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Genetics
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The rs2304256 Polymorphism in TYK2 Gene Is Associated with Protection for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Felipe Mateus Pellenz, Cristine Dieter, Guilherme Coutinho Kullmann Duarte, Luís Henrique Canani, Bianca Marmontel de Souza, Daisy Crispim
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(6):899-908.   Published online May 24, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0194
  • 8,865 View
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  • 8 Web of Science
  • 8 Crossref
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) is a candidate gene for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) since it plays an important role in regulating apoptotic and pro-inflammatory pathways in pancreatic β-cells through modulation of the type I interferon signaling pathway. The rs2304256 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TYK2 gene has been associated with protection for different autoimmune diseases. However, to date, only two studies have evaluated the association between this SNP and T1DM, with discordant results. This study thus aimed to investigate the association between the TYK2 rs2304256 SNP and T1DM in a Southern Brazilian population.
Methods
This case-control study comprised 478 patients with T1DM and 518 non-diabetic subjects. The rs2304256 (C/A) SNP was genotyped by real-time polymerase chain reaction technique using TaqMan minor groove binder (MGB) probes.
Results
Genotype and allele frequencies of the rs2304256 SNP differed between T1DM patients and non-diabetic subjects (P<0.0001 and P=0.001, respectively). Furthermore, the A allele was associated with protection against T1DM under recessive (odds ratio [OR], 0.482; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.288 to 0.806) and additive (OR, 0.470; 95% CI, 0.278 to 0.794) inheritance models, adjusting for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR/DQ genotypes, gender, and ethnicity.
Conclusion
The A/A genotype of TYK2 rs2304256 SNP is associated with protection against T1DM in a Southern Brazilian population.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • The influence of genetic polymorphisms on cytokine profiles in pediatric COVID-19: a pilot study
    Kateryna Kozak, Halyna Pavlyshyn, Oleksandr Kamyshnyi, Oksana Shevchuk, Mykhaylo Korda, Sandor G. Vari
    Frontiers in Pediatrics.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Pharmacological inhibition of tyrosine protein-kinase 2 reduces islet inflammation and delays type 1 diabetes onset in mice
    Farooq Syed, Olivia Ballew, Chih-Chun Lee, Jyoti Rana, Preethi Krishnan, Angela Castela, Staci A. Weaver, Namratha Shivani Chalasani, Sofia F. Thomaidou, Stephane Demine, Garrick Chang, Alexandra Coomans de Brachène, Maria Ines Alvelos, Eugenia Martin Vaz
    eBioMedicine.2025; 117: 105734.     CrossRef
  • Incomplete penetrance in inborn errors of immunity: A skeleton in the closet—The sequel
    Dusan Bogunovic
    Journal of Human Immunity.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Associations of genetic variants within TYK2 with pulmonary tuberculosis among Chinese population
    Mingwu Zhang, Zhengwei Liu, Yelei Zhu, Kunyang Wu, Lin Zhou, Ying Peng, Junhang Pan, Bin Chen, Xiaomeng Wang, Songhua Chen
    Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Host genetic variants associated with COVID-19 reconsidered in a Slovak cohort
    Maria Skerenova, Michal Cibulka, Zuzana Dankova, Veronika Holubekova, Zuzana Kolkova, Vincent Lucansky, Dana Dvorska, Andrea Kapinova, Michaela Krivosova, Martin Petras, Eva Baranovicova, Ivana Baranova, Elena Novakova, Peter Liptak, Peter Banovcin, Anna
    Advances in Medical Sciences.2024; 69(1): 198.     CrossRef
  • Cross-Domain Text Mining of Pathophysiological Processes Associated with Diabetic Kidney Disease
    Krutika Patidar, Jennifer H. Deng, Cassie S. Mitchell, Ashlee N. Ford Versypt
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(8): 4503.     CrossRef
  • The association of common autoimmune diseases with autoimmune thyroiditis: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
    Kaiyuan Zhang, Ziyue Luo, Xinchang Wang
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Genetic evidence for efficacy of targeting IL-2, IL-6 and TYK2 signalling in the prevention of type 1 diabetes: a Mendelian randomisation study
    Tea E. Heikkilä, Emilia K. Kaiser, Jake Lin, Dipender Gill, Jaakko J. Koskenniemi, Ville Karhunen
    Diabetologia.2024; 67(12): 2667.     CrossRef
Genetics
Article image
Association of Combined TCF7L2 and KCNQ1 Gene Polymorphisms with Diabetic Micro- and Macrovascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Rujikorn Rattanatham, Nongnuch Settasatian, Nantarat Komanasin, Upa Kukongviriyapan, Kittisak Sawanyawisuth, Phongsak Intharaphet, Vichai Senthong, Chatri Settasatian
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):578-593.   Published online March 22, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0101
  • 10,354 View
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  • 16 Web of Science
  • 15 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Vascular complications are the major morbid consequences of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2), potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 1 (KCNQ1), and inwardly-rectifying potassium channel, subfamily J, member 11 gene (KCNJ11) are common T2DM susceptibility genes in various populations. However, the associations between polymorphisms in these genes and diabetic complications are controversial. This study aimed to investigate the effects of combined gene-polymorphisms within TCF7L2, KCNQ1, and KCNJ11 on vascular complications in Thai subjects with T2DM.
Methods
We conducted a case-control study comprising 960 T2DM patients and 740 non-diabetes controls. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in TCF7L2, KCNQ1, and KCNJ11 were genotyped and evaluated for their association with diabetic vascular complications.
Results
The gene variants TCF7L2 rs290487-T, KCNQ1 rs2237892-C, and KCNQ1 rs2237897-C were associated with increased risk of T2DM. TCF7L2 rs7903146-C, TCF7L2 rs290487-C, KCNQ1 rs2237892-T, and KCNQ1 rs2237897-T revealed an association with hypertension. The specific combination of risk-alleles that have effects on T2DM and hypertension, TCF7L2 rs7903146-C, KCNQ1 rs2237892-C, and KCNQ1 rs2237897-T, as genetic risk score (GRS), pronounced significant association with coronary artery disease (CAD), cumulative nephropathy and CAD, and cumulative microvascular and macrovascular complications (respective odds ratios [ORs] with 95% confidence interval [95% CI], comparing between GRS 2–3 and GRS 5–6, were 7.31 [2.03 to 26.35], 3.92 [1.75 to 8.76], and 2.33 [1.13 to 4.79]).
Conclusion
This study demonstrated, for the first time, the effect conferred by specific combined genetic variants in TCF7L2 and KCNQ1 on diabetic vascular complications, predominantly with nephropathy and CAD. Such a specific pattern of gene variant combination may implicate in the progression of T2DM and life-threatening vascular complications.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Association between KCNJ11 rs5219 polymorphisms and gestational diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis
    Jethendra Kumar Muruganantham, Iyshwarya B K, Ramakrishnan Veerabathiran
    International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries.2025; 45(3): 543.     CrossRef
  • Association of P2X7 polymorphisms on Type 2 diabetes mellitus susceptibility and diabetic complications
    Guoni Huang, Jing Cheng, Wenfeng Liu, Tong Yang, Tao Ye, Qian Zhang, Qi Chen, Yuzhong Xu, Mohammad Reza Mahmoodi
    PLOS ONE.2025; 20(1): e0318134.     CrossRef
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    Sunaina Gautam, Shivani Kumari, Deepika Misra, Naveen Kumar Gautam
    Aspects of Molecular Medicine.2025; : 100081.     CrossRef
  • Meta-analysis of TCF7L2 and SLC30A8 gene polymorphisms concerning type 2 diabetes risk
    Jethendra Kumar Muruganantham, Ramakrishnan Veerabathiran
    The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association of KCNJ11 rs5219 polymorphism with risk of type 2 diabetes and its cardiovascular and renal complications in Noakhali, Bangladesh
    Priya Saha, Syeda Saima Alam, Israt Jahan, Prantu Sen, Lincon Chandra Shill
    Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The potential role of hydrogen sulfide-autophagy axis in diseases
    Ti Chu, Yan-Wen Wang, Lei Cao, Xue-Li Wang, Yong-Qi Fan, Yu-Hang Chen, Yi Zhang, Wei-Rong Si, Qi-Ying Jiang, Dong-Dong Wu
    Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry.2025; 81(4): 975.     CrossRef
  • Genetic Risk Scores Identify People at High Risk of Developing Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review
    Aleena Shujaat Ali, Cecilia Pham, Grant Morahan, Elif Ilhan Ekinci
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; 109(5): 1189.     CrossRef
  • Shared genetic etiology of vessel diseases: A genome-wide multi-traits association analysis
    Jiangwei Song, Ning Gao, Zhe Chen, Guocong Xu, Minjian Kong, Dongdong Wei, Qi Sun, Aiqiang Dong
    Thrombosis Research.2024; 241: 109102.     CrossRef
  • Saudi Community-Based Screening Study on Genetic Variants in β-Cell Dysfunction and Its Role in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
    Amal F. Alshammary, Malak Mohammed Al-Hakeem, Imran Ali Khan
    Genes.2023; 14(4): 924.     CrossRef
  • Association between KCNJ11 E23K polymorphism and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A global meta-analysis
    Yaxuan Ren, Wenfei Zhu, Jikang Shi, Aiyu Shao, Yi Cheng, Yawen Liu
    Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2022; 36(5): 108170.     CrossRef
  • Association between carotid atherosclerosis and presence of intracranial atherosclerosis using three-dimensional high-resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes
    Ji Eun Jun, You-Cheol Hwang, Kyu Jeong Ahn, Ho Yeon Chung, Geon-Ho Jahng, Soonchan Park, In-Kyung Jeong, Chang-Woo Ryu
    Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2022; 191: 110067.     CrossRef
  • Influence of KCNQ1 and TCF7L2 genes associated with the role of type 2 diabetes
    Nada Alqadri, Nuha A. Abdelmutalab, Sitalnesa Abdelhafeez, Atyah Y. Alzahrani, Omima Gadalla Mohamed, Aeshah Hassan, Omaima Nasir
    International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES.2022; 9(12): 77.     CrossRef
  • Multiple Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Testing Improves the Prediction of Diabetic Retinopathy Risk with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Yu-Ting Hsiao, Feng-Chih Shen, Shao-Wen Weng, Pei-Wen Wang, Yung-Jen Chen, Jong-Jer Lee
    Journal of Personalized Medicine.2021; 11(8): 689.     CrossRef
  • Oxidative Stress Genes in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: Association with Diabetic Kidney Disease
    Athanasios Roumeliotis, Stefanos Roumeliotis, Fotis Tsetsos, Marianthi Georgitsi, Panagiotis I. Georgianos, Aikaterini Stamou, Anna Vasilakou, Kalliopi Kotsa, Xanthippi Tsekmekidou, Peristera Paschou, Stylianos Panagoutsos, Vassilios Liakopoulos, Elena Az
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  • Analysis of the association of polymorphisms of genes markers functions of endothelium and vascular-plate hemostasis with development of diabetic foot syndrome
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Genetics
APO A2 -265T/C Polymorphism Is Associated with Increased Inflammatory Responses in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Fariba Koohdani, Haleh Sadrzadeh-Yeganeh, Mahmoud Djalali, Mohammadreza Eshraghian, Elham Zamani, Gity Sotoudeh, Mohammad-Ali Mansournia, Laleh Keramat
Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(3):222-229.   Published online June 20, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.3.222
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  • 13 Web of Science
  • 12 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

Apolipoprotein A2 (APO A2) is the second most abundant structural apolipoprotein in high density lipoprotein. Several studies have examined the possible effect of APO A2 on atherosclerosis incidence. Due to the role of inflammation in atherosclerosis, we aimed to determine the relationship between APO A2 -265T/C polymorphism and inflammation as a risk factor in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.

