Paz Barboza, Camila Tureck, Liliana Paula Bricarello, Mariane de Almeida Alves, Anabelle Retondario, Amanda de Moura Souza, Ricardo Fernandes, Francisco de Assis Guedes de Vasconcelos
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    Amena Sadiya, Vidya Jakapure, Vijay Kumar
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Original Articles
Basic Research
Article image
Notch1 Has an Important Role in β-Cell Mass Determination and Development of Diabetes
Young Sil Eom, A-Ryeong Gwon, Kyung Min Kwak, Jin-Young Youn, Heekyoung Park, Kwang-Won Kim, Byung-Joon Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(1):86-96.   Published online February 26, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0160
  • 7,285 View
  • 202 Download
  • 9 Web of Science
  • 8 Crossref
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

Notch signaling pathway plays an important role in regulating pancreatic endocrine and exocrine cell fate during pancreas development. Notch signaling is also expressed in adult pancreas. There are few studies on the effect of Notch on adult pancreas. Here, we investigated the role of Notch in islet mass and glucose homeostasis in adult pancreas using Notch1 antisense transgenic (NAS).

Methods

Western blot analysis was performed for the liver of 8-week-old male NAS mice. We also conducted an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test in 8-week-old male NAS mice and male C57BL/6 mice (control). Morphologic observation of pancreatic islet and β-cell was conducted in two groups. Insulin secretion capacity in islets was measured by glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and perifusion.

Results

NAS mice showed higher glucose levels and lower insulin secretion in IPGTT than the control mice. There was no significant difference in insulin resistance. Total islet and β-cell masses were decreased in NAS mice. The number of large islets (≥250 µm) decreased while that of small islets (<250 µm) increased. Reduced insulin secretion was observed in GSIS and perifusion. Neurogenin3, neurogenic differentiation, and MAF bZIP transcription factor A levels increased in NAS mice.

Conclusion

Our study provides that Notch1 inhibition decreased insulin secretion and decreased islet and β-cell masses. It is thought that Notch1 inhibition suppresses islet proliferation and induces differentiation of small islets. In conclusion, Notch signaling pathway may play an important role in β-cell mass determination and diabetes.

Citations

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  • The rs2341471-G/G genotype of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) is the risk factor of type 2 diabetes in subjects with obesity or overweight
    Elena Klyosova, Iuliia Azarova, Irina Petrukhina, Ramis Khabibulin, Alexey Polonikov
    International Journal of Obesity.2024; 48(11): 1638.     CrossRef
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Clinical Diabetes & Therapeutics
Early Assessment of the Risk for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Can Fasting Parameters of Glucose Metabolism Contribute to Risk Prediction?
Veronica Falcone, Grammata Kotzaeridi, Melanie Hanne Breil, Ingo Rosicky, Tina Stopp, Gülen Yerlikaya-Schatten, Michael Feichtinger, Wolfgang Eppel, Peter Husslein, Andrea Tura, Christian S. Göbl
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(6):785-793.   Published online March 12, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0218
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

An early identification of the risk groups might be beneficial in reducing morbidities in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Therefore, this study aimed to assess the biochemical predictors of glycemic conditions, in addition to fasting indices of glucose disposal, to predict the development of GDM in later stage and the need of glucose-lowering medication.

Methods

A total of 574 pregnant females (103 with GDM and 471 with normal glucose tolerance [NGT]) were included. A metabolic characterization was performed before 15+6 weeks of gestation by assessing fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FI), fasting C-peptide (FCP), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Thereafter, the patients were followed-up until the delivery.

Results

Females with NGT had lower levels of FPG, FI, FCP, or HbA1c at the early stage of pregnancy, and therefore, showed an improved insulin action as compared to that in females who developed GDM. Higher fasting levels of FPG and FCP were associated with a higher risk of developing GDM. Moreover, the predictive accuracy of this metabolic profiling was also good to distinguish the patients who required glucose-lowering medications. Indices of glucose disposal based on C-peptide improved the predictive accuracy compared to that based on insulin. A modified quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKIc) showed the best differentiation in terms of predicting GDM (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve [ROC-AUC], 72.1%) or need for pharmacotherapy (ROC-AUC, 83.7%).

