Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Review

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Association between Variability of Metabolic Risk Factors and Cardiometabolic Outcomes: Min Jeong Park, Kyung Mook Choi; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(1):49-62. Published online January 27, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0316

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Despite strenuous efforts to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk by improving cardiometabolic risk factors, such as glucose and cholesterol levels, and blood pressure, there is still residual risk even in patients reaching treatment targets. Recently, researchers have begun to focus on the variability of metabolic variables to remove residual risks. Several clinical trials and cohort studies have reported a relationship between the variability of metabolic parameters and CVDs. Herein, we review the literature regarding the effect of metabolic factor variability and CVD risk, and describe possible mechanisms and potential treatment perspectives for reducing cardiometabolic risk factor variability.

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Original Articles

The Association between Serum GGT Concentration and Diabetic Peripheral Polyneuropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Ho Chan Cho; Korean Diabetes J. 2010;34(2):111-118. Published online April 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.111

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

Diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy (DPP) is one of the common complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) and can lead to foot ulcers or amputation. The pathophysiology of DPP includes several factors such as metabolic, vascular, autoimmune, oxidative stress and neurohormonal growth-factor deficiency and recent studies have suggested the use of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) as an early marker of oxidative stress. Therefore, we investigated whether serum GGT may be useful in predicting DPP.

Methods

We assessed 90 patients with type 2 DM who were evaluated for the presence of DPP using clnical neurologic examinations including nerve conduction velocity studies. We evaluated the association between serum GGT and the presence of DPP.

Results

The prevalence of DPP was 40% (36 cases) according to clinical neurological examinations. The serum GGT concentration was significantly elevated in type 2 diabetic patients with DPP compared to patients without DPP (P < 0.01). There were other factors significantly associated with DPP including smoking (P = 0.019), retinopathy (P = 0.014), blood pressure (P < 0.05), aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.022), C-reactive protein (P = 0.036) and urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio (P = 0.004). Serum GGT was independently related with DPP according to multiple logistic analysis (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

This study shows that increased levels of serum GGT may have important clinical implications in the presence of DPP in patients with type 2 diabetes.

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Early Biomarkers of Neurodegenerative and Neurovascular Disorders in Diabetes
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Evaluation of Serum Gamma Glutamyl Transferase Levels in Diabetic Patients With and Without Retinopathy
Neda Valizadeh, Rasoul Mohammadi, Alireza Mehdizadeh, Qader Motarjemizadeh, Hamid Reza Khalkhali
Shiraz E-Medical Journal.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
The Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Carole Clair, Marya J. Cohen, Florian Eichler, Kevin J. Selby, Nancy A. Rigotti
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Evaluation of oxidative stress markers and vascular risk factors in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy
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Cell Biochemistry and Function.2012; 30(4): 328. CrossRef
Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene single polymorphism as a genetic biomarker of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: longitudinal prospective study
J. Jurado, J. Ybarra, J.H. Romeo, M. Garcia, E. Zabaleta-del-Olmo
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Routine enzymes in the monitoring of type 2 diabetes mellitus
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Cell Biochemistry and Function.2011; 29(6): 506. CrossRef
Antioxidant Effects of Fermented Red Ginseng Extracts in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
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Journal of Ginseng Research.2011; 35(2): 129. CrossRef
Serum γ‐glutamyltransferase and associated damage among a She Chinese population
Y. Lin, Y. Xu, G. Chen, B. Huang, J. Yao, Z. Chen, L. Yao, F. Lin, Y. Qiao, Z. Chen, S. Zhu, H. Huang, J. Wen
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The Effect of Gamma-Glutamyltransferase on Impaired Fasting Glucose or Type 2 Diabetes in Korean Men.: Tae Yeon Kim, Do Hoon Kim, Chang Hae Park, Kyung Hwan Cho, Seung Hwan Lee, Hyuk Ga, Hwan cheol Kim; Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(3):215-224. Published online June 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.3.215

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
We sought to determine the association between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels within the normal range and the risk for development of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or type 2 diabetes. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study spanned four years (2002~2006) with 1,717 Korean men who underwent periodic health examinations at a university hospital in Incheon, Korea and were not diagnosed with IFG or type 2 diabetes. Fasting plasma glucose levels were measured at the annual health examination. IFG and diabetes were defined as a serum fasting glucose concentration of 100~125 mg/dL and more than 126 mg/dL, respectively. Cox's proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the association between serum GGT levels and development of IFG or type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: There was a strong dose-response relationship between serum GGT levels and the incidence of IFG and diabetes. A total of 570 cases (33.2%) of incident IFG and 50 cases (2.9%) of diabetes were found. After controlling potential predictors, the relative risks for the incidence of IFG for GGT levels < or = 19, 20~25, 26~34, 35~50 and > or = 51 were 1.00, 0.99, 1.17, 1.23 and 1.38 respectively (P for trend 0.015), and for the incidence of diabetes were 1.00, 1.44, 1.80, 2.55 and 2.58 respectively (P for trend 0.050). CONCLUSION: The risk for development of IFG and type 2 diabetes increased in a dose-dependent manner as serum GGT increased within its normal range in Korean men.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Evaluation of Serum Gamma Glutamyl Transferase Levels in Diabetic Patients With and Without Retinopathy
Neda Valizadeh, Rasoul Mohammadi, Alireza Mehdizadeh, Qader Motarjemizadeh, Hamid Reza Khalkhali
Shiraz E-Medical Journal.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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