Methods

In total, 180 T2DM patients, with known APO A2 -265T/C polymorphism, were recruited for this comparative study and were grouped equally based on their genotypes. Dietary intakes, anthropometric parameters, lipid profile, and inflammatory markers (i.e., pentraxin 3 [PTX3], high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], and interleukin 18) were measured. The data were analyzed using an independent t-test, a chi-square test, and the analysis of covariance.

Results

After adjusting for confounding factors, in the entire study population and in the patients with or without obesity, the patients with the CC genotype showed higher hs-CRP (P=0.001, P=0.008, and P=0.01, respectively) and lower PTX3 (P=0.01, P=0.03, and P=0.04, respectively) in comparison with the T allele carriers. In the patients with the CC genotype, no significant differences were observed in the inflammatory markers between the obese or non-obese patients. However, regarding the T allele carriers, the plasma hs-CRP level was significantly higher in the obese patients compared to the non-obese patients (P=0.01).

Conclusion

In the T2DM patients, the CC genotype could be considered as a risk factor and the T allele as a protective agent against inflammation, which the latter effect might be impaired by obesity. Our results confirmed the anti-atherogenic effect of APO A2, though more studies are required to establish this effect.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • The relationship of genetic signature for cardiometabolic risk with biomarkers of inflammatory and oxidative stress in diabetic patients
    Faezeh Abaj, Yasaman Aali, Fariba Najafi, Fariba Koohdani
    BMC Endocrine Disorders.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Armando Reyes, Joseph D. Hatcher, Emelyn Salazar, Jacob Galan, Anton Iliuk, Elda E. Sanchez, Montamas Suntravat
    Toxins.2023; 15(7): 434.     CrossRef
  • ApoA2–256T > C polymorphism interacts with Healthy Eating Index, Dietary Quality Index-International and Dietary Phytochemical Index to affect biochemical markers among type 2 diabetic patients
    Zahra Esmaeily, Gity Sotoudeh, Masoumeh Rafiee, Fariba Koohdani
    British Journal of Nutrition.2022; 127(9): 1343.     CrossRef
  • Interaction between Apo A-II –265T > C polymorphism and dietary total antioxidant capacity on some oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    Banafsheh Jafari Azad, Mehdi Yaseri, Elnaz Daneshzad, Fariba Koohdani
    British Journal of Nutrition.2022; 128(1): 13.     CrossRef
  • Deletion allele of Apo B gene is associated with higher inflammation, oxidative stress and dyslipidemia in obese type 2 diabetic patients: an analytical cross-sectional study
    Nasim Mokhtary, Seyedeh Neda Mousavi, Gity Sotoudeh, Mostafa Qorbani, Maryam Dehghani, Fariba Koohdani
    BMC Endocrine Disorders.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Interaction between Apo A-II -265T>C polymorphism and dietary total antioxidant capacity on some anthropometric indices and serum lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    Banafsheh Jafari Azad, Mehdi Yaseri, Elnaz Daneshzad, Fariba Koohdani
    Journal of Nutritional Science.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    International Journal of Clinical Practice.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    International Journal of Clinical Practice.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Mu Yang, Yingye Liu, Jian Dai, Lin Li, Xin Ding, Zhe Xu, Masayuki Mori, Hiroki Miyahara, Jinko Sawashita, Keiichi Higuchi
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Genetics
Non-Association between rs7903146 and rs12255372 Polymorphisms in Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 Gene and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Jahrom City, Iran
Mohammad Pourahmadi, Saiedeh Erfanian, Malihe Moradzadeh, Abdolreza Sotoodeh Jahromi
Diabetes Metab J. 2015;39(6):512-517.   Published online November 13, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2015.39.6.512
  • 7,296 View
  • 59 Download
  • 25 Web of Science
  • 21 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

Transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) is a transcription factor in the Wnt signaling pathway. High levels of TCF7L2 have been reported in most human tissues, including the heart, lung, brain, liver, kidney, placenta, adipose tissues, and pancreatic β-cells. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between TCF7L2 polymorphisms (rs12255372 and rs7903146) and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the city of Jahrom, Iran.

Methods

This case-control study was conducted with 200 patients referred to Diabetes Clinics and 200 healthy subjects in Jahrom City. Biochemical characteristics were first determined. TCF7L2 rs1255372 and rs7903146 polymorphisms were then genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method.

Results

T-allele frequencies of both single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were significantly higher in diabetic patients than in normal glucose-tolerant subjects (rs12255372: 20.3% vs. 14.5%; rs7903146: 28.5% vs. 22.25%). The rs12255372 (G/T) polymorphism analysis showed an odds ratio of 0.473 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.170 to 1.314; P=0.151) for the TT genotype and 0.646 (95% CI, 0.410 to 1.019; P=0.060) for the TG genotype, compared with the GG genotype. The rs7903146 (C/T) polymorphism odds ratios for TT and TC genotypes were 0.564 (95% CI, 0.280 to 1.135; P=0.109) and 0.751 (95% CI, 0.487 to 1.157; P=0.194) compared with the CC genotype, respectively.

Conclusion

The rs12255372 and rs7903146 SNPs of the TCF7L2 gene were not associated with insulin resistance in the evaluated population.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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    Balaji Ramanathan, Kumaravel Velayutham
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Review
Resistin in Rodents and Humans
Hyeong Kyu Park, Rexford S. Ahima
Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(6):404-414.   Published online December 12, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.6.404
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  • 138 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Obesity is characterized by excess accumulation of lipids in adipose tissue and other organs, and chronic inflammation associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases are major health concerns. Resistin was first discovered as an adipose-secreted hormone (adipokine) linked to obesity and insulin resistance in rodents. Adipocyte-derived resistin is increased in obese rodents and strongly related to insulin resistance. However, in contrast to rodents, resistin is expressed and secreted from macrophages in humans and is increased in inflammatory conditions. Some studies have also suggested an association between increased resistin levels and insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Genetic studies have provided additional evidence for a role of resistin in insulin resistance and inflammation. Resistin appears to mediate the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by promoting endothelial dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, arterial inflammation, and formation of foam cells. Indeed, resistin is predictive of atherosclerosis and poor clinical outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke. There is also growing evidence that elevated resistin is associated with the development of heart failure. This review will focus on the biology of resistin in rodents and humans, and evidence linking resistin with type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease.

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Sulwon Lecture 2011
Post-Renal Transplant Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Subjects: Superimposition of Transplant-Related Immunosuppressant Factors on Genetic and Type 2 Diabetic Risk Factors
Hyun Chul Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(3):199-206.   Published online June 14, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.3.199
  • 6,508 View
  • 36 Download
  • 9 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Postrenal transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM), or new-onset diabetes after organ transplantation, is an important chronic transplant-associated complication. Similar to type 2 diabetes, decreased insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance are important to the pathophysiologic mechanism behind the development of PTDM. However, β-cell dysfunction rather than insulin resistance seems to be a greater contributing factor in the development of PTDM. Increased age, family history of diabetes, ethnicity, genetic variation, obesity, and hepatitis C are partially accountable for an increased underlying risk of PTDM in renal allograft recipients. In addition, the use of and kinds of immunosuppressive agents are key transplant-associated risk factors. Recently, a number of genetic variants or polymorphisms susceptible to immunosuppressants have been reported to be associated with calcineurin inhibition-induced β-cell dysfunction. The identification of high risk factors of PTDM would help prevent PTDM and improve long-term patient outcomes by allowing for personalized immunosuppressant regimens and by managing cardiovascular risk factors.

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Sulwon Lecture 2009
The Search for Genetic Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Kyong Soo Park
Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(1):12-22.   Published online February 28, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.1.12
  • 10,537 View
  • 83 Download
  • 28 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is caused by complex interplay between multiple genetic and environmental factors. The three major approaches used to identify the genetic susceptibility include candidate gene approach, familial linkage analysis and genome- wide association analysis. Recent advance in genome-wide association studies have greatly improved our understanding of the pathophysiology of T2DM. As of the end of 2010, there are more than 40 confirmed T2DM-associated genetic loci. Most of the T2DM susceptibility genes were implicated in decreased β-cell function. However, these genetic variations have a modest effect and their combination only explains less than 10% of the T2DM heritability. With the advent of the next-generation sequencing technology, we will soon identify rare variants of larger effect as well as causal variants. These advances in understanding the genetics of T2DM will lead to the development of new therapeutic and preventive strategies and individualized medicine.

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    Clinical and Translational Medicine.2014;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Frequency of Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Gene rs9939609 and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma 2 Gene rs1801282 Polymorphisms among Trinidadian Neonates of Different Ethnicities and Their Relationship to Anthropometry at Birth
    Candace E. Cuthbert, D. Dan Ramdath, Jerome E. Foster
    Lifestyle Genomics.2014; 7(1): 39.     CrossRef
  • Genetics of type 2 diabetes and potential clinical implications
    Soo Heon Kwak, Kyong Soo Park
    Archives of Pharmacal Research.2013; 36(2): 167.     CrossRef
  • Genetics in Diabetes Mellitus - Contribution to the Classification and Management
    Jeesuk Yu
    Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism.2012; 17(4): 211.     CrossRef
  • Genome-wide association studies with metabolomics
    Jerzy Adamski
    Genome Medicine.2012; 4(4): 34.     CrossRef
  • Typ-2-Diabetes-assoziierte Gene
    J. Kriebel, H. Grallert, T. Illig
    Der Diabetologe.2012; 8(1): 26.     CrossRef
Original Articles
R1467H Variants of Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 11 (ARHGEF11) are Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Koreans
Qing Song Jin, So Hun Kim, Shan-Ji Piao, Hyun Ae Lim, Seung Youn Lee, Seong Bin Hong, Yong Seong Kim, Hun-Jae Lee, Moonsuk Nam
Korean Diabetes J. 2010;34(6):368-373.   Published online December 31, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.6.368
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

The human Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11 (ARHGEF11) functions as an activator of Rho GTPases and is thought to influence insulin signaling. The R1467H variant of ARHGEF11 has been reported to be associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Western populations.

Methods

We investigated the effects of the R1467H variant on susceptibility to T2DM as well as related traits in a Korean population. We genotyped the R1467H (rs945508) of ARHGEF11 in 689 unrelated T2DM patients and 249 non-diabetic individuals and compared the clinical and biochemical characteristics according to different alleles.

Results

The H allele was significantly more frequent in T2DM cases than in controls (P = 0.037, 17.1% and 13.1%; respectively). H homozygocity was associated with a higher risk of T2DM compared to those with R/R or R/H genotype (odds ratio, 5.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 25.83; P = 0.042). The fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, fasting insulin, HOMA2-IR and HOMA2-%β levels did not differ significantly between different genotypes.

Conclusion

Our study replicated associations of the ARHGEF11 polymorphism with increased risk of T2DM in a Korean population and thus supports previous data implicating a potential role of ARHGEF11 in the etiology of T2DM. Further studies revealing the underlying mechanism for this association are needed.

