Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Original Articles

Pharmacotherapy
D2Rs Agonist Ropinirole Cooperates with Metformin to Modulate Thermogenesis and Ameliorate Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders in Mice: Bangrui Huang, Daowei Liu, Fakun Jiang, Zihui Wang, Chuanjun Mao, Qian Lu, Tao Chen, Chun Xie, Wenli Chen, Qian Wang, Wenyong Xiong; Received April 14, 2025 Accepted October 4, 2025 Published online February 4, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0335 [Epub ahead of print]

243 View
23 Download

Abstract PDF: Background
Metabolic disorders represent a significant challenge to human health, primarily due to their widespread prevalence and the limited availability of alternative pharmacological interventions. Drug repurposing offers a promising and expedited strategy to address these conditions.
Methods
To elucidate the efficacy and underlying mechanism of the combination of metformin with ropinirole on anti-obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders.
Results
The results indicate that the combination treatment led to a significant reduction in body weight and improvements in hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. These enhancements, along with increased energy expenditure, were significantly greater than those achieved with either drug alone. Additionally, we observed the browning of inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) and alterations of the whitened-brown adipose tissue (BAT), along with substantial increases in mitochondrial function-related proteins. However, the drug combination did not exhibit any enhanced effect on cell thermogenesis and these proteins in vitro, whereas combination of norepinephrine and metformin-induced an additive upregulation of mitochondrial function-related proteins. Furthermore, pharmacological blockade of the β3 adrenergic receptor inhibited the energy expenditure induced by the combination treatment, etc.
Conclusion
Our study underscores the combination of metformin and ropinirole-induced an amplified effectiveness in treating obesity-related metabolic disorders is dependent on the dopamine-control sympathetic nerve activity, and metformin acts directly on BAT and iWAT to improve mitochondrial function, which offering a new perspective for future clinical co-treatment of metabolic disorders with these two drugs.

Guideline/Statement/Fact Sheet
Health Effects of Sugar-Sweetened and Artificially Sweetened Beverages: Umbrella Review and Evidence-Based Consensus Statement of the Korean Diabetes Association and the Korean Nutrition Society: Jong Han Choi, SuJin Song, Soo Kyoung Kim, Jae Won Cho, Jae Hyun Bae, Shinje Moon, Jeong Hyun Lim, YeonHee Lee, Ji-Yun Hwang, YoonJu Song, Sang Soo Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2026;50(1):32-46. Published online January 1, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0848

1,688 View
126 Download
1 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Excess intake of added sugars contributes to obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and premature mortality. Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), the main source of added sugars, are consistently linked to adverse outcomes. Artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) have been suggested as short-term substitutes, but evidence regarding benefits and harms remains inconclusive, and guidance is lacking.
Methods
This consensus statement draws on a structured evidence review combining two approaches: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing short- to intermediate-term effects of replacing SSBs with ASBs on weight and metabolic outcomes; and an umbrella review of systematic reviews of cohort studies evaluating long-term associations of SSBs and ASBs with major outcomes, including mortality, CVD, and T2DM.
Results
In 14 RCTs (3–76 weeks), replacing SSBs with ASBs produced modest reductions in body weight (–0.73 kg) and body fat (–0.72%), with inconsistent effects on glycemic and cardiometabolic markers. Evidence from 20 systematic reviews of cohorts (up to 34 years follow-up) showed that higher intake of both SSBs and ASBs was associated with increased risks of T2DM, CVD, and mortality, with relative risks for ASBs similar to those for SSBs.
Conclusion
ASBs may serve as a short-term substitution for individuals with high SSB intake, particularly those at elevated metabolic risk. However, regular or long-term use is not recommended due to uncertain safety and potential reinforcement of sweet preference. Public health strategies should emphasize reducing both SSBs and ASBs, prioritizing water and unsweetened beverages as the ultimate goal.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Do Not Replace Your Sugar, Simply Eat Less!
Jeehyun Lee, Sunghwan Suh
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2026; 50(1): 30. CrossRef

Lifestyle and Behavioral Interventions
Association between the Life’s Essential 8 Health Behaviors Score and Mortality Risk in US Adults with Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Stage 0–3: Junlin Zhang, Limei Yin, Yuping Liu, Xiang Xiao, Ping Shuai; Received April 26, 2025 Accepted June 16, 2025 Published online December 12, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0366 [Epub ahead of print]

1,263 View
80 Download

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
The American Heart Association’s novel cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome framework underscores the interconnected pathophysiology of metabolic dysfunction, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). While the Life’s Essential 8 (LE8) has demonstrated strong associations with CVD risk in general populations, its prognostic relevance remains unexplored in individuals stratified by CKM syndrome stages.
Methods
This study analyzed longitudinal data from the nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2018). The eight components of the LE8 metric—diet quality, physical activity, nicotine exposure, sleep health, body mass index, blood lipid profiles, glycemic status, and blood pressure—were systematically evaluated and scored on a 0–100 scale. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was implemented to assess associations between LE8 scores and all-cause mortality risk. Mortality outcomes were prospectively tracked through December 31, 2019, using linked mortality records from the National Center for Health Statistics.
Results
Among 9,152 participants (mean age 45.08±0.29 years; 48.24% male), baseline CKM staging distributed as follows: stage 0 (12.08%, n=916), stage 1 (25.76%, n=2,162), stage 2 (60.02%, n=5,721), and stage 3 (2.14%, n=353). Unexpectedly, during a median follow-up of 7.92 years, the total LE8 score was not related with all-cause mortality in individuals with CKM stage 2–3 (P>0.05). However, fully adjusted analyses revealed a 22% and 13% decreased all-cause mortality risk per 10-points LE8 health behaviors score increment in CKM 0-1 (hazard ratio [HR], 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68 to 0.88) and CKM 2-3 (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.81 to 0.93), respectively. Restricted cubic spline models confirmed a negative linear dose-response relationship between health behaviors score and all-cause mortality across all CKM stages 0–3.
Conclusion
This national cohort study establishes LE8 health behaviors score as a robust, linearly associated predictor of all-cause mortality in CKM syndrome populations, independent of disease stage severity. These findings advocate for integrating LE8 health behaviors score into routine metabolic-cardiovascular risk stratification protocols, particularly for early intervention in CKM stage 0–3 individuals.

Genetics
Evaluation of Sex-Stratified Polygenic Risk Scores for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Glycemic Traits in the Framingham Heart Study: Ningyuan Wang, Yixin Zhang, Philip Schroeder, Alicia Huerta-Chagoya, Ravi Mandla, James B. Meigs, Alisa K. Manning, Ching-Ti Liu, Josée Dupuis, Josep M. Mercader; Received June 25, 2025 Accepted October 14, 2025 Published online December 9, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0557 [Epub ahead of print]

591 View
24 Download

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Diabetes is a multifactorial disease with significant genetic predisposition. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) have been developed to estimate an individual’s genetic risk of a disease. Traditionally, PRS utilize sex-combined genome-wide association studies (GWAS) due to the limited availability of sex-stratified summary statistics. This study explores sex-dimorphic genetic effects and evaluates the potential benefits of incorporating sex-stratified effects in PRS for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and glycemic traits by comparing PRS performance derived from sex-combined versus sex-stratified GWAS.
Methods
We performed a sex-heterogeneity test across sex-specific GWAS and identified nine signals with sex-dimorphic effects for T2DM. PRS[sex-combined] and PRS[sex-stratified] were developed using sex-combined and sex-stratified GWAS results for T2DM (41,444 cases and 354,539 controls), fasting glucose (n=120,595) and fasting insulin (n=98,210). We evaluated these PRS models in 8,379 participants (1,303 cases and 7,076 controls) from the Framingham Heart Study not included in the PRS derivation.
Results
Our findings suggest that sex-combined PRS currently offer better predictive performance for T2DM and glycemic traits.
Conclusion
These results highlight the need for larger sex-stratified studies and the optimization of sex-stratified risk models for clinical practice.

Basic and Translational Research
Lactate-Induced Lipid Accumulation in Hepatocytes through GPR81 Activation: Giang Nguyen, Ji Hee Yu, Phuc Thi Minh Pham, Thuy Linh Lai, So Young Park, Ki Woo Kim, Seung-Soon Im, Jeana Hong, Yong-ho Lee, Jae-Ho Lee, Seon Mee Kang, Dae-Hee Choi, Eun-Hee Cho; Received September 3, 2024 Accepted July 22, 2025 Published online November 27, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0531 [Epub ahead of print]

1,041 View
91 Download

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Lactate, traditionally considered a metabolic byproduct, is increasingly recognized as a signaling molecule involved in metabolic regulation. Its role in hepatic steatosis, particularly through G-protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81)-mediated pathways, remains underexplored.
Methods
We investigated the effects of lactate on hepatic lipid metabolism using in vitro alpha mouse liver 12 (AML12) cells, zebrafish, and two diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mouse models. Lipid accumulation, gene/protein expression, and 5’ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling were assessed under lactate exposure, GPR81 knockdown, monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) inhibition, and AMPK activation conditions.
Results
Lactate treatment in hepatocytes increased de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid uptake while suppressing fatty acid oxidation and AMPK phosphorylation. These effects were reversed by GPR81 knockdown but not by MCT1 inhibition, suggesting a GPR81-dependent mechanism. AMPK activation with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) reduced lactate-induced lipid accumulation. In zebrafish, 10 mM lactate treatment for 24 hours significantly increased hepatic lipid content. In mice fed high-fat diet (HFD) or high-fat high-cholesterol (HFHC) diets for 12 weeks, hepatic lactate levels and GPR81 expression were elevated. Interestingly, p-AMPK expression decreased in HFD livers but increased in the HFHC group, indicating dietspecific regulation.
Conclusion
Our findings demonstrate that lactate promotes hepatic steatosis primarily via the GPR81–AMPK signaling axis. GPR81 activation enhances lipogenesis and lipid uptake, independent of MCT1-mediated transport. These results position GPR81 as a promising therapeutic target for NAFLD.

Basic and Translational Research
Hepatocyte RAP1A Deletion Impairs Lipid Catabolism and Worsens Steatosis via Autophagy Activation: Xiujuan Wei, Yinxu Fu, Yu Fang, Xi Lin, Zhonggui Luo, Keyi Li, Kaiqiang Yang, Ting Fu, Liqin Jin, Jianxin Lyu, Qiongya Zhao; Received May 1, 2025 Accepted August 25, 2025 Published online November 24, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0388 [Epub ahead of print]

849 View
66 Download

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and fatty liver disease are often linked to excessive hepatic lipid accumulation. This study aimed to determine the role of Ras-related protein 1a (RAP1A) in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism and to elucidate how RAP1A impacts metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease progression. We focused on RAP1A’s influence on liver lipid homeostasis and its connection to metabolic health.
Methods
A liver-specific Rap1a knockout (LKO) mouse model was generated and fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity and steatosis. Metabolic phenotyping (body weight, adiposity, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity) and liver analyses (histology, triglyceride/ cholesterol content, and gene expression profiling) were performed. In parallel, cultured hepatocyte models (alpha mouse liver 12 [AML12] cells) with RAP1A knockdown or overexpression were used to assess cellular lipid accumulation, fatty acid oxidation, and mechanistic pathways. Mitochondrial function assays, autophagy analysis, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling evaluations were conducted, including interventions with an ERK activator and autophagy inhibitor to probe pathway involvement.
Results
LKO mice developed increased adiposity and hepatic steatosis with significantly elevated liver triglycerides, cholesterol, and lipid droplet accumulation, despite unchanged caloric intake. They also exhibited impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, indicating pronounced metabolic dysfunction. RAP1A deficiency led to dysregulated hepatic lipid gene expression—mainly downregulating genes for fatty acid oxidation and lipid catabolism—consistent with exacerbated lipid accumulation. Hepatocytes lacking RAP1A showed similar lipid accumulation, reduced fatty acid oxidation capacity, and altered expression of lipid metabolic enzymes. Mechanistically, RAP1A-deficient livers and cells displayed activated autophagy, particularly mitophagy. RAP1A was found to localize to mitochondrial membranes, and its loss was associated with reduced ERK phosphorylation. Notably, pharmacological activation of the ERK pathway restored ERK phosphorylation and significantly alleviated triglyceride accumulation in RAP1A-knockdown hepatocytes, rescuing the expression of key lipid breakdown enzymes. Conversely, inhibition of excessive autophagy in RAP1A-deficient cells also partially normalized lipid levels. These findings demonstrate that loss of RAP1A triggers hepatic lipid accumulation and metabolic dysregulation through coordinated effects on lipid metabolism genes, mitophagy, and ERK signaling.
Conclusion
RAP1A is a critical regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism, safeguarding against diet-induced steatosis and metabolic dysfunction. Its absence leads to lipid buildup and impaired metabolic homeostasis via disruptions in lipid accumulation, mitochondrial function, autophagy, and ERK signaling.

