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Clinical Diabetes & Therapeutics
Effectiveness and Safety of Adding Basal Insulin Glargine in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Exhibiting Inadequate Response to Metformin and DPP-4 Inhibitors with or without Sulfonylurea
Yu Mi Kang, Chang Hee Jung, Seung-Hwan Lee, Sang-Wook Kim, Kee-Ho Song, Sin Gon Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim, Young Min Cho, Tae Sun Park, Bon Jeong Ku, Gwanpyo Koh, Dol Mi Kim, Byung-Wan Lee, Joong-Yeol Park
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(4):432-446.   Published online June 19, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0092
  • 6,298 View
  • 99 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   
Background

We aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of adding basal insulin to initiating dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and metformin and/or sulfonylurea (SU) in achieving the target glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

This was a single-arm, multicenter, 24-week, open-label, phase 4 study in patients with inadequately controlled (HbA1c ≥7.5%) T2DM despite the use of DPP-4 inhibitor and metformin. A total of 108 patients received insulin glargine while continuing oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). The primary efficacy endpoint was the percentage of subjects achieving HbA1c ≤7.0%. Other glycemic profiles were also evaluated, and the safety endpoints were adverse events (AEs) and hypoglycemia.

Results

The median HbA1c at baseline (8.9%; range, 7.5% to 11.1%) decreased to 7.6% (5.5% to 11.7%) at 24 weeks. Overall, 31.7% subjects (n=33) achieved the target HbA1c level of ≤7.0%. The mean differences in body weight and fasting plasma glucose were 1.2±3.4 kg and 56.0±49.8 mg/dL, respectively. Hypoglycemia was reported in 36 subjects (33.3%, 112 episodes), all of which were fully recovered. There was no serious AE attributed to insulin glargine. Body weight change was significantly different between SU users and nonusers (1.5±2.5 kg vs. −0.9±6.0 kg, P=0.011).

Conclusion

The combination add-on therapy of insulin glargine, on metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors with or without SU was safe and efficient in reducing HbA1c levels and thus, is a preferable option in managing T2DM patients exhibiting dysglycemia despite the use of OADs.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Glycaemic control with add‐on thiazolidinedione or a sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitor in patients with type 2 diabetes after the failure of an oral triple antidiabetic regimen: A 24‐week, randomized controlled trial
    Jaehyun Bae, Ji Hye Huh, Minyoung Lee, Yong‐Ho Lee, Byung‐Wan Lee
    Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2021; 23(2): 609.     CrossRef
  • Beneficial effect of anti-diabetic drugs for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
    Kyung-Soo Kim, Byung-Wan Lee
    Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2020; 26(4): 430.     CrossRef
Clinical Diabetes & Therapeutics
Asian Subpopulations May Exhibit Greater Cardiovascular Benefit from Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists: A Meta-Analysis of Cardiovascular Outcome Trials
Yu Mi Kang, Yun Kyung Cho, Jiwoo Lee, Seung Eun Lee, Woo Je Lee, Joong-Yeol Park, Ye-Jee Kim, Chang Hee Jung, Michael A. Nauck
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(4):410-421.   Published online December 27, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0070
  • 7,402 View
  • 157 Download
  • 21 Web of Science
  • 20 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   
Background

Based on reported results of three large cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), we aimed to investigate the overall effect of GLP-1 RAs on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and to identify subpopulations exhibiting the greatest cardiovascular (CV) benefit.

Methods

Three CVOTs reporting effects of long-acting GLP-1 RAs were included: LEADER (liraglutide), SUSTAIN-6 (semaglutide), and EXSCEL (exenatide once weekly). In all studies, the primary endpoint was three-point MACE, comprising CV death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and non-fatal stroke. Overall effect estimates were calculated as hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using the random-effects model; subgroup analyses reported in the original studies were similarly analyzed.

Results

Overall, statistically significant risk reductions in MACE and CV death were observed. Subgroup analysis indicated a significant racial difference with respect to CV benefit (P for interaction <0.001), and more substantial risk reductions were observed in subjects of African origin (relative risk [RR], 0.78; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.99) and in Asians (RR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.09 to 1.32). However, post hoc analysis (Bonferroni method) revealed that only Asians exhibited a significantly greater CV benefit from treatment, compared with white subjects (P<0.0001).

Conclusion

Long-acting GLP-1 RAs reduced risks of MACE and CV deaths in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our findings of a particularly effective reduction in CV events with GLP-1 RA in Asian populations merits further exploration and dedicated trials in specific populations.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Safety and Effectiveness of Dulaglutide in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Korean Real-World Post-Marketing Study
    Jeonghee Han, Woo Je Lee, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jae Hyoung Cho, Byung Wan Lee, Cheol-Young Park
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(3): 418.     CrossRef
  • Sex, racial, ethnic, and geographical disparities in major adverse cardiovascular outcome of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists among patients with and without diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials
    Frederick Berro Rivera, Nathan Ross B. Bantayan, John Paul Aparece, Linnaeus Louisse A. Cruz, John Vincent Magallong, Polyn Luz Pine, Anne Mira Nicca Idian-Javier, Grace Nooriza O. Lumbang, Edgar V. Lerma, Kyla M. Lara-Breitinger, Martha Gulati, Krishnasw
    Journal of Clinical Lipidology.2024; 18(4): e588.     CrossRef
  • A randomized, double‐blind trial assessing the efficacy and safety of two doses of dulaglutide in Japanese participants with type 2 diabetes (AWARD‐JPN)
    Tomoaki Morioka, Masakazu Takeuchi, Akichika Ozeki, Masanori Emoto
    Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2024; 26(8): 3167.     CrossRef
  • Coronary Artery Disease in South Asian Patients: Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Pathogenesis and Treatments
    Vincenzo Sucato, Giuseppe Coppola, Girolamo Manno, Giuseppe Vadalà, Giuseppina Novo, Egle Corrado, Alfredo Ruggero Galassi
    Current Problems in Cardiology.2023; 48(8): 101228.     CrossRef
  • Retrospective Analysis of the Effectiveness of Oral Semaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Effect on Cardiometabolic Parameters in Japanese Clinical Settings
    Hodaka Yamada, Masashi Yoshida, Shunsuke Funazaki, Jun Morimoto, Shiori Tonezawa, Asuka Takahashi, Shuichi Nagashima, Kimura Masahiko, Otsuka Kiyoshi, Kazuo Hara
    Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease.2023; 10(4): 176.     CrossRef
  • Efficacy of treatment with glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists-1 in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    L. Yu. Khamnueva, L. S. Andreeva
    Problems of Endocrinology.2023; 69(2): 38.     CrossRef
  • Role of diabetes in stroke: Recent advances in pathophysiology and clinical management
    Sian A. Bradley, Kevin J. Spring, Roy G. Beran, Dimitrios Chatzis, Murray C. Killingsworth, Sonu M. M. Bhaskar
    Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Harold Edward Bays, Jennifer Ng, Jeffrey Sicat, Michelle Look
    Obesity Pillars.2022; 2: 100011.     CrossRef
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    Calvin Ke, K. M. Venkat Narayan, Juliana C. N. Chan, Prabhat Jha, Baiju R. Shah
    Nature Reviews Endocrinology.2022; 18(7): 413.     CrossRef
  • Effect of race on cardiometabolic responses to once-weekly exenatide: insights from the Exenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event Lowering (EXSCEL)
    Timothy M. E. Davis, Anna Giczewska, Yuliya Lokhnygina, Robert J. Mentz, Naveed Sattar, Rury R. Holman
    Cardiovascular Diabetology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Xiaoling Cai, Linong Ji
    Diabetes Therapy.2021; 12(7): 1861.     CrossRef
  • Current trends in epidemiology of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk management in type 2 diabetes
    Jae-Seung Yun, Seung-Hyun Ko
    Metabolism.2021; 123: 154838.     CrossRef
  • Sex and ethnic differences in the cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes
    Jian L. Yeo, Emer M. Brady, Gerry P. McCann, Gaurav S. Gulsin
    Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Efficacy and Safety of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Yuan Zhu, Jiao Xu, Dong Zhang, Xingyu Mu, Yi Shi, Shangtao Chen, Zengxiang Wu, Shuangqing Li
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide in type 2 diabetes patients in endocrinology clinics of Islamabad, Pakistan
    Matiullah Kamin, SajjadAli Khan, UmarYousaf Raja, Osama Ishtiaq, Asmara Malik, Tejhmal Rehman, MuhammadUmar Wahab
    Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 25(5): 456.     CrossRef
  • Type 2 Diabetes and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in South Asians: a Unique Population with a Growing Challenge
    Afreen I. Shariff, Nitya Kumar, William S. Yancy, Leonor Corsino
    Current Diabetes Reports.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Antihypertensive and Renal Mechanisms of SGLT2 (Sodium-Glucose Linked Transporter 2) Inhibitors
    Christopher S. Wilcox
    Hypertension.2020; 75(4): 894.     CrossRef
  • Subpopulation Differences in the Cardiovascular Efficacy of Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
    Liyun He, Na Yang, Lingling Xu, Fan Ping, Wei Li, Yuxiu Li, Huabing Zhang
    Diabetes Therapy.2020; 11(9): 2121.     CrossRef
  • 2020 Consensus of Taiwan Society of Cardiology on the pharmacological management of patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases
    Chern-En Chiang, Kwo-Chang Ueng, Ting-Hsing Chao, Tsung-Hsien Lin, Yih-Jer Wu, Kang-Ling Wang, Shih-Hsien Sung, Hung-I Yeh, Yi-Heng Li, Ping-Yen Liu, Kuan-Cheng Chang, Kou-Gi Shyu, Jin-Long Huang, Cheng-Dao Tsai, Huei-Fong Hung, Ming-En Liu, Tze-Fan Chao,
    Journal of the Chinese Medical Association.2020; 83(7): 587.     CrossRef
  • Beneficial effect of anti-diabetic drugs for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
    Kyung-Soo Kim, Byung-Wan Lee
    Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2020; 26(4): 430.     CrossRef
Safety and Efficacy of Modern Insulin Analogues
Hye Jin Yoo, Keun Yong Park, Kang Seo Park, Kyu Jeung Ahn, Kyung Wan Min, Jeong Hyun Park, Sang Ah Chang, Bong Soo Cha, Dong-Jun Kim, Yong Seong Kim, Tae Keun Oh, Suk Chon, Il Seong Nam-Goong, Mi Jin Kim, Hye-Soon Kim, Young Sik Choi, You Hern Ahn, Sora Lee, Sei Hyun Baik
Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(3):181-189.   Published online June 14, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.3.181
  • 4,702 View
  • 36 Download
  • 9 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