Citations

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  • Epigenetic alteration of Rho guanine nucleotide exchange Factor 11 (ARHGEF11) in cord blood samples in macrosomia exposed to intrauterine hyperglycemia
    Jie Yan, Rina Su, Wanyi Zhang, Yumei Wei, Chen Wang, Li Lin, Hui Feng, Huixia Yang
    The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine.2021; 34(3): 422.     CrossRef
  • Loss of Arhgef11 in the Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rat Protects Against Hypertension-Induced Renal Injury
    Ashley C. Johnson, Wenjie Wu, Esinam M. Attipoe, Jennifer M. Sasser, Erin B. Taylor, Kurt C. Showmaker, Patrick B. Kyle, Merry L. Lindsey, Michael R. Garrett
    Hypertension.2020; 75(4): 1012.     CrossRef
  • Transgenerational Obesity and Alteration of ARHGEF11 in the Rat Liver Induced by Intrauterine Hyperglycemia
    Wanyi Zhang, Rina Su, Hui Feng, Li Lin, Chen Wang, Huixia Yang
    Journal of Diabetes Research.2019; 2019: 1.     CrossRef
  • ARHGEF11 affecting the placental insulin signaling pathway in fetal macrosomia of normal glucose tolerance pregnant women
    Wanyi Zhang, Rina Su, Li Lin, Huixia Yang
    Placenta.2018; 63: 7.     CrossRef
  • Genetic variants and clinical relevance associated with gestational diabetes mellitus in Chinese women: a case-control study
    Jie Yan, Rina Su, Deng Ao, Yan Wang, Haijun Wang, Huixia Yang
    The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine.2018; 31(16): 2115.     CrossRef
  • Human Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 11 (ARHGEF11) Regulates Dendritic Morphogenesis
    Yutaka Mizuki, Manabu Takaki, Shinji Sakamoto, Sojiro Okamoto, Makiko Kishimoto, Yuko Okahisa, Masahiko Itoh, Norihito Yamada
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2016; 18(1): 67.     CrossRef
  • Allelic Variants in Arhgef11 via the Rho-Rock Pathway Are Linked to Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Contributes to Kidney Injury in the Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rat
    Zhen Jia, Ashley C. Johnson, Xuexiang Wang, Zibiao Guo, Albert W. Dreisbach, Jack R. Lewin, Patrick B. Kyle, Michael R. Garrett, Maria Pia Rastaldi
    PLOS ONE.2015; 10(7): e0132553.     CrossRef
  • The Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factor PDZ-RhoGEF governs susceptibility to diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes
    Ying-Ju Chang, Scott Pownall, Thomas E Jensen, Samar Mouaaz, Warren Foltz, Lily Zhou, Nicole Liadis, Minna Woo, Zhenyue Hao, Previn Dutt, Philip J Bilan, Amira Klip, Tak Mak, Vuk Stambolic
    eLife.2015;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Human Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11 gene is associated with schizophrenia in a Japanese population
    Yutaka Mizuki, Manabu Takaki, Yuko Okahisa, Shinji Sakamoto, Masafumi Kodama, Hiroshi Ujike, Yosuke Uchitomi
    Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental.2014; 29(6): 552.     CrossRef
  • Small G proteins and their regulators in cellular signalling
    Roland Csépányi-Kömi, Magdolna Lévay, Erzsébet Ligeti
    Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology.2012; 353(1-2): 10.     CrossRef
  • The Duration of Sulfonylurea Treatment Is Associated withβ-Cell Dysfunction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Mi-Seon Shin, Jee Hee Yu, Chang Hee Jung, Jenie Yoonoo Hwang, Woo Je Lee, Min-Seon Kim, Joong-Yeol Park
    Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics.2012; 14(11): 1033.     CrossRef
Polymorphisms of the Reg1α Gene and Early Onset Type 2 Diabetes in the Korean Population
Bo Kyung Koo, Young Min Cho, Kuchan Kimm, Jong-Young Lee, Bermseok Oh, Byung Lae Park, Hyun Sub Cheong, Hyoung Doo Shin, Kyung Soo Ko, Sang Gyu Park, Hong Kyu Lee, Kyong Soo Park
Korean Diabetes J. 2010;34(4):229-236.   Published online August 31, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.4.229
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

The Reg gene has been reported to be expressed in regenerating islets and Reg1 protein to be up-regulated at an early stage of diabetes in mice. As human Reg1α is homologous with murine Reg1, we investigated whether common variants in Reg1α are associated with type 2 diabetes in the Korean population.

Methods

We sequenced the Reg1α gene to identify common polymorphisms using 24 Korean DNA samples. Of 11 polymorphisms found, five common ones (g.-385T>C [rs10165462], g.-36T>G [rs25689789], g.209G>T [rs2070707], g.1385C>G [novel], and g.2199G>A [novel]) were genotyped in 752 type 2 diabetic patients and 642 non-diabetic subjects.

Results

No polymorphism was associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. However, g.-385C and g.2199A lowered the risk of early-onset type 2 diabetes, defined as a diagnosis in subjects whose age at diagnosis was 25 years or more but less than 40 years (odds ratio [OR], 0.721 [0.535 to 0.971] and 0.731 [0.546 to 0.977] for g.-385C and g.2199A, respectively) and g.1385G increased the risk of early-onset diabetes (OR, 1.398 [1.055 to 1.854]). Although adjusting for errors in multiple hypotheses-testing showed no statistically significant association between the three individual polymorphisms and early-onset diabetes, the haplotype H1, composed of g.-385C, g.1385C, and g.2199A, was associated with a reduced risk of early-onset diabetes (OR, 0.590 [0.396 to 0.877], P = 0.009).

Conclusion

Polymorphisms in the Reg1α were not found to be associated with overall susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, though some showed modest associations with early-onset type 2 diabetes in the Korean population.

Citations

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  • A Novel Variant Of Regenerating Iα Gene (REG) In Type II Diabetics Among Pakistani Targeted Population
    Sadaf Saleem, Saeeda Baig, Sadia Farrukh, Mazhar Shafiq
    Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Glycemic Effects of Once-a-Day Rapid-Acting Insulin Analogue Addition on a Basal Insulin Analogue in Korean Subjects with Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Eun Yeong Choe, Yong-ho Lee, Byung-Wan Lee, Eun-Seok Kang, Bong Soo Cha, Hyun Chul Lee
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2012; 36(3): 230.     CrossRef
Genetic Association of Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphisms with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Tae Su Han, Jee Hye Choi, Jina Park, Kwang Ho Lee, Ae Ja Park
Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(5):382-391.   Published online October 1, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.5.382
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Although many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of mtDNA have been found to be associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the results of studies using different population samples and different methods are mixed. Therefore, we conducted a genetic association study of mtDNA SNPs and type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Korean sample and compared our results with those of studies conducted in other human populations. METHODS: A total of 298 blood samples from 147 type 2 diabetic patients and 151 normal controls were surveyed for SNPs via PCR directed sequencing. Sequencing analyses were performed using the SeqMan module of the DNASTAR program. The identified SNPs were compared to previously reported SNP lists on NCBI and V-mitoSNP. RESULTS: A total of 24 SNPs were identified in the MT-RNR2, MR-TL1 and MT-ND1 mtDNA genes in Korean type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and normal controls. The SNPs identified in the Korean sample were not closely associated with the type 2 diabetes mellitus phenotype, a significantly different result from those previously observed in European, Chinese and Japanese samples. Additionally, a haplotype and prevalence analysis could not detect any differences between the type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and normal controls. CONCLUSION: The 24 mtDNA SNPs were not associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus risk in our Korean sample. The results of the present study support the possibility that mtDNA SNPs have a differential effect on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus according to geographical origin.
Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 Gene Polymorphism is Associated with Coronary Artery Calcification Scores in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Sang Wook Kim, Eun Hee Cho
Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(2):113-123.   Published online April 1, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.2.113
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) is expressed in human coronary atherosclerotic lesions and is known to be involved in the degradation of plaque. This study examines the association of MMP-3 gene promoter 5A/6A and -709A>G polymorphisms with coronary artery calcium scores in type 2 diabetes patients. METHODS: The study comprises 140 type 2 diabetes patients aged 34~85 years, who showed no evidence of clinical cardiovascular disease before recruitment. Recruitment was based on patient's coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores and polymorphisms were identified. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis showed that the CAC scores were significantly associated with age (P = 0.008), waist circumference (P = 0.03), duration of diabetes (P = 0.003) and the serum creatinine level (P = 0.012). MMP-3 5A/6A and -709A>G polymorphisms were not associated with CAC across all subjects. However, in the subgroup with a duration of diabetes over 10 years, MMP-3 -709A>G were significantly associated with CAC (P = 0.037) adjusted for age, body mass index, waist circumference and duration of diabetes. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the CAC scores in patients with type 2 diabetes were related with age, waist circumference, duration of diabetes and higher serum creatinine levels. MMP-3 polymorphisms with -709A>G are associated with high CAC in patients with a duration of diabetes over 10 years.
An Association between 609 C --> T Polymorphism in NAD(P)H: Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) Gene and Blood Glucose Levels in Korean Population.
Dohee Kim
Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(1):24-30.   Published online February 1, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.1.24
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), which is an obligate two-electron reductase that utilizes NAD(P)H as an electron donor and is involved in the protection against oxidative stress, is likely involved in beta-cell destruction. We evaluated the frequency of the NQO1 polymorphism and its association with blood glucose levels. METHODS: Genotypes were determined using a polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism-based assay in 56 patients and 48 healthy subjects. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, and lipid profiles were measured and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-insulin resistance (IR) was calculated from fasting glucose and insulin levels in the healthy subjects. RESULTS: The genotype frequencies of NQO1 polymorphism were C/C (56.7%), C/T (42.3%), and T/T (1.0%). There were no associations between the NQO1 polymorphism and body mass index, blood pressure, lipid profile, HbA1c, postprandial glucose, and HOMA-IR. However, NQO1 mutants (C/T and T/T) showed weak but significantly higher fasting blood glucose levels compared with wild type (C/C). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that NQO1 609 C --> T polymorphism may be associated with glucose metabolism.