Review

Guideline/Statement/Fact Sheet
Defining Severe Diabetes Mellitus: A Consensus Framework for Grading and Staging Diabetes Based on Pathophysiology and Complications: Jae Hyun Bae, Hun Jee Choe, Ye Seul Yang, Mi Hae Seo, Jong Han Choi, Gyuri Kim, Young Sang Lyu, Jeung Hun Han, Shinae Kang, Won Jun Kim, Kyung-Soo Kim, Young Min Cho, Bong Soo Cha, for the Severe Diabetes Mellitus Task Force of the Korean Diabetes Association; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(6):1141-1154. Published online October 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0739

5,799 View
782 Download
1 Web of Science
1 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Diabetes mellitus comprises a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders differing in etiology, clinical course, and outcomes. Traditional classifications, such as type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, fail to capture the full heterogeneity, including variation in insulin deficiency, insulin resistance, and complication burden. To address these limitations, we propose the Diabetes Grade–Stage Classification, an integrated system that combines pathophysiology-based grading with complication-based staging. Grading quantifies metabolic dysfunction through the assessment of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance. In parallel, staging assesses the extent of target organ damage, particularly in the cardiovascular, renal, ocular, and nervous systems. Together, this framework enables a comprehensive assessment of disease status, identification of vulnerable or high-risk phenotypes, and implementation of risk-adapted management strategies. Clinically, it facilitates personalized care, promotes collaborative coordination, and strengthens physician–patient communication. Furthermore, this framework provides a scalable structure for integrating disease severity into both individual- and population-level interventions. Although the current criteria for grading and staging are based on expert consensus and selected clinical indicators, such as low C-peptide levels and advanced complications, further validation and refinement are needed. In conclusion, the grading and staging system provides an operational tool for classifying the severity of diabetes mellitus and has the potential to extend life expectancy and improve quality of life for people living with diabetes mellitus.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Bridging Evidence and Practice: A Consensus Statement from the Korean Diabetes Association on Diabetes Screening, Pharmacological Treatment and Severe Diabetes
Jong Han Choi, Shinae Kang, Soo-Kyung Kim, Won Jun Kim, Ji Min Kim, Jaehyun Bae, Jae-Seung Yun, Eonju Jeon, Young-Eun Kim, Jae Hyun Bae, Hun Jee Choe, Young Min Cho, Seung-Hyun Ko, Sang Yong Kim, Hae Jin Kim, You-Cheol Hwang, Min Kyong Moon, Suk Chon, Seo
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(6): 1155. CrossRef

Original Articles

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Prognostic Impact of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Ischemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study: Haochen Xuan, Yik-Ming Hung, Ran Guo, Qingwen Ren, Jiayi Huang, Jingnan Zhang, Wenli Gu, Ho-Leung Chan, Gaozhen Cao, Run Wang, Calvin Ka-Lam Leung, Tongda Xu, Kai-Hang Yiu; Received March 11, 2025 Accepted July 22, 2025 Published online October 24, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0200 [Epub ahead of print]

4,152 View
59 Download

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary ischemia face an exceptionally elevated risk, and the achievement of complete revascularization (CR) within this population could be challenging.
Methods
Patients with T2DM and coronary ischemia based on coronary angiography and retrospective angiographic fractional flow reserve analysis between 2014 and 2016 were included. The impact of the extent of revascularization on the improvement of endpoint events by sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors was analyzed. The primary study endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACE), while all-cause mortality served as secondary endpoints. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression model were adopted to assess the association between SGLT2 inhibitors and endpoint incidence.
Results
A total of 671 patients were identified. Among them, 206 (30.7%) were prescribed with SGLT2 inhibitors, while 484 (72.1%) achieved CR after the operation. During a mean 36-month follow-up, 100 MACE and 89 all-cause mortality were recorded. SGLT2 inhibitor users demonstrated lower rates of MACE (8.3% vs. 17.8%, P=0.002) and all-cause mortality (6.3% vs. 16.3%, P<0.001) compared to non-users. After adjusting for confounding factors in multivariable Cox analysis, the association between SGLT2 inhibitors and reduced MACE incidence remained consistent both in the CR and incomplete revascularization subgroups (hazard ratio [HR], 0.498; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.246 to 0.938; P=0.040; and HR, 0.341; 95% CI, 0.123 to 0.805; P=0.023, respectively).
Conclusion
SGLT2 inhibitors were found to be associated with a reduced risk of 3-year MACE and all-cause mortality in patients with T2DM and coronary ischemia, regardless of extent of revascularization.

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Association of Remnant Cholesterol Inflammation Index with Cardiovascular Risks and All-Cause Mortality in Individuals with Diabetes or Prediabetes: Qi-Lin Ma, Lei-Lei Du, Jia Peng; Received April 8, 2025 Accepted June 27, 2025 Published online October 2, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0305 [Epub ahead of print]

4,692 View
185 Download

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Remnant cholesterol (RC) and low-grade inflammation are established contributors to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks in diabetes. However, their combined prognostic impact remains unclear in dysglycemia. We evaluated the remnant cholesterol inflammation index (RCII), integrating RC and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), for predicting mortality and CVD risks in diabetes/prediabetes.
Methods
This study included 2206 United States adults with diabetes/prediabetes from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015–2018. RCII was calculated as [RC (mg/dL)×hsCRP (mg/L)]/10. All-cause mortality was tracked via National Death Index until 2019; CVD risk was assessed cross-sectionally. Cox proportional hazard regression determined the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of RCII for all-cause mortality. Logistic regression models estimated the odds ratio (OR) and 95% CIs of RCII for CVD risks.
Results
For CVD risks, Q4 vs. Q1 demonstrated increased odds (OR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.23 to 4.37), though per-standard deviation (SD) increments were non-significant (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.98 to 1.35; P=0.083). During a median of 38 months follow-up, higher RCII quartiles showed graded associations with all-cause mortality (Q4 vs. Q1: HR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.08 to 5.58; per 1-SD increase: HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.35). Restricted cubic splines confirmed dose-dependent relationships for CVD risks and all-cause mortality (all P=0.005 for overall). Subgroup analyses revealed consistent mortality associations but sex-specific CVD interactions (P=0.047 for interaction).
Conclusion
Our study found the RCII as a biomarker for predicting all-cause mortality and CVD risks in individuals with prediabetes or diabetes, highlighting the synergistic effects of RC and low-grade inflammation on adverse outcomes in this population and may facilitate early identification of individuals at heightened risk for CVD.

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Adiponectin as a Predictor of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A 17-Year Korean Cohort Study: Yeun Soo Yang, Hyun Soo Zhang, Heejin Kimm, Keum Ji Jung, Soyoung Kim, Ji Woo Baek, Sunmi Lee, Sun Ha Jee; Received January 2, 2025 Accepted April 17, 2025 Published online September 8, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0007 [Epub ahead of print]

4,229 View
74 Download

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
This study aimed to investigate the association between adiponectin levels and the incidence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and to explore the predictive value of adiponectin in the onset of these conditions.
Methods
A 17-year follow-up of 35,026 individuals from the Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II biobank cohort (2004–2021) was conducted. Adiponectin levels were categorized into quintiles. Outcomes were defined as: NAFLD (10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases [ICD-10] K76.0); MASLD (K76.0 with cardiometabolic factors); NAFLD^{-cardiometabolic} (K76.0 without cardiometabolic factors); and non-steatotic liver disease. The cause-specific Cox model accounted for death as a competing risk, with interaction terms for non-proportional hazards.
Results
Our findings indicated a heightened risk of MASLD in individuals in low adiponectin groups. Hazard ratios (HRs) for different adiponectin levels, using Gadipo 5 (≥17.21 μg/mL) as the reference, were: Gadipo 1, HR 3.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.08 to 4.92); Gadipo 2, HR 2.45 (95% CI, 1.59 to 3.76); Gadipo 3, HR 2.02 (95% CI, 1.32 to 3.11); and Gadipo 4, HR 1.59 (95% CI, 1.02 to 2.46). These associations remained consistent across outcomes and models. Sex stratification revealed a stronger association among females. Furthermore, lower adiponectin levels were associated with increased MASLD and NAFLD risk. Similar associations were also observed in individuals with NAFLD^{-cardiometabolic}, indicating consistency across subtypes.
Conclusion
Different adiponectin levels revealed distinct risks. This study emphasizes adiponectin’s potential as a predictive indicator of MASLD and NAFLD, stressing the need for further investigation across diverse demographic groups.

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
High Waist-to-Height Ratio Increases the Risk of Cardiovascular Outcomes in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Cohort Study: Kyeong-Jin Kim, Seohyun Kim, Rosa Oh, So Hyun Cho, Myunghwa Jang, You-Bin Lee, Gyuri Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Kyu Yeon Hur, Ji Yoon Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim; Received March 4, 2025 Accepted June 21, 2025 Published online September 4, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0179 [Epub ahead of print]

1,233 View
79 Download

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Central obesity contributes to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. The waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) is a practical marker of central obesity across sexes, ages, and ethnicities. However, its association with comprehensive cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) remains unclear.
Methods
From a nationwide cohort database (2006–2020), 16,928 Korean adults with T1DM were included. Participants were categorized by their WHtR values using three criteria: a three-group classification (<0.5, 0.5 to <0.6, and ≥0.6) and two binary classifications (≥0.5 vs. <0.5; ≥0.6 vs. <0.6). The primary outcomes were composite CV events, including heart failure (HF), myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic stroke, and CVD-related deaths, with each component analyzed as a secondary outcome.
Results
During a median follow-up of 6.7 years (interquartile range, 5.2 to 8.8), 4,293 composite CV events occurred. Compared to the WHtR <0.5 group, the adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the composite CV outcome were 1.14 (1.05 to 1.24) in the WHtR 0.5 to <0.6 group and 1.62 (1.38 to 1.90) in the WHtR ≥0.6 group (P for trend <0.001). Increasing trends in aHRs were noted with rising WHtR values for each component of the composite outcome. Compared to the WHtR <0.6 group, the aHRs for the WHtR ≥0.6 group were as follows: HF, 1.49 (95% CI, 1.28 to 1.73); MI, 1.31 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.68); ischemic stroke, 1.24 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.51); and CVD-related death, 2.09 (95% CI, 1.49 to 2.92).
Conclusion
High WHtR is associated with an increased risk of CV events in adults with T1DM.

Reviews

Pathophysiology
Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Steatosis in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: New Insights into Mechanisms and Clinical Implications: Xuan Trong Truong, Dae Ho Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(5):964-986. Published online September 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0644

3,767 View
205 Download
8 Web of Science
12 Crossref

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) represents a progressive spectrum ranging from simple hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Although insulin resistance (IR) plays a central role in metabolic diseases, in the liver, insulin- or substrate-driven de novo lipogenesis (DNL) promotes triglyceride accumulation through multiple complex regulatory mechanisms, including specific transcription factors, regardless of whether IR is primary or not. Elevated free fatty acids, resulting from increased adipose lipolysis, further augment hepatic lipid storage and contribute to IR and the progression of MASLD through lipotoxic intermediates such as diacylglycerols and ceramides, as well as other pathways. Numerous studies have identified DNL as a major, yet modifiable, contributor to MASLD. In addition, zonal differences in hepatic insulin signaling, non-classical insulin signaling pathways, and activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 and protein kinase C pathways appear to be involved in the development of selective hepatic IR. Recently, new pharmacologic agents, including resmetirom, have shown promise in improving steatohepatitis and fibrosis in MASLD. Nevertheless, sustained weight loss through lifestyle modification remains the cornerstone of MASLD prevention and therapy. Further mechanistic understanding of how IR and substrate overload promote DNL and hepatic fat accumulation is critical for developing effective treatments for MASLD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Chitosan and chito-oligosaccharides as multifunctional therapeutics for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)
Gaoli Zhou, Ronge Xing, Zongji Wang, Rongfeng Li, Song Liu, Hang Li, Guantian Li
Carbohydrate Polymers.2026; 375: 124737. CrossRef
Immune Determinants of MASLD Progression: From Immunometabolic Reprogramming to Fibrotic Transformation
Senping Xu, Zhaoshan Zhang, Zhongquan Zhou, Jiawei Guo
Biology.2026; 15(2): 148. CrossRef
Lactobacillus Plantarum Q180 Attenuates Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and Regulates Energy Metabolism in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Minseo Cho, Hyunchae Joung, Hyunsoo Jang, Yeon-Woo Kim, Jaeryang Chu, Yoo Jin Kwon, Chang Hun Shin, Jung-Heun Ha, Jisu Lee
Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Markers Of Insulin Resistance and Their Clinical Implications In Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
Oana Albai, Adina Braha, Romulus Timar, Sandra Lazar, Simona Popescu, Bogdan Timar
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity.2026; Volume 19: 1. CrossRef
Personalized Nutrition Through the Gut Microbiome in Metabolic Syndrome and Related Comorbidities
Julio Plaza-Diaz, Lourdes Herrera-Quintana, Jorge Olivares-Arancibia, Héctor Vázquez-Lorente
Nutrients.2026; 18(2): 290. CrossRef
Plasma GLP-1 (Glucagon-like Peptide-1) Depletion Is Correlated with Dysregulation of Adipocytokine in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With or Without Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): A Cross-Sectional Study Related to Gender-Sex Disparities
Zoubiri Houda, Saiah Wassila, Otmane Amel, Saidi Hamza, Makrelouf Mohamed, Aitabderrhmane Samir, Haddam Ali El Mahdi, Koceir Elhadj-Ahmed
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2026; 27(3): 1218. CrossRef
Phloroglucinaldehyde Alleviates High-Fat-Diet-Induced MAFLD via Its Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties
Jijun Tan, Jianhua He, Hongfu Zhang, Shusong Wu
Foods.2026; 15(3): 437. CrossRef
Synergistic Effects of Obesity and Hyperglycemia on Hippocampal Neurodegenerative Decline Disrupt the Neural Circuitry Regulating Motivation in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats
Martha Patricia Islas-Islas, Aleida Monserrat Coss-Orozco, Diana Moroni-González, Erick Flores-Cholula, José Everardo Avelino-Cruz, Julio Cesar Morales-Medina, Alfonso Diaz, Fabián Galindo-Ramírez, Samuel Treviño, Rubén Antonio Vázquez-Roque
Metabolites.2026; 16(2): 107. CrossRef
A predictive study of glycaemic reversal in Chinese individuals with prediabetes based on machine learning: a 5-year cohort study
Changshun Yan, Su Hu, Hangyu Cao, Rui Xu, Guiqiu Cao, Genshan Ma
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between Fatty Liver Index and Incident Diabetes according to Alcohol Consumption Status in Young Adults
Joonyub Lee, Kyungdo Han
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(6): 1342. CrossRef
Non-linear association of the alanine aminotransferase to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a secondary analysis of a Chinese cohort
Xiaoqing Lin, Yaoxuan Peng, Junjie Huang, Ziyang Huang
Frontiers in Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Distinct Circulating Biomarker Profiles Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in a Regional Cohort—A Cross-Sectional Study
Abdullah Alsrhani, Muhammad Atif, Aisha Farhana
Metabolites.2025; 15(12): 776. CrossRef