Conclusion

Fasting measurements of glucose and C-peptide as well as the surrogate indices of glycemic condition could be used for stratifying pregnant females with higher risk of GDM at the beginning of pregnancy.

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Epidemiology
Clinical Characteristics of People with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes between 2015 and 2016: Difference by Age and Body Mass Index
Kyoung Hwa Ha, Cheol Young Park, In Kyung Jeong, Hyun Jin Kim, Sang-Yong Kim, Won Jun Kim, Ji Sung Yoon, In Joo Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Sungrae Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(2):137-146.   Published online February 14, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.42.2.137
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

We evaluated the clinical characteristics of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction in newly diagnosed, drug-naive people with type 2 diabetes by analyzing nationwide cross-sectional data.

Methods

We collected the clinical data of 912 participants with newly diagnosed diabetes from 83 primary care clinics and hospitals nationwide from 2015 to 2016. The presence of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction was defined as a homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value ≥2.5 and fasting C-peptide levels <1.70 ng/mL, respectively.

Results

A total of 75.1% and 22.6% of participants had insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction, respectively. The proportion of participants with insulin resistance but no β-cell dysfunction increased, and the proportion of participants with β-cell dysfunction but no insulin resistance decreased as body mass index (BMI) increased. People diagnosed with diabetes before 40 years of age had significantly higher HOMA-IR and BMI than those diagnosed over 65 years of age (HOMA-IR, 5.0 vs. 3.0; BMI, 28.7 kg/m2 vs. 25.1 kg/m2). However, the β-cell function indices were lower in people diagnosed before 40 years of age than in those diagnosed after 65 years of age (homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function, 39.3 vs. 64.9; insulinogenic index, 10.3 vs. 18.7; disposition index, 0.15 vs. 0.25).

Conclusion

We observed that the main pathogenic mechanism of type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance in participants with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. In addition, young adults with diabetes are more likely to have higher insulin resistance with obesity and have higher insulin secretory defect with severe hyperglycemia in the early period of diabetes than older populations.

Citations

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  • Comparison of β-Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity Between Normal-Weight and Obese Chinese With Young-Onset Type 2 Diabetes
    Yingnan Fan, Elaine Chow, Cadmon K.P. Lim, Yong Hou, Sandra T.F. Tsoi, Baoqi Fan, Eric S.H. Lau, Alice P.S. Kong, Ronald C.W. Ma, Hongjiang Wu, Juliana C.N. Chan, Andrea O.Y. Luk
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    Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim, Sungrae Kim
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2018; 42(3): 251.     CrossRef
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    Ah Reum Khang
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Others
Comparison of the Usefulness of the Updated Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA2) with the Original HOMA1 in the Prediction of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Koreans
Young Seok Song, You-Cheol Hwang, Hong-Yup Ahn, Cheol-Young Park
Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(4):318-325.   Published online May 27, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.4.318
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

The original homeostasis model assessment (HOMA1) and the updated HOMA model (HOMA2) have been used to evaluate insulin resistance (IR) and β-cell function, but little is known about the usefulness of HOMA2 for the prediction of diabetes in Koreans. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the usefulness of HOMA2 as a predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Koreans without diabetes.

Methods

The study population consisted of 104,694 Koreans enrolled at a health checkup program and followed up from 2001 to 2012. Participants were divided into a normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group and a pre-diabetes group according to fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Anthropometric and laboratory data were measured at the baseline checkup, and HOMA values were calculated at the baseline and follow-up checkups. The hazard ratios (HRs) of the HOMA1 and HOMA2 values and the prevalence of diabetes at follow-up were evaluated using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan-Meier analysis.