A1chieve® was a noninterventional study evaluating the clinical safety and efficacy of biphasic insulin aspart 30, insulin detemir, and insulin aspart.

Methods

Korean type 2 diabetes patients who have not been treated with the study insulin or have started it within 4 weeks before enrollment were eligible for the study. The patient selection and the choice of regimen were at the discretion of the physician. The safety and efficacy information was collected from the subjects at baseline, week 12, and week 24. The number of serious adverse drug reactions (SADRs) was the primary endpoint. The changes of clinical diabetic markers at week 12 and/or at week 24 compared to baseline were the secondary endpoints.

Results

Out of 4,058 exposed patients, 3,003 completed the study. During the study period, three SADRs were reported in three patients (0.1%). No major hypoglycemic episodes were observed and the rate of minor hypoglycemic episodes marginally decreased during 24 weeks (from 2.77 to 2.42 events per patient-year). The overall quality of life score improved (from 66.7±15.9 to 72.5±13.5) while the mean body weight was slightly increased (0.6±3.0 kg). The 24-week reductions in glycated hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose and postprandial plasma glucose were 1.6%±2.2%, 2.5±4.7 mmol/L, and 4.0±6.4 mmol/L, respectively.

Conclusion

The studied regimens showed improvements in glycemic control with low incidence of SADRs, including no incidence of major hypoglycemic episodes in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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    Byung-Wan Lee, Jin Hwa Kim, Seung-Hyun Ko, Kyu Yeon Hur, Nan-Hee Kim, Sang Youl Rhee, Hyun Jin Kim, Min Kyong Moon, Seok-O Park, Kyung Mook Choi
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Review
Anti-Obesity Drugs: A Review about Their Effects and Safety
Jun Goo Kang, Cheol-Young Park
Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(1):13-25.   Published online February 17, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.1.13
  • 21,727 View
  • 302 Download
  • 403 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

The current recommendations for the treatment of obese people include increased physical activity and reduced calories intake. When the behavioral approach is not sufficient, a pharmacologic treatment is recommended. In past years, numerous drugs have been approved for the treatment of obesity; however, most of them have been withdrawn from the market because of their adverse effects. In fact, amphetamine, rimonabant and sibutramine licenses have been withdrawn due to an increased risk of psychiatric disorders and non-fatal myocardial infarction or stroke. Even if orlistat is not as effective as other drugs in reducing body weight, orlistat is presently the only available choice for the treatment of obesity because of its safety for cardiovascular events and positive effects on diabetic control. Hopefully, more effective and better tolerated anti-obesity drugs will be developed through an improved understanding of the multiple mechanisms and complex physiological systems targeting appetite.

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Randomized Controlled Trials
Efficacy and Safety of Mitiglinide in Korean Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Prospective Randomised Multicenter Comparative Phase III Study.
Se Young Kim, Hyo Jeong Kim, Kyung Ah Han, Se Hyun Baek, Hyun Sik Son, Bong Soo Cha, Kyung Wan Min
Korean Diabetes J. 2007;31(2):163-174.   Published online March 1, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.2.163
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  • 25 Download
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Mitiglinide, one of the meglitinides, is expected to prevent postprandial hyperglycemia of type 2 diabetes by enhancing early phase insulin secretion. The aim of this study was to verify the efficacy and safety of mitiglinide compared to nateglinide. METHODS: One hundred eleven of diabetic patients were randomised and administered of mitiglinide (n = 56) and nateglinide (n = 55) before a meal time for 12 weeks. The changes of HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) were analyzed. The safety of this drug was investigated as well. RESULTS: The change of HbA1c was not significantly different between two groups (-0.77 +/- 1.08% in mitiglinide vs. -0.66 +/- 0.79% in nateglinide, P = 0.57). The reduction of FPG (-12.2 +/- 25.0 mg/dL vs. -6.1 +/- 22.3 mg/dL, P = 0.218), PPG 1 hr (-48.0 +/- 47.1 mg/dL, vs. -29.4 +/- 43.2 mg/dL, P = 0.051), and PPG 2 hr (-59.2 +/- 58.0 mg/dL vs. -43.3 +/- 59.0 mg/dL, P = 0.194) were not significantly different between the mitiglinide and the nateglinide, respectively. Drug-related adverse effects were not different between two groups (16.1% in mitiglinide vs. 27.8% in nateglinide, P = 0.137). The frequency of hypoglycemic events were not different between two groups (8.9% in mitiglinide vs. 14.8% in nateglinide, P = 0.339). There were two patients who had complained shoulder pain in the mitiglinide or deterioration of visual acuity in the nateglinide, but those were found to be unrelated with medications. CONCLUSION: This study showed that mitiglinide had reduced HbA1c as similar to nateglinide and that significantly improved HbA1c, FPG and PPG during 12 weeks of treatment. The safety of mitiglinide was also comparable to nateglinide. Mitiglinide could be used as an effective glucose-lowering agent by enhancing early insulin secretion and reducing postprandial glucose excursion, and thereby might contribute long-term cardioprotective effect in Korean type 2 diabetic patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Monotherapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients 2017: A Position Statement of the Korean Diabetes Association
    Sang Youl Rhee
    The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2018; 19(1): 15.     CrossRef
  • Monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    Sang Youl Rhee, Hyun Jin Kim, Seung-Hyun Ko, Kyu Yeon Hur, Nan-Hee Kim, Min Kyong Moon, Seok-O Park, Byung-Wan Lee, Kyung Mook Choi, Jin Hwa Kim
    The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2017; 32(6): 959.     CrossRef
  • Monotherapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Sang Youl Rhee, Hyun Jin Kim, Seung-Hyun Ko, Kyu-Yeon Hur, Nan-Hee Kim, Min Kyong Moon, Seok-O Park, Byung-Wan Lee, Kyung Mook Choi, Jin Hwa Kim
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2017; 41(5): 349.     CrossRef
Efficacy and Safety of Glimepiride: A Novel Sulfonylurea Drug compared with Gliclazide in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: an Open , Randomized Comparative Multi - Center Clinical Study.
Sung Kwan Hong, Ki Up Lee, Yeon Sang Oh, Ho Young Son, Kwang Won Kim, Hyun Chul Lee, Kyung Rae Kim, Dong Seop Choi, Ie Byung Park, Young Seol Kim, Kwan Woo Lee, Hong Kyu Lee, Soon Hyun Shin
Korean Diabetes J. 1999;23(1):87-97.   Published online January 1, 2001
  • 1,348 View
  • 55 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Glimepiride (HOE490, Amaryl (R)) is a new, third generation sulfonylurea, which binds to a different protein of the sulfonylurea receptor than other sulfonylureas. Although there have been many studies proving the efficacy of glimepiride on Caucasian diabetic patients, only a few studies are available on Asian diabetic patients. We performed an open, randomized, comparative multicenter clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of glimepiride in Korean type 2 diabetic patients. METHOD: We recruited 262 type 2 cliabetic patients at 12 different university hospitals whose blood glucose was not controlled effectively with diet alone. Patients were randomized to 1~2mg glimepiride or 40~80mg gliclazide depending on the fasting blood glucose level. Doses were increased stepwise, up to 8mg for glimepiride (once-daily) and 320mg for gliclazide (>80 mg as dividedose) respectively, until metabolic control (fasting blood glucose < 7.9 mmol/L) or maximum dose was achieved. The quality of rnetabolic control was assessed by fasting blood glucose and HbA 1c as primary variables. Insulin, C-peptide and weight were monitored as secondary variables. Safety was assessed by obtaining patient history and laboratory values of relevant variables. RESULTS: Of the 262 patients randomized to treatment, 160(61%) patients completed the 18-week study. The rate of successful blood glucose control (3.9

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