Complications
Diabetes Mellitus and Infectious Diseases: Current Evidence and Clinical Implications: Taeeun Kim, Sang-Ho Choi; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(5):915-933. Published online August 27, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0508

4,844 View
336 Download
5 Web of Science
7 Crossref

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Diabetes mellitus predisposes individuals to a broad spectrum of infections. People with diabetes face a 1.5- to 4-fold increased risk of both common and severe infections, and infections remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Chronic hyperglycemia impairs neutrophil chemotaxis, oxidative burst, and complement activation, while vascular insufficiency and neuropathy compromise tissue perfusion and barrier integrity. These defects, together with altered skin, mucosal, and gut microbiota, influence the marked susceptibility to urinary tract infections (especially renal abscess and emphysematous pyelonephritis), osteomyelitis, diabetic foot infections, pneumonia (including influenza), tuberculosis, skin and soft tissue infections, and lifethreatening syndromes such as emphysematous cholecystitis and rhino-orbital mucormycosis that are almost exclusive to people with diabetes. Outcomes from infections are worse in diabetes. Although the core therapeutic principles align with those for patients without diabetes, management should be individualized. Glycemic control should balance infection risk and hypoglycemia; antimicrobial dosing should account for renal function and drug interactions; and strict antimicrobial stewardship is required. If needed, prompt debridement and multidisciplinary intervention are necessary to mitigate complications and reduce mortality. Preventive care relies on comprehensive vaccination (influenza, pneumococcus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2], hepatitis B, herpes zoster, and Tdap/Td) and regular foot surveillance with offloading to avert ulceration.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Review on the Gut‐Kidney Axis Mechanism and Therapeutic Strategies in Diabetic Nephropathy
Qing Li, Mingrong Cheng, Xiaoyan Zhang
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin targets Staphylococcus aureus caseinolytic protease P to inhibit α-hemolysin expression and promote healing of MRSA-induced diabetic skin infections
Yan Wang, Shanshan Luo, Xinping Guo, Mengli Jin, Xingye Wang, Mingran Li, Shuang Jiang, Lin Wei, Mingjun Liu, Wu Song
Microbial Pathogenesis.2026; 212: 108296. CrossRef
Preoperative triglyceride–glucose index as a metabolic predictor of surgical site infection after posterior lumbar fusion
Yu Hua, Shaoxing Li, Yuan Jiang, Jinwang Liu
Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Development and validation of a risk nomogram model for predicting superficial fungal infections in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus : a cross-sectional study
Yu Li, Guozhong Zhou, Feifei Yang, Rong long, Wei Shi, Yan Dong, Yuanyuan Zhou, Nan Chen, Ying Yang
BMC Infectious Diseases.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Immunometabolic reprogramming in diabetic osteomyelitis: from mechanisms to therapeutics
Hui Zhang, Zi-Shan Fu, Ying Zhou, Song-Nan Wang, Si-Ying Ye, An-Na Wang, Jun-Tong Liu
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Risk of Acute Cholecystitis Based on Combination of Patient Age, Patient Sex, Leukocytosis, and Sonographic Murphy Sign
Hideaki Ishida, Hiroko Naganuma
Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Chronic Infections and Diabetes in Africa: A Narrative Review of Pathogen-Associated Metabolic Risk
Olabisi P Lawal, Fortune I Ebiala, Modinat Abayomi, Obiageri Ihuarulam Okeoma, Nana Ama Aduma Amankwah, John O Patrick, Queeneth Eguakun, Aliyu O Olaniyi
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Articles

Complications
Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Cilostazol/Extract of Ginkgo biloba vs. Aspirin in Carotid Atherosclerosis in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: You-Cheol Hwang, Mi Kyung Kim, Jung Hwan Park, Han Mi Yun, Sang Yong Kim, Soo Lim; Received February 24, 2025 Accepted May 16, 2025 Published online August 13, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0146 [Epub ahead of print]

1,652 View
78 Download

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
We conducted a prospective, randomized study to evaluate the combination of cilostazol (CTZ) and extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) and compare it with aspirin for the prevention of atherosclerosis progression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
One hundred five patients with T2DM and increased carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were randomly assigned to receive either CTZ 200 mg plus EGb 160 mg once daily or aspirin (ASA) 100 mg/day for 12 months. The primary endpoint was the change in maximum carotid IMT.
Results
The mean age and body mass index were 61.6±8.4 years and 25.2±3.1 kg/m² in the CTZ/EGb group and 61.6±7.6 years and 24.5±3.3 kg/m² in the ASA group, respectively. CTZ/EGb treatment reduced the maximum IMT in the bulb area (from 1.435±0.690 to 1.346±0.688 mm on the right; from 1.359±0.528 to 1.299±0.528 mm on the left), whereas ASA treatment did not, resulting in significant between-group differences (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in the common carotid and internal carotid arteries. The CTZ/EGb group showed a reduction in triglycerides and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Additionally, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase levels decreased only in the CTZ/EGb group. There were no significant differences in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score changes or adverse events (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT05906199).
Conclusion
Twelve months of CTZ/EGb combination therapy significantly attenuated the progression of carotid atherosclerosis compared with aspirin in patients with T2DM.

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Associations of Cardiocerebrovascular Risks and Exercise according to Menopausal Status in Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Cohort Study: Ji-Hee Ko, Sun Joon Moon, Kyung-Do Han, Hye-Mi Kwon, Se-Eun Park, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2026;50(1):101-114. Published online August 13, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0487

1,661 View
59 Download

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Menopausal status can increase the risk of cardiocerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs) in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Regular exercise is well-known to reduce this risk. This study explored the impact of exercise on CCVD and mortality in women with T2DM according to their menopausal status.
Methods
A total of 32,477 premenopausal and 53,690 postmenopausal Korean women with T2DM aged 40 to 60 years from a national health examination cohort (2009 to 2018) were included. We evaluated risks for stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and mortality based on exercise intensity. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were performed to obtain the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and 95% confidence interval.
Results
Exercise reduced stroke, MI, and mortality risks in women with T2DM, regardless of menopausal status. The highest effects of aHR compared to the sedentary group were 0.68 for stroke, 0.66 for MI, and 0.81 for mortality. Postmenopausal women experienced significant MI risk reductions at most exercise intensities, with the greatest reduction in the ≥1,500 metabolic equivalent of task score group unlike premenopausal women. However, stroke and mortality risk reductions in postmenopausal women were less pronounced compared to premenopausal women.
Conclusion
Exercise reduces CCVD risk in women with T2DM across menopausal status. Postmenopausal women with T2DM had more benefits from exercise on MI but fewer benefits on stroke and mortality than premenopausal women. In premenopausal women with T2DM, exercise was not associated with a lower MI risk.

Complications
Targeting SLC25A33 Suppresses Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Migration by Reducing Cytosolic mtDNA Levels: Implications for Occlusive Vascular Diseases: Daehoon Kim, Jieun Shin, Yeon-Kyung Choi, You Mie Lee, Keun-Gyu Park, Hyang Sook Kim, Jun-Kyu Byun; Diabetes Metab J. 2026;50(1):139-152. Published online July 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0632

1,897 View
69 Download

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a crucial role in the development of occlusive vascular diseases through abnormal proliferation and migration. This pathological behavior is closely associated with mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage. The mitochondrial carrier protein solute carrier family 25 member 33 (SLC25A33), essential for nucleoside transport, is integral to mtDNA production. This study aimed to investigate the effects of SLC25A33 inhibition on the proliferation and migration of VSMCs, as well as its impact on neointima formation.
Methods
VSMCs were isolated from the thoracic aorta of 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The effects of small interfering RNAinduced silencing of SLC25A33 mRNA on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced proliferation and migration of VSMCs were analyzed. The in vivo effects of targeting the SLC25A33 gene on neointima formation were evaluated using a murine carotid artery ligation model by perivascularly applying Lenti-shSLC25A33 with Pluronic F-127 gel.
Results
First, we observed an upregulation of the SLC25A33 protein in the carotid artery ligation-induced neointima in mice. Silencing of SLC25A33 suppressed the PDGF-stimulated proliferation and migration of VSMCs and cell cycle progression. Knockdown of SLC25A33 inhibited PDGF-induced production of mtDNA and ROS, consequently inactivating the cyclic GMP-AMP synthesis (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. Furthermore, the downregulation of SLC25A33 reduced carotid artery ligation-induced neointima in mice.
Conclusion
This study suggests that targeting SLC25A33 in VSMCs could be a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent occlusive vascular diseases.

Review

Pharmacotherapy
Exploring the Side Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist: To Ensure Its Optimal Positioning: Jung A Kim, Hye Jin Yoo; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(4):525-541. Published online July 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0242

25,674 View
1,144 Download
8 Web of Science
14 Crossref

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Although glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have demonstrated considerable efficacy in the treatment of diabetes and obesity, it is essential to recognize that their use is associated with certain intrinsic risks that must not be disregarded. The incidence of adverse effects, particularly gastrointestinal complications, psychiatric disorders, and ocular problems, highlights the critical need for thorough patient assessment and continuous monitoring to ensure both the safety and effectiveness of treatment. Despite the possibility of adverse events, GLP-1 RAs continue to represent a crucial therapeutic modality for metabolic disturbances. This highlights the significance of ongoing research initiatives aimed at optimizing their safe utilization and refining current treatment protocols to improve patient outcomes. This review summarizes updated research findings regarding the adverse effects of GLP-1 RAs, their mechanisms of action, and guidelines for clinical application.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Engineered exosomal delivery of semaglutide activates SIRT1–FOXO3a–miR-124 signaling and protects against cortical neuroinflammation
Elsayed A. Elmorsy, Sameh Saber, Ahmed Y. Kira, Manal Mohamed Hatem, Mohammed Alorini, Suzan Awad AbdelGhany Morsy, Hamad Alsaykhan, Abdulaziz A. Alsalloom, Nahla B. Mohamed, Norah Suliman Alsoqih, Rabab S. Hamad, Youssef El-Sayed, Nagwa Mahmoud Ramadan,
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology.2026; 118: 108078. CrossRef
Gastrointestinal Adverse Effects of GLP-1 and Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonists: A Comprehensive Update in Diabetic and Obese Populations
Nimet Yılmaz, Mehmet Bastemir
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity.2026; Volume 19: 1. CrossRef
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Acute Pancreatitis: Current Evidence and Clinical Implications
Kwang Hyun Chung, Jaihwan Kim
The Korean Journal of Pancreas and Biliary Tract.2026; 31(1): 1. CrossRef
Single vs. Dual Agonist Pharmacotherapy for Managing Insufficient Weight Loss and Weight Regain Following Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: A Comparative Review
Claudia Reytor-González, Martín Campuzano-Donoso, Gerardo Sarno, Martha Montalvan, Raquel Horowitz, Gianluca Rossetti, Vincenzo Pilone, Luigi Barrea, Giovanna Muscogiuri, Luigi Schiavo, Daniel Simancas-Racines
Nutrients.2026; 18(4): 553. CrossRef
Oral Administration of Crocus sativus Tepals Extract Restores High‐Fat Diet‐Induced Gut Dysbiosis and Modulates Intestinal Inflammation and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism
Biljana Bursać, Miloš Vratarić, Ljupka Gligorovska, Luisa Bellachioma, Ana Teofilović, Danijela Vojnović Milutinović, Camilla Morresi, Elisabetta Damiani, Tiziana Bacchetti, Ana Djordjevic
BioFactors.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Response to comment on “Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists in the management of obstructive sleep apnea in individuals without diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials”
Chia Siang Kow, Dinesh Sangarran Ramachandram, Syed Shahzad Hasan, Kaeshaelya Thiruchelvam
Sleep Medicine.2025; 134: 106709. CrossRef
Emerging Frontiers in GLP-1 Therapeutics: A Comprehensive Evidence Base (2025)
Shikha Patel, Sarfaraz K. Niazi
Pharmaceutics.2025; 17(8): 1036. CrossRef
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Mood Disorders: A Psychiatric Perspective
Pietro Carmellini, Alessandro Cuomo, Maria Beatrice Rescalli, Andrea Fagiolini
Life.2025; 15(9): 1422. CrossRef
Development of a risk prediction model for gastrointestinal adverse events associated with semaglutide administration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Deyong Yue, Xuesheng Hua, Ling Zhu, Jun Wang, Lihua Gu, Zhengxia Yuan, Wenle Jian, Yirong Chen, Guoliang Meng
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Bridging Efficacy and Adherence in Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Therapy: The Emerging Role of Oral Agents
Sherry Yun Wang, Ryan Stofer, Hao Wang, Gregory A. Brent, Lu Shi, Yu Cai, Moom Roosan, Tannaz Moin
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(6): 1331. CrossRef
Semaglutide from Bench to Bedside: The Experimental Journey Towards a Transformative Therapy for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolic Liver Disorders
Ralf Weiskirchen, Amedeo Lonardo
Medical Sciences.2025; 13(4): 265. CrossRef
Seizure recurrence after GLP‐1 receptor agonist initiation in adults with epilepsy
Majd A. AbuAlrob, Abdullah Hussein, Rand Abdellatif, Adham Itbaisha, Khaled Zammar, Boulenouar Mesraoua
Epilepsia.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Nutrient-Stimulated Hormone-Based Therapies: Transforming Obesity Management
Ki Hoon Kwak, Chang Hee Jung
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(6): 879. CrossRef
Research Progress of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
琳娜勾
Advances in Clinical Medicine.2025; 15(12): 2047. CrossRef