Results

After adjusting for several diabetes risk factors, all of the HOMA values except 1/HOMA1-β and 1/HOMA2-β in the NGT group were significant predictors of the progression to diabetes. In the NGT group, there was no significant difference in HOMA1-IR (HR, 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 1.14) and HOMA2-IR (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.19). However, in the pre-diabetes group, 1/HOMA2-β was a more powerful marker (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.26 to 1.31) than HOMA1-IR (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.19 to 1.28) or 1/HOMA1-β (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.16). In the non-diabetic group (NGT+pre-diabetes), 1/HOMA2-β was also a stronger predictor of diabetes (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.25 to 1.29) than HOMA1-IR (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.15) or 1/HOMA1-β (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.14).

Conclusion

HOMA2 is more predictive than HOMA1 for the progression to diabetes in pre-diabetes or non-diabetic Koreans.

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The Insulin Resistance but Not the Insulin Secretion Parameters Have Changed in the Korean Population during the Last Decade
Hae Kyung Yang, Jin Hee Lee, In-Young Choi, Hyuk Sang Kwon, Jeong Ah Shin, Seung Hee Jeong, Seung-Hwan Lee, Jae Hyoung Cho, Ho Young Son, Kun Ho Yoon
Diabetes Metab J. 2015;39(2):117-125.   Published online April 20, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2015.39.2.117
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

This study aimed to compare the patterns of insulin secretion and resistance between Korean subjects in the 1990s and 2000s.

Methods

Insulin secretion and resistance indices were calculated from subjects who underwent 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests in the year 1997 to 1999 and 2007 to 2011 at the Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Korea.

Results

A total of 578 subjects from the 1990s (mean age, 48.5 years) and 504 subjects from the 2000s (mean age, 50.2 years) were enrolled. Compared with the subjects from the 1990s, those from the 2000s exhibited increased insulin resistance (increased homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance), and reduced insulin sensitivity (reduced Matsuda index and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index), regardless of their glucose tolerance status. However, insulinogenic index did not reveal significant differences between the 2 decades in subjects with or without diabetes. A distinct relationship was confirmed between Matsuda index and total area under the curve (insulin/glucose) in each glucose tolerance group. The mean product of the Matsuda index and the total area under the curve (insulin/glucose) as well as the oral disposition index, was lower in subjects with normal glucose tolerance from the 2000s than in those from the 1990s.

Conclusion

After rapid economic growth and changes in lifestyle patterns, insulin resistance has worsened across the glucose tolerance status; however, the insulin secretory function remained unchanged, which resulted in an increase in the susceptibility to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus among Korean subjects without diabetes. We could not rule out the potential selection bias and therefore, further studies in general Korean population are needed.

Citations

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  • Insulin Resistance, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Clinical and Experimental Perspective
    Inha Jung, Dae-Jeong Koo, Won-Young Lee
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(3): 327.     CrossRef
  • A Randomized Crossover Study Comparing the Effects of Diabetes-Specific Formula with Common Asian Breakfasts on Glycemic Control and Satiety in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Sing Teang Kong, Dieu Thi Thu Huynh, Weerachai Srivanichakorn, Weerapan Khovidhunkit, Chaiwat Washirasaksiri, Tullaya Sitasuwan, Chengrong Huang, Swapnil Paunikar, Menaka Yalawar, Siew Ling Tey
    Diabetology.2024; 5(4): 447.     CrossRef
  • Longitudinal Changes in Insulin Resistance, Beta-Cell Function and Glucose Regulation Status in Prediabetes
    Chul-Hee Kim, Hong-Kyu Kim, Eun-Hee Kim, Sung-Jin Bae, Jaewon Choe, Joong-Yeol Park
    The American Journal of the Medical Sciences.2018; 355(1): 54.     CrossRef
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    Hyunah Kim, Hyunyong Lee, Hyeon Woo Yim, Hun-Sung Kim
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    Kei Takahashi, Hidetaka Nakamura, Hiroshi Sato, Hideto Matsuda, Kazuo Takada, Tomiko Tsuji
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  • Urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, an early marker of diabetic kidney disease, might reflect glucose excursion in patients with type 2 diabetes
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Hexane Extract of Orthosiphon stamineus Induces Insulin Expression and Prevents Glucotoxicity in INS-1 Cells
Hae-Jung Lee, Yoon-Jung Choi, So-Young Park, Jong-Yeon Kim, Kyu-Chang Won, Jong-Keun Son, Yong-Woon Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2015;39(1):51-58.   Published online February 16, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2015.39.1.51
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Hyperglycemia, a characteristic feature of diabetes, induces glucotoxicity in pancreatic β-cells, resulting in further impairment of insulin secretion and worsening glycemic control. Thus, preservation of insulin secretory capacity is essential for the management of type 2 diabetes. In this study, we evaluated the ability of an Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) extract to prevent glucotoxicity in insulin-producing cells.

Methods

We measured insulin mRNA expression and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in OS-treated INS-1 cells after exposure to a high glucose (HG; 30 mM) concentration.

Results

The hexane extract of OS elevated mRNA expression of insulin as well as pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 of INS-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The hexane OS extract also increased the levels of phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, Akt phosphorylation was elevated by treatment with 100 and 200 µmol of the hexane OS extract. Three days of HG exposure suppressed insulin mRNA expression and GSIS; these expressions were restored by treatment with the hexane OS extract. HG elevated peroxide levels in the INS-1 cells. These levels were unaffected by OS treatment under both normal and hyperglycemic conditions.

Conclusion

Our results suggested that the hexane extract of OS elevates insulin mRNA expression and prevents glucotoxicity induced by a 3-day treatment with HG. This was associated with the activation of PI-3K and Akt.

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  • An Updated Review of Ethnobotany, Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth
    Anandarajagopal Kalusalingam, Dania Najiha Hasnu, Abdullah Khan, Ching Siang Tan, Bama Menon, Venkateshan Narayanan, Khang Wen Goh, Asmuni Mohd Ikmal, Noraini Talip, Poonguzhali Subramanian, Long Chiau Ming
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    Jae Eun Park, Ji Sook Han
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    Dhamraa Waleed Al-dualimi, Aman Shah Abdul Majid, Sarah Furqan Faisal Al-Shimary, Amal Aziz Al-Saadi, Raghdaa Al Zarzour, Muhammad Asif, Chern Ein Oon, Amin Malik Shah Abdul Majid
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Impact of Serum Triglyceride and High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels on Early-Phase Insulin Secretion in Normoglycemic and Prediabetic Subjects
Masanori Shimodaira, Tomohiro Niwa, Koji Nakajima, Mutsuhiro Kobayashi, Norinao Hanyu, Tomohiro Nakayama
Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(4):294-301.   Published online August 20, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2014.38.4.294
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Increased triglycerides (TGs) and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are established as diabetic risks for nondiabetic subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among TG, HDL-C, TG/HDL-C ratio, and early-phase insulin secretion in normoglycemic and prediabetic subjects.

Methods

We evaluated 663 Japanese subjects who underwent the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. On the basis of these results, the subjects were divided into four groups: those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n=341), isolated impaired fasting glucose (i-IFG; n=211), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (i-IGT; n=71), and combined IFG and IGT (IFG+IGT; n=40). Insulin secretion was estimated by the insulinogenic index (IGI) (Δinsulin/Δglucose [30 to 0 minutes]) and disposition index (DI) (IGI/homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance).

Results

In prediabetic subjects (i-IFG, i-IGT, and IFG+IGT), linear regression analyses revealed that IGI and DI were positively correlated with HDL-C levels. Moreover, in subjects with i-IGT and (IFG+IGT), but not with i-IFG, the indices of insulin secretion were negatively correlated with the log-transformed TG and TG/HDL-C ratio. In both the subjects with i-IGT, multivariate linear regression analyses revealed that DI was positively correlated with HDL-C and negatively with log-transformed TG and TG/HDL-C ratio. On the other hand, in subjects with NGT, there was no association between insulin secretion and lipid profiles.

Conclusion

These results revealed that serum TG and HDL-C levels have different impacts on early-phase insulin secretion on the basis of their glucose tolerance status.

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    Sudan Wang, Xiaoyan Qian, Chao Shen, Qian Sun, Yang Jing, Bingyue Liu, Kexin Zhang, Mengyuan Li, Junrong Wang, Hui Zhou, Chen Dong
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    Masanori Shimodaira, Yu Minemura, Tomohiro Nakayama
    Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders.2023; 23(1): 655.     CrossRef
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    Yanyan Zhang, Pei Qin, Yanmei Lou, Ping Zhao, Xue Li, Ranran Qie, Xiaoyan Wu, Minghui Han, Shengbing Huang, Yang Zhao, Dechen Liu, Yuying Wu, Yang Li, Xingjin Yang, Yang Zhao, Yifei Feng, Changyi Wang, Jianping Ma, Xiaolin Peng, Hongen Chen, Dan Zhao, Sha
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Reviews
Neonatal Diabetes Caused by Activating Mutations in the Sulphonylurea Receptor
Peter Proks
Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(3):157-164.   Published online June 14, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.3.157
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels in pancreatic β-cells play a crucial role in insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. These channels are composed of two subunits: a pore-forming subunit (Kir6.2) and a regulatory subunit (sulphonylurea receptor-1). Recent studies identified large number of gain of function mutations in the regulatory subunit of the channel which cause neonatal diabetes. Majority of mutations cause neonatal diabetes alone, however some lead to a severe form of neonatal diabetes with associated neurological complications. This review focuses on the functional effects of these mutations as well as the implications for treatment.

Citations

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A Systematic Review of Oxidative Stress and Safety of Antioxidants in Diabetes: Focus on Islets and Their Defense
Udayakumar Karunakaran, Keun-Gyu Park
Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(2):106-112.   Published online April 16, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.2.106
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

A growing body of evidence suggests that hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress plays an important role in diabetic complications, especially β-cell dysfunction and failure. Under physiological conditions, reactive oxygen species serve as second messengers that facilitate signal transduction and gene expression in pancreatic β-cells. However, under pathological conditions, an imbalance in redox homeostasis leads to aberrant tissue damage and β-cell death due to a lack of antioxidant defense systems. Taking into account the vulnerability of islets to oxidative damage, induction of endogenous antioxidant enzymes or exogenous antioxidant administration has been proposed as a way to protect β-cells against diabetic insults. Here, we consider recent insights into how the redox response becomes deregulated under diabetic conditions, as well as the therapeutic benefits of antioxidants, which may provide clues for developing strategies aimed at the treatment or prevention of diabetes associated with β-cell failure.

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Fuel-Stimulated Insulin Secretion Depends upon Mitochondria Activation and the Integration of Mitochondrial and Cytosolic Substrate Cycles
Gary W. Cline
Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(5):458-465.   Published online October 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.5.458
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

The pancreatic islet β-cell is uniquely specialized to couple its metabolism and rates of insulin secretion with the levels of circulating nutrient fuels, with the mitochondrial playing a central regulatory role in this process. In the β-cell, mitochondrial activation generates an integrated signal reflecting rates of oxidativephosphorylation, Kreb's cycle flux, and anaplerosis that ultimately determines the rate of insulin exocytosis. Mitochondrial activation can be regulated by proton leak and mediated by UCP2, and by alkalinization to utilize the pH gradient to drive substrate and ion transport. Converging lines of evidence support the hypothesis that substrate cycles driven by rates of Kreb's cycle flux and by anaplerosis play an integral role in coupling responsive changes in mitochondrial metabolism with insulin secretion. The components and mechanisms that account for the integrated signal of ATP production, substrate cycling, the regulation of cellular redox state, and the production of other secondary signaling intermediates are operative in both rodent and human islet β-cells.

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