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  • Association of Nuclear Factor‐Erythroid 2‐Related Factor 2, Thioredoxin Interacting Protein, and Heme Oxygenase‐1 Gene Polymorphisms with Diabetes and Obesity in Mexican Patients
    Angélica Saraí Jiménez-Osorio, Susana González-Reyes, Wylly Ramsés García-Niño, Hortensia Moreno-Macías, Martha Eunice Rodríguez-Arellano, Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón, Joaquín Zúñiga, Rodrigo Barquera, José Pedraza-Chaverri, Silvana Hrelia
    Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.2016;[Epub]     CrossRef
Association Study of the Peroxisome Proliferators-Activated Receptor gamma2 Pro12Ala Polymorphism with Diabetic Nephropathy.
Kyu Ho Lee, Hee Seog Jeong, Khan Young Choi, Hyun Kim, Dal Sic Lee, Ji Young Kang, Hyun Jeong Jeon, Tae Keun Oh
Korean Diabetes J. 2008;32(5):402-408.   Published online October 1, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.5.402
  • 2,764 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors and known to play a role in regulating the expression of numerous genes involved in lipid metabolism, metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. The PPARgamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism has recently been shown to be associated with diabetic nephropathy. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between PPARgamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism and type 2 diabetic nephropathy whose duration of diabetes was over 10 years. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study, which enrolled 367 patients with type 2 diabetes. Genotyping of PPARgamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism was performed using polymerase chain reaction followed by digestion with Hae III restriction enzyme. RESULTS: The genotype or allele frequencies of PPARgamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism were not significantly different in diabetic patients with or without diabetic nephropathy. The genotype frequencies in terms of diabetic retinopathy and macrovascular complications such as coronary artery disease or stroke were not different either. Interestingly, nephropathy patients with Ala/Pro genotype showed lower C-peptide levels than those of Pro/Pro genotype. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that PPARgamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism is not associated with diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients.
Association of the Polymorphisms in the PSMA6 (rs1048990) and PSMB5 (rs2230087) Genes with Type 2 Diabetes in Korean Subjects.
Hee Kyoung Kim, Su Won Kim, Yun Jeong Doh, Sae Rom Kim, Mi Kyung Kim, Keun Gyu Park, Hye Soon Kim, Kyong Soo Park, Min Yoo, Jung Guk Kim, Bo Wan Kim, In Kyu Lee
Korean Diabetes J. 2008;32(3):204-214.   Published online June 1, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.3.204
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
The 26S ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a principal proteolytic pathway of intracellular molecules regulating apoptosis, cell cycle, cell proliferation or differentiation, inflammation and etc. The recent study suggests that the rs1048990 (C/G) polymorphism of the proteasome subunit alpha type 6 (PSMA6) gene is associated with the increase of the risk of myocardial infarction by the dysregulation of IkappaB degradation. We hypothesized that 26S UPS is important in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) by controlling the degradation of IkappaB and insulin receptor substances as a substrate. We therefore investigated whether the rs1048990 (C/G) polymorphism of PSMA6 gene and the rs2230087 (G/A) polymorphism of proteasome subunit beta type 5 gene (PSMB5), that is chymotrypsin-like protease determining the rate of proteolysis, are associated with susceptibility to T2DM in Korean subjects. METHODS: We examined the polymorphisms of these genes in 309 diabetic subjects and 170 non-diabetic controls. The polymorphisms of rs1048990 (C/G) and rs2230087 (G/A) were genotyped by real-time PCR. RESULTS: The frequency of the G allele of rs1048990 (C/G) and the A allele of rs2230087 (G/A) polymorphisms was significantly higher in diabetic patients (28% and 13%) compared to that in controls (13% and 1%; P = 0.000 and P = 0.000, respectively). Logistic regression analysis of the rs1048990 (C/G) polymorphism showed that the odds ratio (OR) (adjusted for age, smoking, waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, systolic blood pressure, HDL-C, triglyceride, and total cholesterol) was 3.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.35-6.59; P = 0.000) for the G allele and 5.09 (95% CI, 2.71-9.57; P = 0.000) for CG and GG genotype when compared with the CC genotype. Logistic regression analysis of the rs2230087 (G/A) polymorphism showed that the adjusted OR was 5.70 (95% CI, 1.63-19.98; P = 0.007) for the A allele and 6.08 (95% CI, 1.66-22.29; P = 0.006) for GA and AA genotype when compared with the GG genotype. In multiple logistic regression analysis with T2DM as the independent Variable rs1048990 (C/G) and rs2230087 (G/A) polymorphisms were the predictor for T2DM. CONCLUSION: We suggest that the G allele of rs1048990 (C/G) polymorphism and the A allele of rs2230087 (G/A) polymorphism may be genetic risk factor to type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korean subjects.

Citations

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  • Ubiquitin-proteasome system in diabetic retinopathy
    Zane Svikle, Beate Peterfelde, Nikolajs Sjakste, Kristine Baumane, Rasa Verkauskiene, Chi-Juei Jeng, Jelizaveta Sokolovska
    PeerJ.2022; 10: e13715.     CrossRef
  • 1,4‐Dihydropyridine derivatives without Ca2+‐antagonist activity up‐regulate Psma6 mRNA expression in kidneys of intact and diabetic rats
    Kristīne Ošiņa, Evita Rostoka, Jelizaveta Sokolovska, Natalia Paramonova, Egils Bisenieks, Gunars Duburs, Nikolajs Sjakste, Tatjana Sjakste
    Cell Biochemistry and Function.2016; 34(1): 3.     CrossRef
  • Genetic variations in the PSMA3, PSMA6 and PSMC6 genes are associated with type 1 diabetes in Latvians and with expression level of number of UPS-related and T1DM-susceptible genes in HapMap individuals
    Tatjana Sjakste, Natalia Paramonova, Kristine Osina, Kristine Dokane, Jelizaveta Sokolovska, Nikolajs Sjakste
    Molecular Genetics and Genomics.2016; 291(2): 891.     CrossRef
Association between Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism and Type 2 Diabetes in Subjects Aged 65 or Over.
You Jin Lee, Hak Chul Jang, Eun Hye Kim, Hye Jin Kim, Seok Bum Lee, Sung Hee Choi, Soo Lim, Kyoung Un Park, Young Joo Park, Ki Woong Kim
Korean Diabetes J. 2008;32(1):30-37.   Published online February 1, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.1.30
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Increased prevalence of diabetes in recent years is linked with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Apolipoprotein E (apo E) polymorphism is well known to be related to hyperlipidemia and coronary heart disease, but only a few studies investigated the association between apo E polymorphism and diabetes or insulin resistance. In Korea, two studies with relatively small subjects reported controversial results. Therefore, we investigated the association between apo E polymorphism and diabetes in elderly community population. METHODS: 982 elderly people aged 65 or over in Seongnam city were enrolled. We measured anthropometric variables and blood pressure and performed biochemical tests including fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1c, and lipid profiles. Apo E polymorphism was determined by PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS: Frequencies of apo E isoforms and alleles were similar to those of other reports. Subjects with e4 allele had significantly higher total and LDL-cholesterol levels. However, there were no differences in cholesterol levels between normal subjects and diabetes. Diabetes was not related to apo E polymorphism. CONCLUSION: In Korean aged 65 or over, subjects with diabetes didn't have increased total or LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, and decreased HDL-cholesterol levels. Diabetes and apo E polymorphism were not related.

Citations

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  • Association of APOE genotype with lipid profiles and type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Korean population
    Jung Yeon Seo, Byeong Ju Youn, Hyun Sub Cheong, Hyoung Doo Shin
    Genes & Genomics.2021; 43(7): 725.     CrossRef
  • Sarcopenia, Frailty, and Diabetes in Older Adults
    Hak Chul Jang
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2016; 40(3): 182.     CrossRef
Validation Studies
Transcription Factor Profile by Degenerate RT-PCR/SSCP: Application in 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Treated with TNF-alpha.
Yoo Lee Kim, Sang Hwa Lee, Young Kil Choi, Seo Yoon Chang, Yun Soo Kim, Soo Kyung Kim, Seok Won Park, Won Kun Park, Yong Wook Cho, Sang Jong Lee
Korean Diabetes J. 2007;31(5):410-420.   Published online September 1, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.5.410
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Several high-throughput gene analysis techniques - differential display PCR, suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH), serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), and DNA microarray - have permitted transcriptome profiling to understand the molecular pathogenesis of multifactorial diseases. But these techniques are of no great utility regarding feasibility, reproducibility, cost, and the amount of material required for analysis. To establish more practical method for transcription factor transcriptome profiling, we combined degenerate reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) technique. METHODS: We categorized 417 human/mouse transcription factor mRNA into 92 small groups according to homology with ClustalW method and established 92 degenerate RT-PCR including common motives of the 92 small groups with the software program of CODEHOP, Primer Premier, Amplify 1.2. Further analysis on the amplified PCR products was performed by SSCP. This system was applied for the evaluation of changes on transcription factor transcriptome of differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocyte treated with TNF-alpha. RESULTS: 82 groups and 52 groups showed amplification of PCR before and after TNF-alpha treatment respectively and 24 groups showed significant amplification difference after TNF-alpha treatment. After TNF-alpha treatment for 48 hours, mRNA expressions of group 7, 30, and 33 which include adipocyte related transcription factors such as CEBP-alpha, RXR-alpha, PPAR-gamma were downregulated and mRNA expression of group 8 including preadipocyte abundant CEBP-beta was upregulated. These results are largely concordant with the results analyzed by oligonucleotide microarray. Randomly selected single PCR bands of group 28 and 75 on agarose electrophoresis displayed additional multiple bands by SSCP and necessitated addition of this technique to degenerate RT-PCR for further analysis. CONCLUSION: It could be suggested that degenerate RT-PCR/SSCP is practical method and could be used as a screening test for transcriptome profiling of various disease states with further validation study.
Original Articles
The Association of Aldose Reductase Gene Polymorphisms with Neuropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
In Kyong Jeong, Kyong Soo Park, Min Kyong Moon, Jae Hyeon Kim, Chan Soo Shin, Seong Yeon Kim, Hong Kyu Lee
Korean Diabetes J. 2007;31(3):274-283.   Published online May 1, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.3.274
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  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Previous studies have suggested that polymorphisms in and around the aldose reductase (AR) gene are associated with the development of diabetic microvascular disease. This study explored the hypothesis that the polymorphisms of the (A-C)n dinucleotide repeat sequence, located at 2.1 kilobase (kb) upstream of the transcription start site of AR gene, modulate the risk of diabetic neuropathy (DN). METHODS: 66 patients with DN, 30 without microvascular complications (MC) after 20 years of diabetes, and 87 normal healthy controls were studied. To test highly polymorphic microsatellite marker 2.1 kb upstream of the initiation site of the AR gene, we performed polymerase chain reaction using the primer labeled with fluorescent dye and GeneScan by ABI prism 377 automated DNA sequencer and ABI Genotyper software 2.0. RESULTS: Seven alleles (Z-6, Z-4, Z-2, Z, Z+2, Z+4 and Z+6) were identified. Z-2 allele was more frequently observed in patients with DN (77.3%) than in those without MC (43.3%, P = 0.007). The subgroup of patients who developed DN within 5 years after the diagnosis of diabetes also had higher frequency of Z-2 allele (91.7%) compared to those without MC (43.3%, P = 0.028). On the contrary, Z+6 allele tended to be more frequent in patients without MC (10.0%) than in those with DN (0%, P = 0.063). CONCLUSION: These results support the hypothesis that environmental-genetic interactions may modulate the risk of neuropathy in patients with diabetes. Particularly, the Z-2 allele, in the presence of diabetes, may be associated with the development of DN.