Original Article

Pathophysiology
Enavogliflozin, an SGLT2 Inhibitor, Improves Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Induced by High-Fat, High-Cholesterol Diet: Phuc Thi Minh Pham, Giang Nguyen, So Young Park, Thuy Linh Lai, Dae-Hee Choi, Jeana Hong, Seon Mee Kang, Eun-Hee Cho; Diabetes Metab J. 2026;50(1):165-177. Published online June 16, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0259

3,173 View
117 Download
1 Web of Science
1 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, a progressive condition caused by the accumulation of fat in the liver, begins with simple steatosis and can potentially progress to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) in the presence of inflammation and fibrosis, ultimately leading to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Increasing evidence indicates that sodiumglucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors effectively alleviate MASH in mouse models. However, there is a lack of research on the effects of enavogliflozin on liver disease. In the present study, we investigated the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on MASH induced by a high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet in mice.
Methods
Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a normal chow diet, HFHC diet, or HFHC diet with enavogliflozin for 12 weeks. LX-2 and HepG2 cells were treated with enavogliflozin in the presence of various pathological stimuli.
Results
The HFHC diet induced excessive hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation, and severe fibrosis. Administration of enavogliflozin not only ameliorated hepatic steatosis and fibrotic conditions but also suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines. Positive outcomes were also observed in in vitro experiments, where enavogliflozin demonstrated the ability to impede the activation of hepatic stellate cells and alleviate lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. The potential pathway through which enavogliflozin attenuated liver fibrosis development may be associated with the transforming growth factor β1/Smad signaling pathway.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that enavogliflozin is effective in a mouse model of MASH by attenuating hepatic steatosis, suppressing inflammation, and improving liver fibrosis.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

SGLT2 Inhibitors as Systemic Metabolic Modulators: Linking Glucose Excretion to Liver Function Restoration
Seung Wan Noh, Han Sol Ryu, Yong-Ho Kim, Byung-Chul Oh
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(6): 851. CrossRef

Review

Others
Differences between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity Management: Medical, Social, and Public Health Perspectives: Soo Lim, Ga Eun Nam, Arya M. Sharma; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(4):565-579. Published online June 11, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0278

5,595 View
266 Download
1 Crossref

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are among the most urgent global public health challenges, yet differ markedly in recognition and management across medical, social, infrastructure, and policy domains. T2DM is supported by clear diagnostic criteria, defined treatment targets, and broad acceptance as a chronic disease. In contrast, obesity is assessed using imprecise metrics like body mass index, lacks standardized treatment goals, and is often misunderstood as a lifestyle issue rather than a chronic, relapsing disease. This misconception contributes to stigma, discrimination, and unrealistic patient expectations. T2DM receives substantial research funding, comprehensive clinical guidelines, and structured medical education, with strong support from large professional societies and multidisciplinary care models. Obesity care remains underfunded, inconsistently delivered, and underrepresented in medical training. Public health and policy efforts strongly favor T2DM, providing coordinated programs, insurance coverage, and regulatory oversight. Conversely, obesity is marginalized, with limited policy influence and a largely unregulated commercial weight-loss industry. Bridging these disparities requires adopting lessons from T2DM management—such as evidence-based guidelines, improved provider training, expanded insurance coverage, and public health strategies—to enhance obesity care and recognize it as a chronic disease requiring long-term, structured management.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Advances in Mechanism, Therapeutic Applications, and Future Perspectives
Megha Pawar, Chandrashekhar Patil, Zubershaha Fakir, Durgesh Pagar, Sunil Mahajan
BioMed Target Journal.2025; : 2. CrossRef

Original Articles

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Ultra-Processed Food Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies: Yujin Kim, Yoonkyoung Cho, Jin Eui Kim, Dong Hoon Lee, Hannah Oh; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(5):1064-1074. Published online June 9, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0706; Correction in: Diabetes Metab J 2026;50(1):211

6,281 View
355 Download
4 Web of Science
3 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Although some studies suggest a positive association between ultra-processed food (UPF) intake and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), little is known about the exact shape and risks associated with different units (percentage of g/day, absolute g/day, serving/day) of UPF intake and whether the association is independent of diet quality, total energy intake, and body mass index (BMI).
Methods
Prospective studies published through January 2024 were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using random-effects models. A nonlinear dose-response meta-analysis was conducted using restricted cubic spline analysis.
Results
After screening 569 publications, a total of 12 prospective cohort studies were included. Comparing the highest vs. lowest categories of intake, summary RR for T2DM risk was 1.48 (95% CI, 1.36 to 1.61). Higher summary RRs were observed among studies from Europe and North America. Among individual UPF subgroups, processed meats (summary RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.54) were positively associated, whereas ultra-processed cereals and breads (0.98; 95% CI, 0.97 to 0.99) and packaged savory snacks (0.92; 95% CI, 0.88 to 0.95) were inversely associated. The summary RRs associated with every 10% (of g/day), 100-g/day, and 1-serving/day increase in UPF intake were 1.14 (95% CI, 1.11 to 1.17), 1.05 (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.06), and 1.04 (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.05), respectively. The dose-response curve for absolute g/d intake suggested nonlinearity, showing a steeper risk increase approximately at >300 g/day. The associations persisted after adjustment for diet quality, energy intake, or BMI.
Conclusion
Our data suggest that UPF intake increases diabetes risk, with a potential threshold effect at 300 g/day.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Ultra-Processed Food Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies (Diabetes Metab J 2025;49:1064-74)
Lirong Hu, Aiji Chen, Gang Tian
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2026; 50(1): 194. CrossRef
Ultra-Processed Food Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies (Diabetes Metab J 2025;49:1064-74)
Yujin Kim, Hannah Oh
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2026; 50(1): 208. CrossRef
Trends in sales of sugar-sweetened beverages and associated type 2 diabetes burden in nine African countries: an ecological time-series analysis
Caroline H. Karugu, Gershim Asiki, Senzo Mthembu, Samuel Iddi, Peter M. Kaberia, Shukri F. Mohamed, Richard E. Sanya, Sylvia Kiwuwa-Muyingo, Stefanie Vandevijvere, Charles Agyemang
Global Health Action.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Comparative Efficacy of Initial Statin and Ezetimibe Combination versus Statin Monotherapy on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Cohort Study: Minji Sohn, Young-Hwan Park, Soo Lim; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(6):1318-1330. Published online June 5, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0482

8,779 View
358 Download
1 Web of Science
2 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
This study aimed to assess the efficacy of an initial combination therapy of statin and ezetimibe compared with statin monotherapy on major cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with diabetes.
Methods
In this population-based cohort study using National Health Insurance Service data (2010–2020), we included adults with diabetes who had not previously used any lipid-lowering medications. Those initiating statin monotherapy were matched 1:1 using propensity scores with patients starting combination therapy with a lower-potency statin and ezetimibe. This matching process resulted in 21,458 individuals in the primary prevention cohort and 10,094 in the secondary prevention cohort, respectively. The primary endpoint was a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death. Hospitalizations for heart failure, angina, and all-cause mortality were analyzed. The impact of ezetimibe maintenance on the primary endpoint was analyzed, and other hospitalizations were categorized as adverse events.
Results
Compared with statin monotherapy, statin-ezetimibe combination significantly reduced the incidence of the primary endpoint (4.85 vs. 3.25 per 1,000 person-years: hazard ratio [HR], 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56 to 0.81 in the primary cohort; and 19.5 vs. 15.7 per 1,000 person-years: HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.91 in the secondary cohort) and myocardial infarction (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.46 to 0.82 in the primary cohort; and HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.89 in the secondary cohort). A longer maintenance period of ezetimibe was significantly related to better efficacy in the composite cardiovascular outcomes. High-intensity statin monotherapy was associated with an elevated risk of liver, muscle, and diabetes-related hospitalization in the primary prevention cohort.
Conclusion
Initial therapy with a statin-ezetimibe combination is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular events and fewer adverse events compared to statin monotherapy in individuals with diabetes, over a mean follow-up of 5.5 years (up to 9 years).

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Cardiovascular outcomes and adverse drug reactions associated with the use of ezetimibe in combination with a statin in diabetes mellitus patients with higher risk for myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis
Yan Zhou, Ji Jin
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Sirtuins and regulatory miRNAs as epigenetic determinants of empagliflozin-mediated recovery after acute myocardial infarction
Anna Nowak-Szwed, Ceren Eyileten, Zofia Wicik, Sara Ahmadova, Jeff Palatini, Jolanta Siller-Matula, Dirk von Lewinski, Harald Sourij, Marek Postula
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Reviews

Basic and Translational Research
Metabolic Sparks in the Liver: Metabolic and Epigenetic Reprogramming in Hepatic Stellate Cells Activation and Its Implications for Human Metabolic Diseases: Yeon Jin Roh, Hyeonki Kim, Dong Wook Choi; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(3):368-385. Published online May 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0195

5,227 View
165 Download
2 Web of Science
4 Crossref

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

The liver plays a fundamental role in metabolic homeostasis, integrating systemic fuel utilization with the progression of various metabolic diseases. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are a key nonparenchymal cell type in the liver, which is essential for maintaining hepatic architecture in their quiescent state. However, upon chronic liver injury or metabolic stress, HSCs become activated, leading to excessive extracellular matrix deposition and pro-fibrotic signaling, ultimately positioning them as key players in liver pathology. Emerging evidence highlights the critical roles of metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic regulation in HSCs activation. HSCs activation is driven by both intrinsic fuel metabolism reprogramming and extrinsic metabolic cues from the microenvironment, while the metabolic intermediates actively reshape the epigenetic landscape, reinforcing fibrogenic transcriptional programs. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding how metabolic and epigenetic alterations drive HSCs activation, thereby shaping transcriptional programs that sustain fibrosis, and discuss potential therapeutic strategies to target these interconnected pathways in human metabolic diseases.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Burden of MASLD and liver fibrosis: evidence from Phenome India cohort
Meghana Arvind, Anshul Verma, Sreeshma Raj K, Satyartha Prakash, Vignesh S. Kumar, Mohammad Azhar Uddin, Ayushi Narayan, Mamta Rathore, Nancy Rawat, Ankita Sahu, Yogesh Kumar, Pulkit Hasmukhbhai Leuva, Monika Sharma, Rajesh S, Dwaipayan Saha, Ankita Mridh
The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia.2026; 45: 100723. CrossRef
Hepatic stellate cell-specific miR-214 expression alleviates liver fibrosis without boosting steatosis and inflammation
Fangqing Zhao, Xuan Niu, Ge Song, Lijie Wang, Yisheng Fu, Shuwen Li, Xinxin Gu, Qingkun Wang, Jiao Luo
Journal of Translational Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
PPARs in molecular pathogenesis and drug treatment of type 2 diabetes-related MASLD
Amedeo Lonardo, Ralf Weiskirchen
Exploration of Digestive Diseases.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Breaking Glycolysis Barriers to Immunotherapy with Nanomedicines
Miya Zhang, Yanhong Ren, Jiaping Li, Jiaji Yu, Qianqi Li, Heng Zhao, Zheng Wang, Xiaoyuan Chen, Junjie Cheng
ACS Nano Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Basic and Translational Research
Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Network in the Pathogenesis of Obesity, Diabetes, Steatotic Liver Disease, and Cardiovascular Disease: Joonyub Lee, Won Gun Choi, Marie Rhee, Seung-Hwan Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(3):348-367. Published online May 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0184

6,851 View
223 Download
6 Web of Science
8 Crossref

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed particles carrying bioactive cargo, including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, facilitating intercellular and interorgan communication. In addition to traditional mediators such as hormones, metabolites, and cytokines, increasing evidence suggests that EVs are key modulators in various physiological and pathological processes, particularly influencing metabolic homeostasis and contributing to the progression of cardiometabolic diseases. This review provides an overview of the most recent insights into EV-mediated mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, steatotic liver disease, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. EVs play a critical role in modulating insulin sensitivity, glucose homeostasis, systemic inflammation, and vascular health by transferring functional molecules to target cells. Understanding the EV-mediated network offers potential for identifying novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets, providing opportunities for EV-based interventions in cardiometabolic disease management. Although many challenges remain, this evolving field highlights the need for further research into EV biology and its translational applications in cardiovascular and metabolic health.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Postbiotics in Functional Foods: Microbial Derivatives Shaping Health, Immunity and Next‐Generation Nutrition
Alice Njolke Mafe, Javad Sharifi‐Rad, Daniela Calina, Ayobami Joshua Ogunyemi, Abiola O. Tubi
Food Frontiers.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Decoding the Endocrine Code of Skeletal Muscle: Myokines, Exerkines, and Inter-Organ Crosstalk in Metabolic Health and Disease
Young-Sool Hah, Jeongyun Hwang, Seung-Jun Lee, Seung-Jin Kwag
Cells.2026; 15(4): 318. CrossRef
Extracellular Vesicles: Biology, Intercellular Communication and Therapeutic Potential in Diabetes
Swayam Prakash Srivastava, Lydia Herrmann, Eden Ozkan, Abhiram Kunamneni, Vinamra Swaroop, Geetika Nehra, Rohit Srivastava, Pratima Tripathi, Ken Inoki, Julie E. Goodwin
Advanced Therapeutics.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between dyslipidemia and elevated liver enzymes: A cross-sectional study from the PERSIAN Guilan cohort study
Milad Shahdkar, Mahdi Orang Goorabzarmakhi, Mahdi Shafizadeh, Farahnaz Joukar, Saman Maroufizadeh, Niloofar Faraji, Tahereh Zeinali, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
Endocrine and Metabolic Science.2025; 19: 100272. CrossRef
Molecular Signatures of Obesity-Associated Infertility in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: The Emerging Role of Exosomal microRNAs and Non-Coding RNAs
Charalampos Voros, Georgios Papadimas, Despoina Mavrogianni, Aristotelis-Marios Koulakmanidis, Diamantis Athanasiou, Kyriakos Bananis, Antonia Athanasiou, Aikaterini Athanasiou, Ioannis Papapanagiotou, Dimitrios Vaitsis, Charalampos Tsimpoukelis, Maria An
Genes.2025; 16(9): 1101. CrossRef
Molecular mechanisms linking adipose tissue-derived small extracellular vesicles/exosomes to the development or amelioration of obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes-related complications
Linfeng Chen, Fatemeh Amraee, Sahar Sadegh-Nejadi, Mostafa Saberian, Seyed Arsalan Ghahari, Xiaolei Miao, Giuseppe Lisco, Reza Afrisham
European Journal of Medical Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Mitochondria-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) for Cardiac Bioenergetics Restoration: A Scoping Review of Preclinical Mechanisms and Source-Specific Strategies
Dhienda C. Shahannaz, Tadahisa Sugiura, Taizo Yoshida
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(22): 11052. CrossRef
A Comprehensive Insight Into the Roles of Exosomal circRNAs in Metabolic Syndrome
Azadeh Taherpour, Safieh Ebrahimi, Farshad Mirzavi
BioFactors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Articles

Basic and Translational Research
Macrophage-Specific Progranulin Deficiency Prevents Diet-Induced Obesity through the Inhibition of Hypothalamic and Adipose Tissue Inflammation: Chan Hee Lee, Chae Beom Park, Hyun-Kyong Kim, Won Hee Jang, Se Hee Min, Jae Bum Kim, Min-Seon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(4):784-797. Published online March 11, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0486

4,838 View
202 Download
3 Web of Science
5 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Chronic low-grade inflammation in multiple metabolic organs contributes to the development of insulin resistance induced by obesity. Progranulin (PGRN) is an evolutionarily-conserved secretory protein implicated in immune modulation. The generalized deletion of the PGRN-encoded Grn gene improves insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in obese mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). However, it remains unclear which cells or organs are responsible for the beneficial metabolic effect of Grn depletion.
Methods
Considering the critical role of macrophages in HFD-induced obesity and inflammation, we generated mice with a macrophage-specific Grn depletion (Grn-MΦKO mice) by mating lysozyme M (LysM)-Cre and Grn-floxed mice. Body weight, food intake, energy expenditure, and glucose and insulin tolerance were compared between Grn-MΦKO mice and their wildtype (WT) controls under normal chow diet (NCD)- or HFD-fed conditions. We also examined macrophage activation and inflammation- related gene expression in the visceral adipose tissue and hypothalamus along with insulin and leptin signaling.
Results
Grn-MΦKO mice showed no alteration in metabolic phenotypes under NCD-fed conditions. However, upon HFD feeding, these mice exhibited less weight gain and improved glucose and insulin tolerance compared to WT mice. Moreover, HFD-induced macrophage activation and proinflammatory cytokine expression were significantly reduced in both the adipose tissue and hypothalamus of Grn-MΦKO mice, while HFD-induced impairments in leptin and insulin signaling showed improvement.
Conclusion
Macrophage-derived PGRN and possibly other Grn products play a critical role in the development of HFD-induced obesity, tissue inflammation, and impaired hormonal signaling in both central and peripheral metabolic organs.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Tissue-specific immune and MAPK signatures in models of reduced Progranulin and Western diet
Andrea R. Merchak, Maria Elizabeth de Sousa Rodrigues, Cassandra Cole, Noelle Neighbarger, Nilay Bhavsar, Rebecca L. Wallings, Valerie Joers, Jianjun Chang, Sean D. Kelly, Timothy R. Sampson, Malú Gámez Tansey
Neurobiology of Disease.2026; 220: 107287. CrossRef
Role of Macrophage-Derived Progranulin in Energy and Glucose Metabolism
Do Kyeong Song
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(4): 580. CrossRef
The Adipokine Hypothesis of Heart Failure With a Preserved Ejection Fraction
Milton Packer
JACC.2025; 86(16): 1269. CrossRef
Serum Granulin Concentrations Are Elevated in Prediabetes and Newly Diagnosed Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study
Yu-Hsuan Chou, Yuan Kao, Ka Chon Chan, Hsuan-Wen Chou, Yu-Cheng Liang, Hung-Tsung Wu, Horng-Yih Ou
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(18): 6566. CrossRef
TNFR2 signaling in musculoskeletal diseases: Implications for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
Emily Qian, Ryan S MacLeod, Chuan-Ju Liu
Journal of Leukocyte Biology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Type 1 Diabetes
Global Burden of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Related Chronic Kidney Disease among Adolescents and Young Adults, and Projections to 2035: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021: Xiaoli Qu, Chongbin Liu, Lin Sun, Zhifeng Sheng; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(4):812-825. Published online March 10, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0544

10,278 View
293 Download
2 Web of Science
3 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Type 1 diabetes mellitus related chronic kidney disease (T1DM-CKD) presents a global health challenge, with unclear trends and patterns among adolescents and young adults. This study analyzed the burden and risk factors of T1DM-CKD in individuals aged 15 to 39 from 1990 to 2021 and predicted future trends.
Methods
Using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2021, we analyzed the prevalence, incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and average annual percentage change (AAPC) of T1DM-CKD among youth across gender, sociodemographic index (SDI) areas, and data from 21 regions and 204 countries and territories. Risk factors were assessed and future trends were projected.
Results
Between 1990 and 2021, the global prevalence of T1DM-CKD aged 15 to 39 increased by 107.5% to 3.32 million, with an age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) of 111.44 per 100,000 (AAPC 1.33%). Incidence rose by 165.4% to 14,200, with an agestandardized incidence rate of 0.48 per 100,000 (AAPC 2.19%). However, age-standardized mortality rate (0.50 per 100,000, AAPC –0.87%) and age-standardized DALYs rate (30.61 per 100,000, AAPC –0.83%) decreased. ASPR increased across all SDI regions, especially in high-SDI countries. High fasting glucose remained the major risk factor influencing DALYs. By 2035, T1DM-CKD prevalence was projected to decrease to 2.86 million (ASPR 89.67 per 100,000).
Conclusion
The research revealed a global increase in T1DM-CKD among youth, with a shift towards younger onset and significant variations based on gender and location, emphasizing the importance of early prevention and management strategies for this demographic.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease and its associated anemia, 1990 to 2021 and predictions to 2050: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021
Qiao Qi, Yongtao Hu, Qiqi Shen, Kun Tang, Jie Yu, Yuexian Xu, Qingfeng Huang, Bingbing Hou, Zongyao Hao
BMC Nephrology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Global Burden of Severe Heart Failure Attributable to Chronic Kidney Disease in Diabetes Populations: A Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Xingfang Wang, Dun Su
British Journal of Hospital Medicine.2025; 86(8): 1. CrossRef
Comprehensive epidemiological analysis of chronic kidney disease in adolescents and young adults (ages 10–24 years) from 1990 to 2021
Zheping Yuan, Li Wei, Xuezhong Gong, Jun Li
BMJ Open.2025; 15(10): e104587. CrossRef

Guideline/Statement/Fact Sheet
Prevalence, Incidence, and Metabolic Characteristics of Young Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in South Korea (2010–2020): Ji Yoon Kim, Jiyoon Lee, Joon Ho Moon, Se Eun Park, Seung-Hyun Ko, Sung Hee Choi, Nam Hoon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(2):172-182. Published online March 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0826

6,845 View
410 Download
7 Web of Science
7 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
This study aimed to examine trends in the prevalence, incidence, metabolic characteristics, and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among young adults in South Korea.
Methods
Young adults with T2DM were defined as individuals aged 19 to 39 years who met the diagnostic criteria for T2DM. Data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Customized Database (2010–2020, n=225,497–372,726) were analyzed to evaluate trends in T2DM prevalence, incidence, metabolic profiles, comorbidities, and antidiabetic drug prescription. Additional analyses were performed using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Results
The prevalence of T2DM in young adults significantly increased from 1.02% in 2010 to 2.02% in 2020 (P<0.001), corresponding to 372,726 patients in 2020. Over the same period, the incidence rate remained stable within the range of 0.36% to 0.45%. Prediabetes prevalence steadily increased from 15.53% to 20.92%, affecting 3.87 million individuals in 2020. The proportion of young adults with T2DM who were obese also increased, with 67.8% having a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m² and 31.6% having a BMI ≥30 kg/m² in 2020. The prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and fatty liver disease also increased, reaching 34.2%, 79.8%, and 78.9%, respectively, in 2020. Although the overall pharmacological treatment rate remained low, the prescription of antidiabetic medications with weight-reducing properties increased over the study period.
Conclusion
The prevalence of T2DM among young adults in South Korea nearly doubled over the past decade. The strong association with obesity and metabolic comorbidities emphasizes the urgent need for targeted prevention and management strategies tailored to this population.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Association of temporal MASLD with type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and mortality
Eugene Han, Kyung-Do Han, Yong-ho Lee, Kyung-Soo Kim, Sangmo Hong, Jung Hwan Park, Cheol-Young Park
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Fenofibrate therapy and risk of heart failure outcomes in patients with Type 2 diabetes: a propensity-matched cohort study
Ji Yoon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Jiyoon Lee, Dong-Hoon Kim, Sin Gon Kim
European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy.2025; 11(7): 620. CrossRef
Young Adults at Risk: Tackling the Surge of Early‑Onset Type 2 Diabetes in Korea
Eun-Hee Cho
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(4): 542. CrossRef
Young patients with type 2 diabetes have high relative risks for complications in a country with middle-high sociodemographic index, similarly to those countries with high index
Gergő A. Molnár, Zoltán Kiss, István Wittmann
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring Versus Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in People With Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Non-Intensive Insulin Therapy in South Korea
Ji Yoon Kim, Sabrina Ilham, Hamza Alshannaq, Richard F. Pollock, Martin Field, Gregory J. Norman, Sang-Man Jin, Jae Hyeon Kim
Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Can screening for albuminuria detect type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Mi Kyung Kim
Kidney Research and Clinical Practice.2025; 44(6): 857. CrossRef
Association between severe acute pancreatitis and new-onset diabetes: a propensity score-matched real-world study
Djibril M. Ba, Phil A. Hart, Tian Qiu, Somashekar G. Krishna, Xiang Gao, Douglas L. Leslie, David Bradley, Jennifer Maranki, Kadiyatu Fofana, Vernon M. Chinchilli, Ariana R. Pichardo-Lowden
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Trends in Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity by Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Income among United States Adults, 1999 to 2018: Wen Zeng, Weijiao Zhou, Junlan Pu, Juan Li, Xiao Hu, Yuanrong Yao, Shaomei Shang; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(3):475-484. Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0364

4,823 View
192 Download
5 Web of Science
7 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
This study aimed to estimate temporal trends in metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) among United States (US) adults by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and income from 1999 to 2018.
Methods
We included 17,230 non-pregnant adults from a nationally representative cross-sectional study, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). MUO was defined as body mass index ≥30 kg/m² with any metabolic disorders in blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood lipids. The age-adjusted percentage of MUO was calculated, and linear regression models estimated trends in MUO.
Results
The weighted mean age of adults was 47.28 years; 51.02% were male, 74.64% were non-Hispanic White. The age-adjusted percentage of MUO continuously increased in adults across all subgroups during 1999–2018, although with different magnitudes (all P<0.05 for linear trend). Adults aged 45 to 64 years consistently had higher percentages of MUO from 1999–2000 (34.25%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 25.85% to 42.66%) to 2017–2018 (42.03%; 95% CI, 35.09% to 48.97%) than the other two age subgroups (P<0.05 for group differences). The age-adjusted percentage of MUO was the highest among non-Hispanic Blacks while the lowest among non-Hispanic Whites in most cycles. Adults with high-income levels generally had lower MUO percentages from 1999–2000 (22.63%; 95% CI, 17.00% to 28.26%) to 2017–2018 (32.36%; 95% CI, 23.87% to 40.85%) compared with the other two subgroups.
Conclusion
This study detected a continuous linear increasing trend in MUO among US adults from 1999 to 2018. The persistence of disparities by age, race/ethnicity, and income is a cause for concern. This calls for implementing evidence-based, structural, and effective MUO prevention programs.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Repercussions of racial, gender, and class inequities on food and nutrition conditions: Implications for public health
Tatiana Palotta Minari
Nutrition.2026; 142: 112995. CrossRef
Addressing the Persistent Increase and Inequities in Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity: Toward an Understanding of Clinical Obesity
Young Sang Lyu, Sang Yong Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(3): 405. CrossRef
Liver and obesity: a narrative review
Amedeo Lonardo, Ralf Weiskirchen
Exploration of Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Cost-effectiveness of Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty for Obesity: Sufficient Evidence Supporting a Higher Utilization?
JIANRONG ZHANG
Techniques and Innovations in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2025; 27(4): 250933. CrossRef
Anthropometric Obesity Phenotypes in Young Physically Active Men: The Role of Body Composition and Fat Distribution
Agnieszka Wasiluk, Jerzy Saczuk, Ryszard Asienkiewicz
Life.2025; 15(12): 1808. CrossRef
Residual cholesterol inflammatory index and its prognostic role in mortality among individuals with cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome stages 0–3 based on U.S. and Chinese national cohorts
Shouxin Wei, Sijia Yu, Chuan Qian, Zhengwen Xu, Yindong Jia
European Journal of Medical Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Cross-national comparison of metabolic syndrome prevalence and related medication use in South Korea and the United States, 2007–2020: Evidence from KHANES and NHANES
Hajung Joo, Eunchae Lee, Juyeong Kim, Seohyun Hong, Jinyoung Jeong, Jaehyun Kong, Yoon Lee, Hyunjee Kim, Lee Smith, Ho Geol Woo, Dong Keon Yon
Medicine.2025; 104(50): e46484. CrossRef

Basic and Translational Research
Serotonin Regulates Lipogenesis and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Alcoholic Liver Disease: Inseon Hwang, Jung Eun Nam, Wonsuk Choi, Won Gun Choi, Eunji Lee, Hyeongseok Kim, Young-Ah Moon, Jun Yong Park, Hail Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(4):798-811. Published online February 5, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0215

5,301 View
211 Download
2 Web of Science
2 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) is a monoamine neurotransmitter that has various functions in central and peripheral tissues. While 5-HT is known to regulate various biological processes in liver, direct role of 5-HT and its receptors, especially 5-HT receptor 2A (HTR2A) and HTR2B, in development and progression of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) in vivo is not well understood.
Methods
Blood 5-HT level was measured from both human ALD patients and ethanol (EtOH) diet-fed mouse models. Gut-specific tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) knockout mice, liver-specific Htr2a knockout mice, and liver-specific Htr2b knockout mice were fed with EtOH diet. Then we evaluated liver damage, hepatic steatosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and inflammation.
Results
Blood 5-HT concentrations are increased in both humans and mice with ALD. Both gut-specific Tph1 knockout and liver- specific Htr2a knockout mice are resistant to steatosis by down-regulating lipogenic pathways in liver of chronic EtOH diet-fed mice. Moreover, genetic inhibition of both gut-derived serotonin (GDS) synthesis and hepatic HTR2A signaling prevents ER stress in liver of chronic EtOH diet-fed mice. Additionally, we found that ablation of HTR2A signaling protects against disease progression by attenuating liver injury and inflammation in chronic plus binge EtOH diet-fed mice. Also, inhibiting HTR2A signaling ameliorates alcohol-induced liver injury and ER stress in an acute EtOH diet-fed mice model.
Conclusion
GDS directly regulates lipogenesis and ER stress via signaling through hepatic HTR2A in the context of ALD. Inhibiting HTR2A signaling protects against alcohol-induced steatosis, liver injury and disease progression in various ALD mouse models and may also provide a novel therapeutic strategy for ALD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Oxidative stress modulation in alcohol-related liver disease: From chinese botanical drugs to exercise-based interventions
Yuting Zhu, Yuqing Jia, Enming Zhang
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Lactoferrin alleviates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via remodeling gut microbiota to regulate serotonin-related pathways
Li Ding, Jia-Ying Xu, Li-Li Zhang, Yan Liu, Kai-Tian Gu, Yan-Zi Liang, Khemayanto Hidayat, Zhongxiao Wan, Guo-Chong Chen, Li-Qiang Qin
Journal of Advanced Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Complications
Does 10-Year Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Predict Incident Diabetic Nephropathy and Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? Results from Two Prospective Cohort Studies in Southern China: Jiaheng Chen, Yu Ting Li, Zimin Niu, Zhanpeng He, Yao Jie Xie, Jose Hernandez, Wenyong Huang, Harry H.X. Wang, on Behalf of the Guangzhou Diabetic Eye Study Group; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(2):298-310. Published online February 4, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0239

5,353 View
171 Download
1 Web of Science
1 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Diabetic macrovascular and microvascular complications often coexist and may share similar risk factors and pathological pathways. We aimed to investigate whether 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk, which is commonly assessed in diabetes management, can predict incident diabetic nephropathy (DN) and retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
This prospective cohort study enrolled 2,891 patients with clinically diagnosed T2DM who were free of ASCVD, nephropathy, or retinopathy at baseline in the Guangzhou (2017–2022) and Shaoguan (2019–2021) Diabetic Eye Study in southern China. The 10-year ASCVD risk was calculated by the Prediction for ASCVD Risk in China (China-PAR) equations. Multivariable- adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were developed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to evaluate predictive capability.
Results
During follow-up, a total of 171 cases of DN and 532 cases of DR were documented. Each 1% increment in 10-year ASCVD risk was associated with increased risk of DN (pooled HR, 1.122; 95% CI, 1.094 to 1.150) but not DR (pooled HR, 0.996; 95% CI, 0.979 to 1.013). The model demonstrated acceptable performance in predicting new-onset DN (pooled AUC, 0.670; 95% CI, 0.628 to 0.715). These results were consistent across cohorts and subgroups, with the association appearing to be more pronounced in women.
Conclusion
Ten-year ASCVD risk predicts incident DN but not DR in our study population with T2DM. Regular monitoring of ASCVD risk in routine diabetes practice may add to the ability to enhance population-based prevention for both macrovascular and microvascular diseases, particularly among women.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Investigation of the Potential Association Between Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score and Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study
Chrysa Agapitou, Theodoros N. Sergentanis, Effie G. Papageorgiou, Panagiotis Theodossiadis, Ignatios Ikonomidis, Vaia Lambadiari, Irini Chatziralli
Biomedicines.2025; 13(3): 633. CrossRef

Pharmacotherapy
Study Design and Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial of Enavogliflozin to Evaluate Cardiorenal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes (ENVELOP): Nam Hoon Kim, Soo Lim, In-Kyung Jeong, Eun-Jung Rhee, Jun Sung Moon, Ohk-Hyun Ryu, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Jong Chul Won, Sang Soo Kim, Sang Yong Kim, Bon Jeong Ku, Heung Yong Jin, Sin Gon Kim, Bong-Soo Cha, on Behalf of Investigators of ENVELOP Study; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(2):225-234. Published online January 6, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0238

6,968 View
275 Download
1 Web of Science
1 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
The novel sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor enavogliflozin effectively lowers glycosylated hemoglobin levels and body weights without the increased risk of serious adverse events; however, the long-term clinical benefits of enavogliflozin in terms of cardiovascular and renal outcomes have not been investigated.
Methods
This study is an investigator-initiated, multicenter, randomized, pragmatic, open-label, active-controlled, non-inferiority trial. Eligible participants are adults (aged ≥19 years) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who have a history of, or are at risk of, cardiovascular disease. A total of 2,862 participants will be randomly assigned to receive either enavogliflozin or other SGLT2 inhibitors with proven cardiorenal benefits, such as dapagliflozin or empagliflozin. The primary endpoint is the time to the first occurrence of a composite of major adverse cardiovascular or renal events (Clinical Research Information Service registration number: KCT0009243).
Conclusion
This trial will determine whether enavogliflozin is non-inferior to dapagliflozin or empagliflozin in terms of cardiorenal outcomes in patients with T2DM and cardiovascular risk factors. This study will elucidate the role of enavogliflozin in preventing vascular complications in patients with T2DM.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Reverse translational approach to clarify the strong potency of enavogliflozin, a novel sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor
Sun-Hwa Park, Hye-Young Ji, Ji-Soo Choi, Kyung Seok Oh, Jihoon Lee, Minyeong Pang, Im-Sook Song, Joon Seok Park
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.2025; 392(8): 103650. CrossRef

Lifestyle and Behavioral Interventions
Impact of Meal Frequency on Insulin Resistance in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study: Ha-Eun Ryu, Jong Hee Lee, Byoungjin Park, Seok-Jae Heo, Yu-Jin Kwon; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(2):311-320. Published online November 13, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0407

22,152 View
268 Download
2 Web of Science
2 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Insulin resistance (IR) is central to metabolic disorders and significantly influenced by diet. Studies on meal frequency (MF) and metabolic indicators have shown mixed results. This study explores the link between MF and IR in middle-aged and older adults.
Methods
This prospective cohort study included 4,570 adults aged 40 to 69 years from the Korean Genome and Epidemiologic Study. MF were divided into two groups based on whether they consumed three or more, or fewer than three, meals daily. IR was evaluated using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR); participants were classified as IR if their HOMA-IR value was ≥2.5. Multiple Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between MF and the incidence of IR.
Results
After adjusting for all variables, individuals in the MF ≥3 group showed a reduced incidence of IR compared to those in the MF <3 group (hazard ratio, 0.880; 95% confidence interval, 0.782 to 0.990). Additionally, subgroup analyses by sex, diabetes mellitus (DM), and body mass index (BMI) showed that this association persisted only in men, individuals without DM, and those with a BMI <25.
Conclusion
Our findings indicate that a higher MF among middle-aged and older adults is associated with a reduced incidence of IR. However, this association was maintained only in men, individuals without DM, and those without obesity.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Associations between Meal Frequency and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors (Diabetes Metab J 2025;49:311-20)
Ja Young Jeon
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(4): 908. CrossRef
Impact of Meal Frequency on Insulin Resistance in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study (Diabetes Metab J 2025;49:311-20)
Ha-Eun Ryu, Jong Hee Lee, Byoungjin Park, Seok-Jae Heo, Yu-Jin Kwon
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(4): 912. CrossRef

Basic and Translational Research
Rbbp6-Mediated Bmal1 Ubiquitination Inhibits YAP1 Signaling Pathway to Promote Ferroptosis in Diabetes-Induced Testicular Damage: Yuan Tian, Zhiqiang Zhu, Jun Qiao, Bei Liu, Yuehai Xiao; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(2):210-224. Published online November 6, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0099

4,413 View
200 Download
3 Web of Science
3 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Diabetes-induced testicular damage (DITD) is a common complication of diabetes. We investigated underlying mechanism of retinoblastoma-binding protein 6 (Rbbp6)-mediated brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (Bmal1) ubiquitination in modulating ferroptosis in DITD.
Methods
Spermatogenic cell apoptosis and viability were measured by flow cytometry and cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8), respectively. The impact of Rbbp6 and Bmal1 on ferroptosis was assessed by determining expression of ferroptosis markers glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), iron, and lipid peroxidation. Co-immunoprecipitation was performed to determine the interaction between Rbbp6 and Bmal1, as well as the ubiquitination level of Bmal1. The expression levels of Rbbp6, Bmal1, Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), ferroptosis markers, and testicular steroidogenic enzymes were tested by Western blot.
Results
Bmal1 protein expression was significantly downregulated, while Rbbp6 was upregulated in DITD mouse model and high glucose (HG)-induced GC-1 spg cells. Overexpression of Bmal1 improved testicular injury in diabetic mice, reduced 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), MDA, iron levels, and increased expression levels of GPX4, SLC7A11, GSH, as well as testicular steroidogenic enzymes. Rbbp6 decreased Bmal1 level through promoting its ubiquitination. Meanwhile, Rbbp6 knockdown inhibited the ferroptosis of HG-induced GC-1 spg cells, which were abolished by silencing Bmal1. In addition, knockdown of YAP1 or treatment with ferroptosis inducer erastin blocked the above effects caused by Bmal1 overexpression.
Conclusion
Rbbp6-mediated Bmal1 ubiquitination suppressed YAP1 pathway, promoting ferroptosis in DITD. This study highlighted Rbbp6/Bmal1/YAP1 axis as a potential therapeutic target for mitigating DITD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Melatonin‐engineered MSCs‐exosomes deliver USP4 to stabilise ARNTL and inhibit clock rhythmic ferroptosis for enhanced flap survival
Xiaoqiong Jiang, Yu Wang, Xuanlong Zhang, Huiming Deng, Liangyu Fang, Chaire Tafadzwa, Jiangnan Yao, Hao Chen, Anqi Ye, Kailiang Zhou, Xiangwei Ling, Jian Xiao
Clinical and Translational Medicine.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
GALNT3-mediated AKT1 glycosylation activates the AKT1/CREB signaling pathway to inhibit high glucose-induced spermatogenic cell apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction
Yong Zhao, Jia Luo, Lu Wu
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2026; 802: 153329. CrossRef
Guilu Erxian glue mitigates spermatogenesis dysfunction through HIF-1α/SLC7A11-mediated ferroptosis inhibition: An integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology study
Chuying Tang, Wen Sheng, Xianrui Li, Wei Fu, Meixin Lin, Zheng Wen, Wei Luo, Zezheng Zhang, Qingxia Zheng, Xing Zhou, Jin Ding
Phytomedicine.2025; 148: 157321. CrossRef

Review

Guideline/Fact Sheet
Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review and Position Statement of the Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association: Jaehyun Bae, Eugene Han, Hye Won Lee, Cheol-Young Park, Choon Hee Chung, Dae Ho Lee, Eun-Hee Cho, Eun-Jung Rhee, Ji Hee Yu, Ji Hyun Park, Ji-Cheol Bae, Jung Hwan Park, Kyung Mook Choi, Kyung-Soo Kim, Mi Hae Seo, Minyoung Lee, Nan-Hee Kim, So Hun Kim, Won-Young Lee, Woo Je Lee, Yeon-Kyung Choi, Yong-ho Lee, You-Cheol Hwang, Young Sang Lyu, Byung-Wan Lee, Bong-Soo Cha, on Behalf of the Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(6):1015-1028. Published online November 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0541

11,198 View
495 Download
6 Web of Science
9 Crossref

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Since the role of the liver in metabolic dysfunction, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, was demonstrated, studies on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) have shown associations between fatty liver disease and other metabolic diseases. Unlike the exclusionary diagnostic criteria of NAFLD, MAFLD diagnosis is based on the presence of metabolic dysregulation in fatty liver disease. Renaming NAFLD as MAFLD also introduced simpler diagnostic criteria. In 2023, a new nomenclature, steatotic liver disease (SLD), was proposed. Similar to MAFLD, SLD diagnosis is based on the presence of hepatic steatosis with at least one cardiometabolic dysfunction. SLD is categorized into metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-related/-associated liver disease, alcoholrelated liver disease, specific etiology SLD, and cryptogenic SLD. The term MASLD has been adopted by a number of leading national and international societies due to its concise diagnostic criteria, exclusion of other concomitant liver diseases, and lack of stigmatizing terms. This article reviews the diagnostic criteria, clinical relevance, and differences among NAFLD, MAFLD, and MASLD from a diabetologist’s perspective and provides a rationale for adopting SLD/MASLD in the Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Biological determinants and outcomes of sex discrepancies in MASLD
Amedeo Lonardo, Mohamad Jamalinia, Ralf Weiskirchen
Metabolism and Target Organ Damage.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Bioelectrical impedance analysis parameters are superior to liver enzymes in predicting metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in young adults
Kyungchul Song, Yu-Jin Kwon, Eunju Lee, Hye Sun Lee, Young Hoon Youn, Su Jung Baik, Hana Lee, Joon Young Kim, Youngha Choi, Hyun Wook Chae
Internal and Emergency Medicine.2025; 20(3): 785. CrossRef
Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Network in the Pathogenesis of Obesity, Diabetes, Steatotic Liver Disease, and Cardiovascular Disease
Joonyub Lee, Won Gun Choi, Marie Rhee, Seung-Hwan Lee
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(3): 348. CrossRef
SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Evolving Evidence and Clinical Application
Jae Hyun Bae
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(3): 386. CrossRef
Association of temporal MASLD with type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and mortality
Eugene Han, Kyung-Do Han, Yong-ho Lee, Kyung-Soo Kim, Sangmo Hong, Jung Hwan Park, Cheol-Young Park
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Development of a simple metabolic score to predict liver fibrosis risk in chronic hepatitis B patients: A retrospective cross-sectional study
Li Liu, Peng Ye, Qiuping Gu, Ling Zeng, Lijuan Liang, Yingfeng Wei
Journal of International Medical Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
2025 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes: Management of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
Jaehyun Bae
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2025; 26(3): 172. CrossRef
Research trends on the quality of life in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver diseases: a scientific metrology study
Can Huang, Meng Chen, Yanfang Sun, Lin Zhang, Wei Liu
Frontiers in Nutrition.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of diagnostic criteria for fatty liver disease in assessing cardiac dysfunction: a cross-sectional study
Yun Kyung Cho, Myung Jin Kim, Eun Hee Kim, Min Jung Lee, Hyo-Jung Nam, Woo Je Lee, Hong-Kyu Kim, Chang Hee Jung
Hepatology International.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Articles

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Cardiovascular Disease & Diabetes Statistics in Korea: Nationwide Data 2010 to 2019: Jin Hwa Kim, Junyeop Lee, Kyungdo Han, Jae-Taek Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, on Behalf of the Diabetic Vascular Disease Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(6):1084-1092. Published online November 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0275

7,683 View
211 Download
6 Web of Science
8 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
This study aimed to provide updated insights into the incidence and management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Korean adults with diabetes.
Methods
Using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service and Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we analyzed the representative national estimates of CVD in adults with diabetes.
Results
The age- and sex-standardized incidence rate of ischemic heart disease (IHD), ischemic stroke, and peripheral artery disease (PAD) decreased from 2010 to 2019 in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, an increase in the incidence of heart failure (HF) was observed during the same period. Only 4.96% of adults with diabetes and CVD achieved optimal control of all three risk factors (glycemic levels, blood pressure, and lipid control). Additionally, high-intensity statin treatment rates were 8.84% and 9.15% in individuals with IHD and ischemic stroke, respectively. Treatment with a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) or a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) was relatively low in 2019, with only 11.87%, 7.10%, and 11.05% of individuals with IHD, ischemic stroke, and HF, respectively, receiving SGLT2i treatment. Furthermore, only 1.08%, 0.79%, and 1.06% of patients with IHD, ischemic stroke, and HF, respectively, were treated with GLP-1RA.
Conclusion
The incidence of most CVD (IHD, ischemic stroke, and PAD) decreased between 2010 and 2019, whereas the incidence of HF increased. The overall use of high-intensity statins, SGLT2i, and GLP-1RA remained low among individuals with T2DM and CVD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Big Data Research for Diabetes-Related Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database
Kyung-Soo Kim, Bongseong Kim, Kyungdo Han
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(1): 13. CrossRef
Heterogeneity in the development of diabetes-related complications: narrative review of the roles of ancestry and geographical determinants
Andrea O. Y. Luk, Yingnan Fan, Baoqi Fan, Edith W. K. Chow, Tony C. K. O
Diabetologia.2025; 68(11): 2386. CrossRef
2024 Cardio-cerebrovascular disease fact sheet in Korea
Kyungdo Han, Jin-Hyung Jung, Sang-Suk Choi, Seung-Hyun Ko
Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy.2025; 7(3): 85. CrossRef
Fenofibrate therapy and risk of heart failure outcomes in patients with Type 2 diabetes: a propensity-matched cohort study
Ji Yoon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Jiyoon Lee, Dong-Hoon Kim, Sin Gon Kim
European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy.2025; 11(7): 620. CrossRef
SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in PAD: A State-of-the-Art Review
Alfredo Caturano, Damiano D’Ardes, Paola Giustina Simeone, Gianfranco Lessiani, Nicoletta Di Gregorio, Lorenzo Andreetto, Davide Grassi, Carla Serra, Francesca Santilli, Maria Teresa Guagnano, Fabio Piscaglia, Claudio Ferri, Francesco Cipollone, Andrea Bo
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(15): 5549. CrossRef
Bridging the Gap between Evidence and Practice: Nationwide Retrospective Analysis of Lipid-Modifying Therapy Prescription Patterns in 5 Million Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Ahmed Hassan, Menna A. Keshk, Mohamed Reyad, Nourhan Ahmed, Omar Nassar, Aisha Siraj, Salem Badr, Sherif Eltawansy, Anoop Misra, Muhammed Amir Essibayi, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Mahmoud Nassar, Diaa Hakim
ASIDE Internal Medicine.2025; 2(2): 6. CrossRef
Comparison of ischemic cardiovascular events between dapagliflozin and empagliflozin in combination with metformin: A nationwide population-based cohort study
Hayeon Kim, Seung Won Lee, Yejee Lim, Nayoung Han, Suin Kang, Youngjoo Byun, Kyungim Kim, Marwan Salih Al-Nimer
PLOS One.2025; 20(10): e0333604. CrossRef
Association of lifestyle change after H. pylori eradication with cardiovascular disease: a nationwide Korean NHIS cohort study
Jinju Choi, Kyungdo Han, Cheol Min Shin, Jin-Hyung Jung, Se Yun Kim, Seung-Gyun Im, Hyemin Jo, Ho-Kyoung Lee, Eun Hyo Jin, Seung Joo Kang, Joo Hyun Lim, Yoon Jin Choi, Dong Ho Lee
BMJ Public Health.2025; 3(2): e002701. CrossRef

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Comparison of SPISE and METS-IR and Other Markers to Predict Insulin Resistance and Elevated Liver Transaminases in Children and Adolescents: Kyungchul Song, Eunju Lee, Hye Sun Lee, Hana Lee, Ji-Won Lee, Hyun Wook Chae, Yu-Jin Kwon; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(2):264-274. Published online October 29, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0302

6,720 View
232 Download
10 Web of Science
12 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Studies on predictive markers of insulin resistance (IR) and elevated liver transaminases in children and adolescents are limited. We evaluated the predictive capabilities of the single-point insulin sensitivity estimator (SPISE) index, metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), the triglyceride (TG)/ high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, and the triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) for IR and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation in this population.
Methods
Data from 1,593 participants aged 10 to 18 years were analyzed using a nationwide survey. Logistic regression analysis was performed with IR and ALT elevation as dependent variables. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to assess predictive capability. Proportions of IR and ALT elevation were compared after dividing participants based on parameter cutoff points.
Results
All parameters were significantly associated with IR and ALT elevation, even after adjusting for age and sex, and predicted IR and ALT elevation in ROC curves (all P<0.001). The areas under the ROC curve of SPISE and METS-IR were higher than those of TyG and TG/HDL-C for predicting IR and were higher than those of HOMA-IR, TyG, and TG/HDL-C for predicting ALT elevation. The proportions of individuals with IR and ALT elevation were higher among those with METS-IR, TyG, and TG/ HDL-C values higher than the cutoff points, whereas they were lower among those with SPISE higher than the cutoff point.
Conclusion
SPISE and METS-IR are superior to TG/HDL-C and TyG in predicting IR and ALT elevation. Thus, this study identified valuable predictive markers for young individuals.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Association between the single-point insulin sensitivity estimator and cardiovascular disease incidence: A prospective nationwide cohort study involving two cohorts
Xiaotong Yao, Lina Liu, Lifen Zhao, Nianzhu Zhang
Atherosclerosis.2026; 412: 120591. CrossRef
Purpose in Life and Insulin Resistance in a Large Occupational Cohort: Cross-Sectional Associations Using TyG, SPISE-IR, and METS-IR Indices
Pilar García Pertegaz, Pedro Juan Tárraga López, Irene Coll Campayo, Carla Busquets-Cortés, Ángel Arturo López-González, José Ignacio Ramírez-Manent
Diabetology.2026; 7(1): 16. CrossRef
Utility of the MetS-IR and SPISE indices for identifying insulin resistance in Mexican children
Edmundo Gutiérrez-Rosas, Marco A. Morales-Pérez, Mayra Cristina Torres-Castañeda, Lorena Lizárraga-Paulín, Rita A. Gómez-Díaz, Adriana L. Valdez-González, Niels H. Wacher
Obesity Research & Clinical Practice.2026; 20(1): 29. CrossRef
How Emerging Digital Health Technologies Based on Dietary and Physical Activity Regulation Improve Metabolic Syndrome-Related Outcomes in Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Ruida Yu, Angkun Li, Yufei Qi, Jianhong Hu, Fei Peng, Shengrui Cao, Siyu Rong, Hao Zhang
Metabolites.2026; 16(2): 106. CrossRef
The Prognostic Significance of the Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance and Subclinical Myocardial Injury for Cardiovascular Mortality in the General Population
Patrick Cheon, Shannon O’Connor, Saeid Mirzai, Mohamed A. Mostafa, Chuka B. Ononye, Elsayed Z. Soliman, Richard Kazibwe
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2026; 15(3): 1141. CrossRef
Is Measuring BMI and Waist Circumference as Good in Assessing Insulin Resistance as Using Bioelectrical Impedance to Measure Total Body Fat and Visceral Fat?
María Gordito Soler, Pedro Juan Tárraga López, Ángel Arturo López-González, Hernán Paublini, Emilio Martínez-Almoyna Rifá, María Teófila Vicente-Herrero, José Ignacio Ramírez-Manent
Diabetology.2025; 6(4): 32. CrossRef
Association between cardiometabolic index and postmenopausal stress urinary incontinence: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2013 to 2018
Ting Yin, Yue He, Huifang Cong
Lipids in Health and Disease.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of pediatric MASLD using insulin resistance indices
Kyungchul Song, Eunju Lee, Hye Sun Lee, Young Hoon Youn, Su Jung Baik, Hyun Joo Shin, Hyun Wook Chae, Ji-Won Lee, Yu-Jin Kwon
JHEP Reports.2025; 7(7): 101419. CrossRef
Screening accuracy of Single-Point Insulin Sensitivity Estimator (SPISE) for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Alireza Azarboo, Parisa Fallahtafti, Sayeh Jalali, Amirhossein Shirinezhad, Ramin Assempoor, Amirhossein Ghaseminejad-Raeini
BMC Endocrine Disorders.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Associations of triglyceride-glucose index and metabolic score for insulin resistance with various hypertension phenotypes in children and adolescents: results from the 2017 China nutrition and health surveillance
Haiyuan Zhu, Lianlong Yu, Qiqi Wu, Runquan Zhang, Zebang Zhang, Yumei Feng, Tao Liu, Dan Liu, Jiewen Peng, Xiongfei Chen, Xiaomei Dong
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Associations between the METS-IR index and cognitive function in community-dwelling Chinese middle-aged and older adult individuals: a cross-sectional study
Nian Jiang, Chenlu Ma, Zhenning Feng, Yongjun Tang, Xiaolong Chen, Yingxu He, Weiyi Pang
Frontiers in Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of single-point insulin sensitivity estimator and other markers to predict metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents
Kyungchul Song, Eunju Lee, Hye Sun Lee, Hana Lee, Hyun Wook Chae, Yu-Jin Kwon
Obesity Research & Clinical Practice.2025; 19(5): 427. CrossRef

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Impact of New-Onset Diabetes after Transplantation on Cardiovascular Risk and Mortality in Korea: A Nationwide Population-Based Study: Seung Shin Park, Bo Kyung Koo, Sanghyun Park, Kyungdo Han, Min Kyong Moon; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(1):117-127. Published online September 12, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0078

5,551 View
180 Download
1 Web of Science
1 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Limited data are available on the adverse effects of new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) in solid organ transplantation (TPL) other than kidney. This study aimed to identify the risk of complications associated with NODAT in recipients of kidney, liver, or heart TPL.
Methods
Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, recipients of kidney, liver, or heart TPL between 2009 and 2015 were identified. The incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), and malignancy was compared across groups with NODAT, pretransplant diabetes mellitus (DM), and without DM using Cox regression analysis.
Results
A total of 9,632 kidney, liver, or heart TPL recipients were included. During the median follow-up of 5.9 years, NODAT independently increased the incidence of CAD (hazard ratio [HR], 2.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39 to 4.30) and overall mortality (HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.95) compared to the reference group even after adjustment for confounders; this was more prominent in kidney TPL than in liver TPL. The risk of CVA was significantly increased by pretransplant DM but not by NODAT in both kidney and liver TPL (HR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.68 to 3.65; and HR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.07 to 9.48, respectively). NODAT increased the risk of malignancy in the crude model, which lost its statistical significance after confounder adjustment.
Conclusion
NODAT independently increases the risk of CAD and mortality after TPL, which is more evident in kidney recipients. There was no additional increased risk of CVA or malignancy with NODAT in solid organ TPL.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

New Onset Diabetes After Organ Transplantation: Risk Factors, Treatment, and Consequences
Lucija Popović, Tomislav Bulum
Diagnostics.2025; 15(3): 284. CrossRef

Review

Others
T-Cell Senescence in Human Metabolic Diseases: Ha Thi Nga, Thi Linh Nguyen, Hyon-Seung Yi; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(5):864-881. Published online August 28, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0140

16,950 View
447 Download
21 Web of Science
25 Crossref

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Immunosenescence denotes a state of dysregulated immune cell function characterized by a confluence of factors, including arrested cell cycle, telomere shortening, markers of cellular stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, loss of proteostasis, epigenetic reprogramming, and secretion of proinflammatory mediators. This state primarily manifests during the aging process but can also be induced in various pathological conditions, encompassing chronic viral infections, autoimmune diseases, and metabolic disorders. Age-associated immune system alterations extend to innate and adaptive immune cells, with T-cells exhibiting heightened susceptibility to immunosenescence. In particular, senescent T-cells have been identified in the context of metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Recent investigations suggest a direct link between T-cell senescence, inflammation, and insulin resistance. The perturbation of biological homeostasis by senescent T-cells appears intricately linked to the initiation and progression of metabolic diseases, particularly through inflammation-mediated insulin resistance. Consequently, senescent T-cells are emerging as a noteworthy therapeutic target. This review aims to elucidate the intricate relationship between metabolic diseases and T-cell senescence, providing insights into the potential roles of senescent T-cells in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. Through a comprehensive examination of current research findings, this review seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between immunosenescence and metabolic health.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Kidney Disease as a Driver of Immunosenescence
Zhuolun Song, Sarah Tsou, Friederike Martin, Mukhammad Kayumov, Yao Xiao, Hao Zhou, Reza Abdi, Stefan G. Tullius
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology.2026; 37(2): 405. CrossRef
Are infertile men at a higher risk of morbidity and early mortality?
Ettore Caroppo, Michael L Eisenberg
Human Reproduction.2026; 41(2): 148. CrossRef
One treatment does not fit all: Indications that spinning therapy benefits only a subgroup of patients with depression characterized by a T memory cell inflation profile
Sarah E. Fromme, Gara Arteaga-Henríquez, Bartholomeus C.M. Haarman, Annemarie Wijkhuijs, Raf Berghmans, Trine Munk-Olsen, Hemmo Drexhage, Bernhard T. Baune
Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.2026; 133: 106228. CrossRef
Metabolic reprogramming and immunosenescence: a new sight for glioma therapy
Huali Fan, Shizhuo Yang, Qing Lu, Liming Chang
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
c-Myc: Central Regulator of Autophagy and Senescence in Cancer
Shuai Ji, Ting Sun, Qi Zhang, Mingyue Wu, Yang Cao, Ran Gao, Lingzhi Wang, Christophe Nicot, Gautam Sethi
Cancer Letters.2026; : 218315. CrossRef
Immunomodulation for accelerated atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus
Elena Bartoloni, Fabio Cacciapaglia, Gian Luca Erre, Elisa Gremese, Andreina Manfredi, Matteo Piga, Garifallia Sakellariou, Francesca Romana Spinelli, Ombretta Viapiana, Fabiola Atzeni
Autoimmunity Reviews.2025; 24(4): 103760. CrossRef
CD8+CD28+PD1− T Cells as a Prognostic Biomarker in Endometrial Cancer
Yufei Nie, Lin Yang, Yanan Zhang, Hongyan Guo
Current Oncology.2025; 32(3): 121. CrossRef
T cell aging and exhaustion: Mechanisms and clinical implications
Weiqi Zhang, Dejun Kong, Xiaohan Zhang, Lu Hu, Yeqi Nian, Zhongyang Shen
Clinical Immunology.2025; 275: 110486. CrossRef
Global research trends in inflammaging from 2005 to 2024: a bibliometric analysis
Beier Jiang, Yi-ni Dong, Yu Xiong, Chun-xia Jiang, Jun Ping, Qi Wu, Liu-jun Xu, Run-zhe Shu, Dan-dan Gao, Sheng-mei Zhu, Wei-dong Ye, Feng Zhang
Frontiers in Aging.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Immune cell dysfunction: A critical player in development of diabetes complications
Mohamed J. Saadh, Omer Qutaiba B. Allela, Radhwan Abdul Kareem, Ashishkumar Kyada, H. Malathi, Deepak Nathiya, Deepak Bhanot, Hayder Naji Sameer, Atheer Khdyair Hamad, Zainab H. Athab, Mohaned Adil
Current Research in Translational Medicine.2025; 73(3): 103510. CrossRef
Oxidative stress, senescence and mRNA decay in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of women with gestational diabetes mellitus‐link to increased cardiovascular disease risk
Tove Lekva, Marie Cecilie Paasche Roland, Elisabeth Qvigstad, Yusuf Khan, Kristin Godang, Annika E. Michelsen, Thor Ueland
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2025; 27(9): 4802. CrossRef
Immune-mediated renal injury in diabetic kidney disease: from mechanisms to therapy
Lingli Ma, Dianyuan Liu, Yue Yu, Zimeng Li, Qing Wang
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Single-cell sequencing reveals dysregulated cell type perturbations and critical mediator communication remodelling in colorectal cancer
Chengyuan Xu, Siqi Zhang, Zhouyu Zhang, Luoqiu Zhang, Bin Sun, Zicheng Yu, Hailong Liu
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Regulation of SASP in Cellular Senescence: Therapeutic Implications and Translational Challenges
Hubert Klepacki, Krystyna Kowalczuk, Natalia Łepkowska, Justyna Magdalena Hermanowicz
Cells.2025; 14(13): 942. CrossRef
Red ginseng extract enhances mitochondrial function and alleviates immunosenescence in T cells
Ho Yeop Lee, Jingwen Tian, Ha Thi Nga, Thi Linh Nguyen, Ji Sun Moon, Hyo Ju Jang, Alfin Mohammad Abdillah, Jieun Lee, Sang Hyeon Ju, Seung Ho Lee, Hun Kun Ko, Minho Shong, Hyon-Seung Yi
Journal of Ginseng Research.2025; 49(5): 564. CrossRef
Immunosenescence and the Geriatric Giants: Molecular Insights into Aging and Healthspan
Deasy Fetarayani, Mega Kahdina, Alief Waitupu, Laras Pratiwi, Mukti Citra Ningtyas, Galih Januar Adytia, Henry Sutanto
Medical Sciences.2025; 13(3): 100. CrossRef
Immunosenescence and Ageing: An Entangled Web of Senescence and Declining Immunity
Afsar U. Ahmed
Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Immunosenescence and cancer: molecular hallmarks, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and age-specific immunotherapy challenges
Qianwen Liu, Jingfeng Li, Xiuqiao Sun, Jiayu Lin, Zhengwei Yu, Yue Xiao, Dan Li, Baofa Sun, Haili Bao, Yihao Liu
Journal of Hematology & Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Correlation Between the Proportion of Senescence-Associated β-Galactosidase-Stained CD8+ T Cells and Age: A Cross-Sectional Study in Japan
Masaya Tsubokawa, Yoshiki Shimizu, Misato Yazaki, Shieri Shimodan, Masayuki Noguchi, Arisa Yamazaki, Tomomichi Watanabe, Makoto Ocho, Tsuyoshi Sakurada, Yoshie Hirose, Jiro Saito, Yuri Ishii
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(18): 8799. CrossRef
Cellular Immunity in Obesity: Pathophysiological Insights and the Impact of Bariatric Surgery
Tania Rivera-Carranza, Angélica León-Téllez-Girón, Raquel González-Vázquez, Paola Vázquez-Cárdenas, Ana Laura Esquivel-Campos, Felipe Mendoza-Pérez, Martín E. Rojano-Rodríguez, Claudia Mimiaga-Hernández, Juan Carlos Cifuentes-Goches, Omar Edgar Peralta-Va
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(20): 9867. CrossRef
From Steatosis to Immunosenescence: The Impact of Metabolic Dysfunction on Immune Aging in HIV and Non-HIV Populations
Carlo Acierno, Maria Frontuto, Giulio Francesco De Stefano, Ana Erezanu, Andrea Limone, Simona Morella, Francesco Picaro, Donatella Palazzo, Michele Gilio
Biomedicines.2025; 13(10): 2513. CrossRef
Immunosenescence and organoids: pathophysiology and therapeutic opportunities
Amirhossein Kamroo, Mahsa Hosseini Kakroudi, Amirreza Jabbaripour Sarmadian, Ayda Firouzabadi, Shaghayegh Mousavi, