Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Review

Pharmacotherapy
Exploring the Side Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist: To Ensure Its Optimal Positioning: Jung A Kim, Hye Jin Yoo; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(4):525-541. Published online July 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0242

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Although glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have demonstrated considerable efficacy in the treatment of diabetes and obesity, it is essential to recognize that their use is associated with certain intrinsic risks that must not be disregarded. The incidence of adverse effects, particularly gastrointestinal complications, psychiatric disorders, and ocular problems, highlights the critical need for thorough patient assessment and continuous monitoring to ensure both the safety and effectiveness of treatment. Despite the possibility of adverse events, GLP-1 RAs continue to represent a crucial therapeutic modality for metabolic disturbances. This highlights the significance of ongoing research initiatives aimed at optimizing their safe utilization and refining current treatment protocols to improve patient outcomes. This review summarizes updated research findings regarding the adverse effects of GLP-1 RAs, their mechanisms of action, and guidelines for clinical application.

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Original Article

Others
Effects of Rebamipide on Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Sejeong Park, So Young Park, Yu Jin Kim, Soo Min Hong, Suk Chon, Seungjoon Oh, Jeong-taek Woo, Sung-Woon Kim, Young Seol Kim, Sang Youl Rhee; Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(3):240-247. Published online April 5, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.3.240

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are common in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Rebamipide is an effective gastric cytoprotective agent, but there are few data on its usefulness in T2DM. The aim of this study is to evaluate the improvement of GI symptoms after rebamipide treatment in patients with T2DM.

Methods

Patients with T2DM and atypical GI symptoms were enrolled. They took rebamipide (100 mg thrice daily) for 12 weeks and filled out the diabetes bowel symptom questionnaire (DBSQ) before and after rebamipide treatment. The DBSQ consisted of 10 questions assessing the severity of GI symptoms by a 1 to 6 scoring system. Changes in the DBSQ scores before and after rebamipide treatment were analyzed to evaluate any improvements of GI symptoms.

Results

A total of 107 patients were enrolled, and 84 patients completed the study. The mean age was 65.0±7.8, 26 patients were male (24.8%), the mean duration of T2DM was 14.71±9.12 years, and the mean glycosylated hemoglobin level was 6.97%±0.82%. The total DBSQ score was reduced significantly from 24.9±8.0 to 20.4±7.3 before and after rebamipide treatment (P<0.001). The DBSQ scores associated with reflux symptoms, indigestion, nausea or vomiting, abdominal bloating or distension, peptic ulcer, abdominal pain, and constipation were improved after rebamipide treatment (P<0.05). However, there were no significant changes in symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea, and anal incontinence. No severe adverse events were reported throughout the study.

Conclusion

Rebamipide treatment for 12 weeks improved atypical GI symptoms in patients with T2DM.

Citations

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Letter: Effects of Rebamipide on Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Metab J2016;40:240-7)
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Response: Effects of Rebamipide on Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Metab J 2016;40:240-7)
Sejeong Park, So Young Park, Sang Youl Rhee
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2016; 40(4): 336. CrossRef

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