Citations

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  • The Association between Serum GGT Concentration and Diabetic Peripheral Polyneuropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
    Ho Chan Cho
    Korean Diabetes Journal.2010; 34(2): 111.     CrossRef
Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1 Gene Polymorphisms According to Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes.
Hyun Jeong Jeon, Ok Hee Kim, Kil Ho, Soon Kil Kwon, Tae Keun Oh
Korean Diabetes J. 2007;31(2):144-150.   Published online March 1, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.2.144
  • 2,348 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Transforming growth factor-beta is known to play a role in the interaction between metabolic and hemodynamic factors in mediating accumulation of extracellular matrix in the diabetic nephropathy. TGF-beta1 gene polymorphism was associated with circulating TGF-beta levels and influenced the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases including diabetic nephropathy. In this study, we examined the relationship between TGF-beta1 gene codon 10 polymorphism and type 2 diabetic nephropathy with more than 10-year history of disease. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study, which enrolled 325 type 2 diabetes. A total of 176 patients with diabetic nephropathy were compared with 149 patients without diabetic nephropathy. TGF-beta1 codon 10 genotyping was determined using polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primers method. RESULTS: Distribution of TGF-beta1 codon 10 genotype in the patients either with nephropathy or without nephropathy is confined to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The patients with nephropathy have higher frequency of TGF-beta1 GA/GG genotypes than the patients without nephropathy [GA/GG:AA = 119 (67.6%) : 57 (32.4%) vs. 80 (53.7%) : 69 (46.3%), P < 0.05]. Among patients with diabetic nephropathy, those with TGF-beta1 GA/GG genotypes had higher serum levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that TGF-beta1 gene codon 10 polymorphism may contribute to the type 2 diabetic nephropathy.
The Association of Pro12Ala Polymorphism in PPAR-gamma Gene with Coronary Artery Disease in Korean Subjects.
Chang Hee Kwon, Eun Jung Rhee, Se Yeon Kim, Eun Ran Kim, Chang Uk Chon, Chan Hee Jung, Ji Ho Yun, Byung Jin Kim, Ki Chul Sung, Bum Su Kim, Won Young Lee, Ki Won Oh, Jin Ho Kang, Sun Woo Kim, Man Ho Lee, Jung Roe Park
Korean Diabetes J. 2006;30(2):122-129.   Published online March 1, 2006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2006.30.2.122
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
PPAR-gamma, a member of nuclear family, which is involved in the differentiation of adipose tissue, is reported to be associated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. We conducted a research to see whether the prevalence of coronary artery disease is associated with Pro12Ala polymorphism in exon B of PPAR-gamma in Korean adults. METHODS: The study was conducted in 161 subjects (97 males, 64 females, mean age 57 year old) who underwent coronary angiogram due to chest pain. We assessed cardiovascular risk factors in all subjects, such as blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood sugar and serum lipid profiles. Subjects were divided into four groups as normal, 1-vessel, 2-vessel and 3-vessel disease according to the number of stenosed coronary arteries. Genotypings of Pro12Ala polymorphism were done with Real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Allelic frequency for proline was 0.957 and 0.043 for alanine, and they were in compliance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P = 0.85). 79 subjects (43.5%) had normal coronary artery, 52 subjects (31%), 1-vessel disease, 24 subjects (14.9%), 2-vessel disease and 15 subjects (9.3%), 3-vessel disease. When the cardiovascular risk factors were compared among these four groups, there were no meaningful differences except the age and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, which were lost after adjustment for age and BMI. There were no significant differences in the prevalence or severity of coronary artery diseases according to the different genotypes of Pro12Ala polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significantassociation between Pro12Ala polymorphism in exon B of PPAR-gamma and prevalence or severity of coronary artery disease in Korean adults. It is considered that further studies on the correlation between Pro12Ala polymorphism and coronary artery disease should be carried out in larger Korean population in the future
Association between Genetic Polymorphisms in Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4alpha and Type 2 Diabetes in Koreans.
Eun Jung Lee, Soo Heon Kwak, Sun Wook Jo, Hyung Jin Choi, Hyoung Doo Shin, Min Kyong Moon, Young Min Cho, Hak Chul Jang, Kyong Soo Park, Houng Kyu Lee
Korean Diabetes J. 2006;30(1):10-16.   Published online January 1, 2006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2006.30.1.10
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BACKGROUND
Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha (HNF-4alpha) is a member of transcription factor network which is essential for the development and function of the beta cell. Furthermore mutations in the HNF-4alpha gene have been known to cause maturity-onset diabetes of the young. Therefore we aimed to examine the association between polymorphisms in the HNF-4alpha gene and the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and its related phenotypes in the Korean population. METHODS: Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HNF-4alpha gene, g.4681C>T and HNF-4alpha g.12352C>T (Thr139Ile), were genotyped in unrelated T2DM (n=760) and non-diabetic subjects (n=303). The genetic associations between these SNPs and the risk of T2DM and metabolic phenotypes were analyzed. RESULTS: There was no significant association between genetic polymorphisms in the HNF-4alpha and the risk of T2DM. However HNF-4alpha g.4681C>T increased total cholesterol in the recessive model (P = 0.02) and showed marginal association with fasting plasma glucose (P = 0.049) in the additive model. CONCLUSION: There was no significant association between genetic polymorphisms and the risk of T2DM in the Korean populations. But HNF-4alpha g.4681C>T was associated with higher level of total cholesterol and fasting plasma glucose.
Association of Haplotype Combinations of Calpain-10 Gene Polymorphisms and the Metabolic Syndrome in Type 2 Diabetes.
Eun Seok Kang, Hye Joo Kim, Sung Min Myoung, Yumie Rhee, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong Soo Cha, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee, Moonsuk Nam
Korean Diabetes J. 2005;29(5):451-459.   Published online September 1, 2005
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OBJECTIVE: Patients with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The combinations of the haplotype created by the alleles of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): SNP-43, SNP-19, and SNP-63 of the Calpain 10 gene (CAPN10), have been reported to be associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in many populations. The aim of this study was to examine the association of the CAPN10 polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome in Korean patients with T2DM. METHODS: Overall, 382 T2DM patients were enrolled in this study. All the subjects were genotyped according to CAPN10 SNP-43, SNP-19 and SNP-63. The restriction fragment length polymorphism method was used for the three SNPs. The baseline presence of the components of metabolic syndrome was determined. RESULTS: 265 (69.4 %) patients were found to have metabolic syndrome. Patients with the 111/121 haplotype combination showed a higher risk of hypertension than the other haplotype combinations (OR=2.334, P=0.010) and also had a significantly higher risk of having metabolic syndrome (OR=1.927, P=0.042). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest a role of the novel 111/121 haplotype combination created by the CAPN10 SNPs -43, -19 and -63 in the susceptibility to metabolic syndrome of T2DM patients.
Polymorphisms of Kir6.2 Gene are Associated with Type 2 Diabetes and Blood Pressure in the Korean Population.
Bo Kyeong Koo, Hong Il Kim, Eu Jin Lee, Young Min Cho, Hyoung Doo Shin, Hak Chul Jang, Hong Kyu Lee, Kyong Soo Park
Korean Diabetes J. 2005;29(5):440-450.   Published online September 1, 2005
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BACKGOUND: ATP-sensitive potassium channels are a heterooctamer of SUR1 and Kir6.2, which are key components in the insulin secretory mechanism. Whether common variants in the Kir6.2 gene are associated with type 2 diabetes and/or its associated phenotypes was investigated. METHODS: The Kir6.2 gene was sequenced in 24Korean DNA samples to identify common polymorphisms (frequency > 0.05). The common variants found among these samples were genotyped in a larger population including type 2 diabetic patients and nondiabetic subjects. RESULTS: Thirteen single nucleotide polymorphisms and one insertion/deletion polymorphism were identified in the Kir6.2 gene, with six common variants(g.-1709A>T, g.-1525T>C, g.67G >A [E23K], g.570C>T [A190A], g.1009A>G [1337V], and g.1388C>T) genotyped in 761 type 2 diabetic patients and 675 nondiabetic subjects. Four individual polymorphisms(g.-1525T > C, g.67G>A, g.1009A>G and g.1388C>T) appeared to be associated with type 2 diabetes (age, sex and BMI-adjusted odds ratio[OR]=0.751[0.584-0.967] in the recessive model on g-1525T>C, 1.193 [1.020-1.394] in the additive model in g.67G>A, 1.195 [1.022-1.399] in the additive model on g.1009A>G, 0.835 [0.717-0.973] in the additive model in g.1388C >T). The haplotype "ATACGC" in the Kir6.2 gene, composed of rare allele in the g.67 and g.1009, was also associated with a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes (age, sex, and BMI- adjusted OR = 1.256 [1.067-1.479], P for logistic regression = 0.006). In addition g.67G>A and g.1009A >G in the KCNJ11 were strongly associated with a high systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSION: Polymorphisms in the Kir6.2 gene are associated with type 2 diabetes and blood pressure in the Korean population.
Glutathion S-Transferase M1 Gene Polymorphism is Associated with Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy.
Jae Hyeon Kim, Min Kyong Moon, Sang Wan Kim, Hyoung Doo Shin, Young Hwan Hwang, Curie Ahn, Hak Cheol Jang, Kyong Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Hong Kyu Lee
Korean Diabetes J. 2005;29(4):315-321.   Published online July 1, 2005
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BACKGROUND
Oxidative stress may be a determinant of the development of diabetic nephropathy. Glutathione S-transferases(GST) can work as an endogenous antioxidant to protect cells from oxidative stress. Homozygous deletion of the mu and theta subclasses of GST(GST-M1 and GST-T1), and Val105Ile polymorphism of the pi subclass of GST(GST-P1) are associated with antioxidant enzyme activity. In this study, whether the Val105Ile of GST-P1, null genotype of GST-M1 and GST-T1 are associated with type 2 diabetic nephropathy were examined. METHODS: These GST subclasses were genotyped in 361 type 2 diabetic patients with retinopathy; the subjects were divided into two groups, those with an end stage renal disease(ESRD)(the case group n=177) and those(the control group, n=184) showing no signs of renal involvement. RESULTS: The frequencies of the GST-P1 Ile105Val and GST-T1 null genotypes were no different between the cases and controls. However, the frequency of the GST-M1 null genotype was significantly higher in the cases than the controls(61.7% vs. 51.1%, chi-square=4.09, P=0.043), which was still significant after correction for age, sex and duration of diabetes (P= 0.044). In addition, the GST-M1 null genotype showed an increased frequency between the controls and the cases with long and short durations of type 2 diabetes until the onset of ESRD(51.1, 58.9 and 65.5%, respectively; chi-square for trend=5.12, P=0.024). CONCLUSION: This is the first study to suggest that the GST-M1 gene polymorphism might contribute to the development of ESRD in type 2 diabetic patients.
The Relationship Between the C1818T Polymorphism in Exon 4 of the klotho Gene with Fasting Glucose and Insulin Levels in Korean Women.
Ki Won Oh, Eun Joo Yun, Eun Jung Rhee, Won Young Lee, Ki Hyun Baek, Kun Ho Yoon, Moo Il Kang, Seong Gyun Kim, Cheol Young Park, Sung Hee Ihm, Moon Gi Choi, Hyung Joon Yoo, Sung Woo Park
Korean Diabetes J. 2005;29(3):189-197.   Published online May 1, 2005
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BACKGROUND
A novel gene, termed klotho has been identified as a suppressor of several aging phenotypes, and a genetic defect of klotho in mice resulted in a syndrome resembling human aging, i.e., a short lifespan, infertility, arteriosclerosis, skin atrophy, osteoporosis, and pulmonary emphysema. Since klotho mice also showed an abnormal glucose metabolism, we investigated the relationship between the C1818T polymorphism in exon 4 of the klotho gene and fasting glucose and insulin resistance in Korean women to observe its contribution to glucose metabolism. METHODS: The weight, height, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulin, and lipid profiles were measured in 241 women(mean age, 51.2+/-7.0yr) by using the standard methods. Homeostasis model assessment(HOMA)-insulin resistance(IR), the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index(QUICKI) and HOMAbeta-cell were calculated. The genotyping of the C1818T polymorphism in exon 4 of the klotho gene was performed by allelic discrimination with using a 5' nuclease polymerase chain reaction assay. RESULTS: The allele frequencies were 0.805 for the C allele and 0.195 for the T allele, and they were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium(P=0.290). The mean fasting blood glucose(P= 0.005) and HOMA IR(P=0.035) were significantly higher in the T allele carriers compared with the non-carriers. After adjustment was made for age, fasting blood glucose was persistently significant(P=0.015), but the HOMA-IR became marginally significant(P=0.063). In the premenopausal women, the T allele carriers showed a higher mean fasting blood glucose(P=0.038), insulin(P=0.024), HOMA-IR(P=0.010), total cholesterol(P=0.039), and triglyceride levels(P=0.031) than in the non-carriers. After adjustment was made for age, the fasting blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and triglyceride were persistently significant(P= 0.043, P=0.026, P=0.011, P=0.040). Also, the QUICKI, total cholesterol and low-density ilpo-protein cholesterol became marginally significant(P=0.073, P=0.061, P=0.098). For the postmenopausal women, the T allele carriers showed a tendency for higher mean fasting blood glucose levels(P=0.065) and lower HOMA beta-cell levels(P=0.085) than in the noncarriers. These differences became non-significant after adjustment was made for age. CONCLUSION: We observed that the C1818T polymorphism in exon 4 of the klotho gene was partly associated with glucose metabolism in Korean women. Also, these data suggest that the C1818T polymorphism is related with some cardiovascular risk factors in Korean women. The mechanism linking this gene with glucose metabolism warrants further study
The Association of Interleukin-6 Gene Promoter Region Polymorphism G174C with Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Women.
Eun Jung Rhee, Won Young Lee, Se Yeon Kim, Eun Sook Oh, Ki Hyun Baek, Ki Won Oh, Moo Il Kang, Sun Woo Kim
Korean Diabetes J. 2005;29(3):181-188.   Published online May 1, 2005
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BACKGROUND
Interleukin(IL)-6 is a cytokine that is produced from immune cells and adipose tissue. It is thought to be a factor to explain the link between insulin resistance and inflammation, and it is also thought to be involved in glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism. We observed the frequency of the G174C polymorphism in the IL-6 gene promoter region in Korean women and we investigated the association of fasting glucose, insulin resistance indices and metabolic syndrome. METHODS: Measurements of the blood pressure, body fat, fasting glucose, insulin, lipid profiles and anthropometric measurements were done for 268 Korean women(mean age 51.4yrs, range 37~73yrs). Homeostasis model assessement(HOMA) and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index(QUICKI) were calculated and the presence of metabolic syndrome was assessed according to ATP III criteria. Genotyping was done with the PCRRFLP method on the blood samples of the participants. RESULTS: The allele frequencies were 0.965 for the G allele and 0.035 for the C allele, and they were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium(P=0.50). The fasting insulin level and HOMA were significantly higher and the QUICKI was significantly lower in the C allele carriers compared with non-carriers. Although the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was not significantly different according to the different genotypes, among the individual components, the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was significantly higher in the C allele carriers compared with the non-carriers. There were no differences in the prevalence of normoglycemia, fasting hyperglycemia and provisional diabetes according to the different genotypes. CONCLUSION: The G174C polymorphism in The IL-6 promoter region was not frequently observed in Korean women. The insulin resistance indices were higher in the C allele carriers compared with the non-carriers. Although the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was not associated with the polymorphism, the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was higher in The C allele carriers, suggesting that it is possibile for candidate gene of insulin resistance
Genetic Polymorphism of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor in Korean Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Kyung Wook Lee, Meihua Jiang, Shanji Piao, Eun A Kim, Seong Bin Hong, Moon Suk Nam, Yong Seong Kim, Kyong Soo Park, Hyun Chul Lee
Korean Diabetes J. 2005;29(1):30-38.   Published online January 1, 2005
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BACKGROUND
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone secreted by intestinal L-cells, which stimulates insulin secretion from cells. The biological action of GLP-1 is mediated by the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), which is 463 amino acids in size, with 7 transmembrane domains. Because GLP-1 plays an important modulatory role in regulating glucose-stimulated insulin, the GLP-1R could be a candidate gene contributing to impaired -cell function and the development of this genetically heterogeneous disorder. Recently, four GLP-1R SNPs were identified in Caucasian diabetic individuals, and for the SNP at the Leu- 260Phe (A/C) position, statistically significant differences were detected in the distribution of genotypes between type 2 diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. We replicated the genetic association between the SNP at the leu260Phe (A/C) position in the GLP-1R gene and Korean type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: The Leu260Phe polymorphism in the GLP-1R gene was determined using a PCR- RFLP method (the genotypes were determined according to the results of polymerase chain reaction products after digestion and the digestive enzyme was BbsI) in 419 Korean type 2 diabetic patients and 345 nondiabetic subjects. RESULTS: In contrast to the Caucasian report, there was no significant difference in the frequencies of alleles, and genotypes between Korean type 2 diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. When analyzed according to gender, BMI and age of onset, the genotype distribution of type 2 diabetic subjects was not significantly different from nondiabetic subjects. CONCLUSION: The Leu260Phe polymorphism in the GLP-1R gene was not associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and we were unable to replicate the genetic association between this polymorphism and Korean type 2 diabetes mellitus
Apolipoprotein E Genetic Polymorphism and Diabetic Microangiopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients.
Jong Suk Park, Joo Young Nam, Chul Sik Kim, Dol Mi Kim, Min Ho Cho, Jina Park, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong Soo Cha, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee
Korean Diabetes J. 2004;28(6):511-520.   Published online December 1, 2004
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BACKGROUND
The pathophysiological causes for the development and progression of diabetic microangiopathy are not well known, but the apo E genetic polymorphism has been proposed to be involved in the disease's development and progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the apo E genetic polymorphism and diabetic microangiopathy in Korean type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: One hundred eighteen patients with type 2 diabetes who had a duration of diabetes longer than 8 years were divided into the three apo E groups (the E2, E3 and E4 groups). The plasma levels of lipids were measured. The frequency of diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy were compared among the three apo E genotype groups. RESULTS: The frequency of overt nephropathy was significantly greater for the apo E2 patients with diabetes (46.7%) than for the apo E3 (16.7%) or apo E4 patients (10.5%). Logistical regression analysis showed that the odds ratio of the apo E2 and apo E4 genotypes for the presence of overt nephropathy were 4.779 (P < 0.01) and 0.643 (P = 0.583), respectively. Plasma TG levels were significantly greater for the apo E2 patients. This study did not find any association between diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy and apo E polymorphism. CONCLUSION: Apo E2 is a positive risk factor for diabetic nephropathy in Korean type 2 diabetic patients. TG may have an important role in diabetic nephropathy.
Mitochondrial DNA 5178 C>A Polymorphism is Associated with Serum Lipid Levels.
Hyeon Jae Kim, Min Young Cho, Min Kim, Ku Cheol Park, Goo Jun Kang, Cheol Hak Jang, Yeon Seong Kim, Kyu Hong Lee, Soo Kyong Park
Korean Diabetes J. 2004;28(6):501-510.   Published online December 1, 2004
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BACKGROUND
The mitochondrial DNA 5178 C>A polymorphism (Mt5178A) has been reported to the be associated with longevity, serum lipid levels and acute myocardial infarction in Japanese population. However, most of the studies on this subject have been confined to the Japanese population, and there have been fewer studies that tried to prove the association between Mt5178A polymorphism and type 2 diabetes or diabetic macrovascular complication. METHODS: The mt5178A polymorphism was genotyped in 658 type 2 diabetic patients and 334 non-diabetic controls subjects, and information on all the subjects' coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease was obtained from chart records. The anthropometric parameters, fasting blood glucose, insulin and lipid profiles were then measured. RESULTS: The frequency of the Mt5178A genotype in the control group (109/334; 32.6%) was not different from that found in the type 2 diabetic patients (223/658; 33.9%). The prevalence of cerebrovascular disease and coronary heart disease in the type 2 diabetic patients was not different between the Mt5178A genotype and the Mt5178C genotype. However, after adjustments for age and the body mass index, the HDL cholesterol concentration in men carrying the Mt5178A genotype was significantly higher than the HDL cholesterol concentration in men carrying the Mt5178C genotype (P = 0.007). The triglyceride concentration in women carrying the Mt5178A genotype was significantly lower than that in women carrying the Mt5178C genotype (P = 0.007). In addition, the frequency of the Mt5178A genotype in the control group increased with advanced age (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: We could not find the association between Mt5178A and type 2 diabetes or diabetic macrovascular complication. However, the Mt5178 C>A polymorphism is associated with serum lipid levels and its frequency is increased with advanced age
Genetic Association of Adiponectin Polymorphisms with Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Yun Yong Lee, Nam Seok Lee, Young Min Cho, Min Kyong Moon, Hye Seung Jung, Young Joo Park, Hong Je Park, Byoung Soo Youn, Hong Kyu Lee, Kyong Soo Park, Hyoung Doo Shin
Korean Diabetes J. 2003;27(6):438-448.   Published online December 1, 2003
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BACKGROUND
Adiponectin, an adipocyte-secreted protein, is known to modulate insulin sensitivity, glucose homeostasis and the development of atherosclerosis. Recently, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the adiponectin gene have been reported to be associated with type 2 diabetes and components of the insulin resistance syndrome. METHODS: The frequencies of SNP T45G and G276T of the adiponectin gene was examined in 493 unrelated type 2 diabetic and 136 non-diabetic control Korean subjects. The clinical characteristics and plasma adiponectin levels of the subjects were compared within these genotypes. RESULTS: The T allele at SNP45 was significantly more frequent in the type 2 diabetes than in the control subjects (71.6 vs. 64.3%, p=0.013). The subjects with the G/G genotype of SNP45 were at reduced risk for type 2 diabetes (OR: 0.495, 95% CI 0.246-0.995, p=0.048) compared with those having the T/T genotype. However, there were no statistically significant differences in allele the frequencies (G frequency in the control vs. the diabetic group 73.9 vs. 68.9%, p=0.106) and genotype frequencies at SNP276 between groups. The subjects with the T/T genotype at SNP45 had higher a body mass index (24.6+/- 3.1 vs. 24.1+/-2.8 kg/m2, p=0.036) and serum triglyceride levels (2.03+/-1.31 vs. 1.87+/-1.38 mmol/1, p=0.041) than the T/G+G/G genotypes in the diabetic group. Those with the T/T genotype also had lower plasma adiponectin levels than those without T/T genotype at SNP45 in the control group (6.11+/-3.10 vs. 8.24+/-4.24 g/mL, p=0.043). There was a similar trend in diabetic group, but this did not reach statistical significance (4.32+/-2.81 vs. 4.96+/-3.26 g/mL, p=0.097). The SNP276 had no association with the clinical features of insulin resistance or plasma adiponectin level. CONCLUSION: The T/T genotype of SNP45 in the adiponectin gene was associated with a low adiponectin level, high body mass index, the serum triglyceride level and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The SNP276 in the adiponectin gene may not be an important determinant of insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes in Korean subjects.
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)/tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA) Levels and PAI-1 4G/5G Promoter Polymorphism in Type 2 Diabetes with Microalbuminuria.
Seong Hee Kwon, Young Joo Park, In Kyong Jeong, Jae Joon Koh, Kyong Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Hong Kyu Lee
Korean Diabetes J. 2003;27(3):186-198.   Published online June 1, 2003
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BACKGROUND
Persistent microalbuminuria in diabetic patients is a risk factor of cardiovascular mortality. Increased plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) levels have been observed in diabetic patients with overt nephropathy. However, there have been few studies on diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. The expression of PAI-1 may be influenced by the polymorphism of the PAI-1 genotype promoter. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the plasma PAI-1/t-PA levels, polymorphism of the PAI-1 4G/5G promoter and microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. METHODS: The plasma PAI-1/t-PA levels and polymorphisms of the PAI-1 promoter were measured in type 2 diabetic patients without nephropathy (n=30), and with microalbuminuria (n=30) and overt proteinuria (n=20). The correlation between the amount of urinary albumin excretion and plasma PAI-1/t-PA levels were investigated using Pearson's correlation analyses. RESULTS: The plasma PAI-1/t-PA levels and polymorphisms of the PAI-1 promoter showed no significant difference between the three groups in relation to the urinary albumin excretion. There were no differences in the plasma PAI-1/t-PA levels between the genotypes of the polymorphism of the PAI-1 promoter. No association was found between the amount of urinary albumin excretion and the plasma PAI-1/t-PA levels and genotypes of the polymorphism of the PAI-1 promoter. CONCLUSION: These results show that there was no decrease in the fibrinolytic state in type 2 diabetics with microalbuminuria, compared to normoalbuminuria, which also suggest that polymorphisms of the PAI-1 4G/5G promoter do not affect the plasma PAI-1/t-PA levels in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria.
Association between Type 2 Diabetes and Genetic Variations in Uncoupling Protein 2, beta3-Adrenergic Receptor, and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma in Korean.
Min Kyong Moon, Young Min Cho, Hye Seung Jung, Tae Yong Kim, Yun Yong Lee, Joong Yeol Park, Ki Up Lee, Chan Soo Shin, Kyong Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Hong Kyu Lee, Hyoung Doo Shin
Korean Diabetes J. 2002;26(6):469-480.   Published online December 1, 2002
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BACKGROUND
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial disease influenced by numerous genetic and environmental factors. The uncoupling proteins, 2 (UCP2), beta3-adrenergic receptor ADRB3, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma PPAR gamma, are genes involved in energy expenditure and fatty acid metabolisms, ans are therefore regarded as candidate genes for type 2 diabetes. In this study, we examined whether the known polymorphisms of UCP2, ADRB3 and PPAR gamma are associated with type 2 diabetes in the Korean population. METHODS: We studied 516 type 2 diabetic patients and 147 control subjects. The enrollment criteria for the control subjects were as follows; age > 60 years, no family history of diabetes in their first-degree relatives, a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) < 6.1 mmol/L, and a HbA1C < 5.8%. Height, weight, waist and hip circumference, FPG, 2 hour-plasma glucose after 75g-glucose load (2h-PG), blood pressure, lipid profile, and fasting insulin level were measured. The Ala55Val polymorphism of the UCP2, Trp64Arg polymorphism of the ADRB3, and Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR gamma were determined by single base extension method. RESULTS: The allele frequency of the Ala55Val variant of the UCP2 tended to be higher in the control subjects than in the type 2 diabetic patients (0.497 vs. 0.456, p=0.064). The allele frequencies of the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the ADRB3, and the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR gamma, were comparable between the diabetic patients and the control subjects (0.141 vs. 0.152 and 0.033 vs. 0.041, respectively). In the control subjects, the Ala55Val polymorphism of the UCP2 was associated with a significantly lower 2h-PG compared to the wild type (6.0 +/- 0.8 mmol/L vs. 6.6 +/- 0.7 mmol/L, p=0.002). The female control subjects, with the ADRB3 Trp64Arg variant, had a significantly lower triglyceride level than those without the variant (1.36 +/- 0.53 mmol/L vs. 1.74 +/- 0.82 mmol/L, p=0.020). The type 2 diabetic patients, with the ADRB3 Trp64Arg variant showed a significantly lower body mass index (23.6 +/- 2.6 kg/m2vs. 24.6 +/- 3.0 kg/m2, p=0.001). The PPAR gamma Pro12Ala variant, was not associated with any of the features of insulin resistance. The combined genotype of the Val allele of UCP2, Trp allele of ADRB3 and Ala allele of PPAR gamma was less frequent among the type 2 diabetes patients than the control subjects (0.020 vs. 0.056, p=0.039). CONCLUSION: The Ala55Val variant of the UCP2, the Trp64Arg variant of the ADRB3 and the Pro12Ala variant of the PPAR gamma, were not associated with type 2 diabetes in the Korean population. However, the Ala55Val variant of the UCP2 was associated with a lower 2h-PG in the control subjects and the Trp64Arg variant of the ADRB3 was associated with a lower triglyceride level in the female control subjects. Further study may be required to elucidate if the combined genotype of Val allele of UCP2, Trp allele of ADRB3 and Ala allele of PPAR gamma would be protective against type 2 diabetes.
Interleukin-6 polymorphism in Korean Obese and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects.
Jae Taek Kim, Seung Jin Choi, Mi Kyung Lee, Ae Ja Park, Yeon Sahng Oh, Soon Hyun Shin
Korean Diabetes J. 2001;25(5):337-342.   Published online October 1, 2001
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BACKGROUND
Interleukin (IL)-6 is produced by many different cell types, including adipose tissue, and the release is greater in obese subjects. Recently, it has been reported that polymorphism in the 5' flanking region of the IL-6 gene may contribute to the insulin resistance and lipid abnormality. However, there are limited number of studies reported on the relationship between IL-6 polymorphism and insulin resistance syndrome. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationships among this polymorphism, obesity and diabetes in Korean subjects. METHODS: We examined a total of 177 Korean individuals, including 113 type 2 diabetic subjects. Sixty-three subjects were non-obese diabetics (age; 56.4+/-9.8 yr, body mass index (BMI); 22.5+/-1.7 kg/m2), 50 of them were obese diabetic subjects (age; 54.8+/-10.7 yr, BMI; 27.6+/-2.2 kg/m2), and 64 were overweight or obese subjects (age; 49.1+/-11.4 yr, BMI; 25.4 1.5 kg/m2). We evaluated IL-6 gene polymorphism using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: There were 176 GG (99.4%), 1 GC (0.56%) and 0 CC (0%) individuals, and the allele frequencies were 99.7% for G and 0.28% for C. Allele frequencies of C in obese diabetic subjects were 1.02%. The frequency of C allele was substantially lower than that reported in Caucasian. CONCLUSION: This results suggest that the IL-6 polymorphism is not associated with obesity nor diabetes in Korean subjects.
Polymorphism of the Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP-1) Gene and Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2 (FABP2) Gene in Korean Type 2 Diabetic Patients.
Sun Gyu Kim, Chul Hee Kim, Seog Ki Yun, Yeo Il Yun, Yong Hyun Kim, Il Song Nam, Ju Young Lee, Ji O Mok, Hyeong Kyu Park, Young Sun Kim, Dong Won Byun, Kyo Il Suh, Myung Hi Yoo
Korean Diabetes J. 2001;25(4):262-272.   Published online August 1, 2001
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BACKGROUND
It is well known that genetic component plays an important role in developing obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. A number of candidate genes have been suggested, but the major gene determining the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes has not yet been uncovered. Previous studies suggest that polymorphisms of the intestinal fatty acid binding protein (FABP2) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) gene were related with obesity and/or insulin resistance in several populations. METHODS: We examined 76 type 2 diabetic patients (aged 44+/-6 years) and 96 healthy controls (aged 25+/-3 years). Ala54Thr polymorphism of the FABP2 gene and A to G polymorphism (-3826) of the UCP-1 gene were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism method. RESULTS: The Thr54 allele of the FABP2 gene was found with a frequency of 0.33 in nondiabetic controls and 0.36 in type 2 diabetic patients. The genotype frequency of the Ala54Thr polymorphism was similar in nondiabetic and diabetic subjects ( 2=0.87, P=0.64). The -3826 G allele of UCP-1 gene was found with a frequency of 0.51 in nondiabetic controls, and 0.46 in type 2 diabetic patients. The genotype frequency of the -3826 A to G polymorphism was also similar in nondiabetic and diabetic subjects ( 2=1.46, p=0.46). When the subjects of each groups were subdivided into nonobese and obese group by BMI of 25 kg/m2, there was no significant difference in genotype frequencies of the UCP-1 and FABP2 gene polymorphisms. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that either the Ala54Thr polymorphism of the FABP2 gene or the A to G polymorphism (-3826) of UCP-1 gene do not play a major role in developing type 2 diabetes mellitus or obesity in Korean.
Association Between Uncoupling Protein-1 and 3-adrenergic Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Energy Metabolism in normal Korean Adults.
Jae Han Kim, Seog Ki Yun, Chul Hee Kim, Dong Won Byun, Young Sun Kim, Kyo Il Suh, Myung Hi Yoo
Korean Diabetes J. 1999;23(6):803-813.   Published online January 1, 2001
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BACKGROUND
The beta3-adrenergic receptor (beta3-AR) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1), expressed mainly in brown adipose tissue, are involved in the regulation of thermogenesis and lipolysis. Recent studies have shown that polymorphisms of the 3-AR (Trp64Arg) and UCP-1 (-3826, A to G) genes are associated with low basal metabolic rate (BMR) and obesity. METHODS: We investigated the effects of the beta3- AR and UCP-1 gene polymorphisms on body fat and energy metabolism in 65 normal Korean men aged from 21 to 36 years. The Trp64Arg mutation of the beta3-AR gene and A to G polymorphism (-3826) of UCP-1 gene were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. RESULT: In normal Koreans, Arg64 allele frequency of the beta3-AR was 0.15 and the allele frequency of the A to G substitution of the UCP-1 gene was 0.48. No significant difference was found in BMR, body fat and abdominal fat amount in relation to beta3-AR or UCP-1 genotypes. However, when the polymorphisms of the two genes were combined, the subjects with the polymorphisms of both UCP-1 and g-AR genes were found to have higher body mass index, higher total fat and abdominal fat amount, lower BMR, and lower fat oxidation rate when compared with the subjects without these polymorphisms. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the polymorphisms of either beta3-AR or UCP-1 gene alone did not significantly affect BMR, fat oxidation and body fat amounts, but both UCP-1 and beta3-AR genes polymorphisms have synergistic effects on decreased basal metabolic rate, fat oxidation rate, and increased body fat in normal Korean adults.
Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Polymorphism in Korean Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Macroangiopathy.
Ki Won Oh, Won Young Lee, Yoo Bae Ahn, Ki Ho Song, Soon Jib Yoo, Kun Ho Yoon, Moo Il Kang, Bong Yun Cha, Kwang Woo Lee, Ho Young Son, Sung Koo Kang
Korean Diabetes J. 1999;23(5):625-634.   Published online January 1, 2001
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BACKGROUND
Hyperhomocysteinemia is an inde-pendent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Recently, a mutation (677CT) was identified in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, leading to the substitution of valine (V) for alanine (A). This mutation causes a reduced folate-dependent enzyme activity which leads to increased homocysteine. In this study, we examined the association between the V allele of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and macroangiopathy in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: In 54 type 2 diabetic patients with macroangiopathy and 198 normal subjects, the MTHFR genotypes were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by Hinfl digestion. To confirm the detection of the MTHFR polymorphism by the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, DNA Sequencing was performed on the PCR products. RESULT: The allele frequency of the V mutation was slightly higher in the patients than in the normal subjects, but that was statistically not significant. The crude ORs and 95% CIs for the allele frequency of the V mutation were 1.16 (0.76~1.79). Genotype frequencies were 35.9% for AA, 48.4% for AV, and 15.7% for VV in the normal subjects. And they were 31.5% for AA, 50.0 % for AU, and 18.5 % for VV in the patients. The crude ORs and 95% CIs for the VV genotype were 1.22 (0.56~2.67). In multiple regressian model, the VV genotype was not associated with diabetic macroangiopathy. CONCLUSION: Although, the frequencies of VV genotype in Korean normals (=16%) are higher than those of other thical populations (=12%), this mutation is not associated with macroangiopathy in type 2 diabetic patients. But, our sample size was too small and larger cohort studies will be needed to confirm the effect of MTHFR polymorphism on the development of macroangiopathy in diabetic patients.
Association between FABP2 Gene Polymorphism and Energy Metabolism in Normal Korean.
Seog Ki Yun, Chul Hee Kim, Young Sun Kim, Dong Won Byun, Kyo Il Suh, Myung Hi Yoo, Guk Bae Kim
Korean Diabetes J. 1998;22(4):457-466.   Published online January 1, 2001
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BACKGROUND
The human intestinal fatty acid binding protein (FABP2) locus has been proprosed to be a major candidate gene in determining insulin resistance. It has been hypothesized that alanine to threonine substitution at codon 54 (Ala54Thr) of the FABP2 gene may result in enhanced intestinal uptake of fatty acids, and thereby an impairment of insulin action. FABP2 polymorphism was recently shown to be associated with insulin resistance in several populations including Mexican-Americans, Pima Indians, and Japanese, but not associated in the English, Wales, and Finn. METHODS: We investigated the association ot the FABP2 gene polymorphism and insulin resistance, fat absorption, and body fuel metabolism in 96 normal Korean men aged between 21 and 36 years. RESULTS: In normal Koreans, the alanine-encoding allele frequency was 0.66 and threonine encoding allele frequency was 0.34. Subjects with threonine-encoding allele were found to have a higher mean fasting plasma insulin concentration, a higher insulin resistance index, and a higher basal fat oxidation rate compared with subjects who were homozygous for the alanine-encoding allele. CONCLUSION: These results show that the Ala54Thr substitution in the FABP2 gene is associated with increased fat oxidation and insulin resistance in normal Korean men.
The Significance of thebeta3 Adrenergic Receptor Gene Polymorphism in Obese Koreans.
Byoung Joon Kim, Sung Hoon Kim, Dong Jun Kim, Jong Ryeal Hahm, Jin Seok Kim, Kyu Jeung Ahn, Jae Hoon Chung, Yong Ki Min, Myung Shik Lee, Moon Kyu Lee, Kwang Won Kim
Korean Diabetes J. 1998;22(4):450-456.   Published online January 1, 2001
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BACKGROUND
The b3 adrenergic receptor (b3-AR), expressed mainly in visceral fat of human, is involved in regulation of lipolysis and thermogenesis. The missense mutation of b3-AR gene, resulting in the replacement of tryptophan by arginine at position 64 (Trp64Arg), is associated with decreased resting metabolic rate, weight gain and development of obesity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of the b3-AR gene polymorphism in obese Koreans. Subjects and METHODS: b3-AR genotype was determined in 87 healthy Koreans who visited SMC for the purpose of health checking from Dec/1996 to Feb/1997. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed with 75 g glucose. Lipid profiles, insulin, C-peptide were measured. Anthropometric data was obtained from physical examination and medical records. The subjects with previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus, other endocrine diseases or chronic illness were excluded. To determine the polymorphism, genomic DNA was isolated and PCR and RFLP by MvaI were carried. RESULTS: 1. The difference in frequency of Trp64Arg mutation between two groups was highly significant. (12 subjects (63%) in obese group and 21 subjects (30%) in non obese group, p<0.02) 2. There was significantly high allele frequency in obese group. (obese group: 32 %; non obese group: 15 %, p<0.02). 3. According to BMI, there were significantly high WHR (0.88+0.04 vs 0.83+0.06,p=0.01), total body fat (29.8+7.4 vs 24.4+6.5%, p=0.01) and systolic blood pressure(132+19 vs 124+14mmHg, p=0.04) in obese group. 4. According to b3-AR genotype, there were significantly high WHR (0.830.056 vs. 0.860.05) and 120 min (260.5+171. 5 vs 355.9+234.6 pmol/L, p=0.04) insulin level during OGTT in heterozygote group. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the frequency of the b3-AR gene mutation was significantly higher in obese Koreans and b3-AR gene polymorphism might play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity.
Insulin Gene Polymorphisms in non-insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus ( NIDDM ) in Korean.
Jin Suk Kwon, Seok Won Park, Bong Soo Cha, Young Duk Song, Churl Woo Ahn, Keun Soo Jang, Soo Jin Kim, Seung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee, Kap Bum Huh
Korean Diabetes J. 1998;22(4):442-449.   Published online January 1, 2001
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BACKGROUND
Many epidemiologic and family studies indicated stronger influence of genetic factors in NiDDM compared to IDDM, and there has been investigations to identify the susceptibility genes but without definite results. Insulin gene with its regulator region has been considered as a possible candidate gene of NIDDM because of relative deficiency in insulin secretion. So, we investigated the possible relationship between insulin gene polymorphisms and NIDDM in Korean. METHODS: we investigated -23 Hph I and +1,127 Pst I restriction site on insulin gene region in 67 NIDDM patients and 33 healthy controls by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) method, and compared the allelic frequencies. We also compared the insulin secretory capacity, degree of blood glucose control, and family history of diabetes mellitus according to insulin gene polymorphism. RESULTS: l. Insulin gene polymorphism on -23 Hph I restriction site or +1,127 Pst I restrietion site does not confer susceptibility to NIDDM in Korea, 2. No differences were observed in onset age, family history of diabetes mellitus, insulin secretory capacity, and degree of blood glucose control, according to insulin gene polymorphism. CONCLUSION: Insulin gene polymorphism on Hph I site and Pst I site probably does not play an important role in the pathogenesis of NIDDM in Korean population.
NcoI Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism(RFLP) on the TNF-beta gene in Korean Patients with Type 1(insulin-dependent) Diabetes Mellitus.
Suk Kyeong Kim, Chan Soo Shin, Kyong Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Hong Kyu Lee, Hun Ki Min, Tae Gun O
Korean Diabetes J. 1998;22(2):155-163.   Published online January 1, 2001
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BACKGROUND
To investigate whether a TNF-g gene polymorphism is associated with the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, we analyzed the TNF-g gene polymorphism with restriction enzyme Ncol in 38 Korean patients with insulin -dependent diabetes mellitus(IDDM) and in 150 healthy controls. METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from white blood cells, and amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) on 735 base pairs fragment of TNF-g gene with NcoI polymorpnic site. 735 bp PCR product was digested with NcoI restriction endonuclease, then analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis to detect the NcoI restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP). The TNF-g alleles were divided into two types according to the electrophoresis patterns. TNF-b*1 allele, which contains the Ncol restriction site(CCATGG), should be digested 539 bp and 196 bp fragments. On the other hand, TNF-g*2 allele, which lacks the restriction site, only showed 735 bp fragment. RESULTS: Six out of 38(15.8%) IDDM patients were homozygous for the TNF-b*1 allele, 11(28.9%) were homozygous for the TNF-b*2 alleie, and 21 (55.3%) were TNF-b*1/*2 heterozygous compared to 21.7%, 30.7% and 49.3%(p=0.83), respectively, in control subjects. CONCLUSION: The TNF-b gene polymorphism was not associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Korean subjects.
Angiotensin 1 Converting Enzyme ( ACE ) Gene Polymorphism According to Micro- and Mocro - angiopathy in non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.
Moon Suk Nam, Hyun Chul Lee, Ji Hyun Lee, Bong Soo Cha, Su Youn Nam, Young Duk Song, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Kap Bum Huh
Korean Diabetes J. 1997;21(4):397-405.   Published online January 1, 2001
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BACKGROUND
Chronic micro- and macro-angiopathy in diabetes are clinically significant complications that affect both quality and length of life in diabetic patients. Angiotensin 1 converting enzyme (ACE) is of key importance in regulating systemic and renal circulation by converting angiotensin-1 into -2 and inactivating bradykinin, Recent reports suggest that the ACE gene polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to micro- and macro-angiopathy in diabetes. But the results are diffetent according to the type of diabetes and complication. METHODS: We investigated the alleles of the ACE gene and measured the ACE activity in the 169 cases of non-insulin dependent diabetic patients and in the 95 cases of controls matched with age and BMI. RESULTS: The measured ACE activity was well correlated with the count of D allele. We found no differences of ACE alleles between in diabetes and control. No association was found between ACE gene polymorphism and diabetic microangiopathy(retinopathy or nephropathy). But DD genotypes (homozy-gotes for the deletion polymorphism) and D allele were found more frequently in diabetic patients with coronary artery obstructive diseases than in patients without coronary artery obstructive diseases in coronary angiography. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that ACE gene polymorphism in non-insulin dependent diabetes is associated with coronary artery obstructive diseases, but not with chronic microangiopathy.
Relationship between Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism and Vascular complications in Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetic Patients.
Byoung Gue Na, Tae Geun Oh, Sang Moo Jung, Sang Woo Oh, Jae Hong Choi, Ji Hyun Lee, Seong Su Koong, Seung Taik Kim
Korean Diabetes J. 1997;21(2):138-146.   Published online January 1, 2001
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No abstract available.
Comparison of the Antiproteinuric Effect to ACE Inhibitors in NIDDM Patients with Nephropathy According to Genotypes of ACE Gene.
Yong Mo Yang, Jeong Chul Seo, Kyoung Soo Lee, Won Joong Jeon, Hyun Hee Lee, Ji Bong Jeong, Seong Su Koong, Tae Geun Oh
Korean Diabetes J. 2000;24(4):476-484.   Published online January 1, 2001
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BACKGROUND
Albuminuria is a risk factor for progression of diabetic nephropathy. Antihypertensive treatment, especially angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, has been shown to reduce albuminuria and to ameliorate progression of diabetic nephropathy in IDDM patients. Recently, an insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism of the ACE gene (ACE/ID) has been shown to influence the antiproteinuric efficacy of ACE inhibition in non-diabetic renal disease and the deterioration in kidney function in both non-diabetic and diabetic kidney disease. We evaluated the potential role of the ACE/ID polymorphism on the antiproteinuric responsiveness to ACE inhibition in NIDDM patients with nephropathy. METHODS: 35 NIDDM patients with overt proteinuria were included in this study. DNA amplified by PCR techniques was used to detect the two alleles of the ID polymorphism. Subjects were classified as II+ID group and DD group according to the presence (I) or absence (D) of a 270 base pair insertion. Ramipril was used for ACE inhibition. At a baseline and an end of the study(6 months later from baseline), arterial blood pressure, HbA1c, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, and 24 hour urine protein amount were measured. The significant response to ACE inhibition was defined as a decline in proteinuria > or =30% of baseline. RESULTS: The MABP was decreased significantly in each groups, but the degree of BP reduction was not different between the groups. Twenty-four hour urine protein amount and creatinine clearance was not different in each groups and between CONCLUSION: Antiproteinuric effect of ACE inhibition was not associated with ACE/ID polymorphism in diabetic patients with nephropathy.

Diabetes Metab J : Diabetes & Metabolism Journal
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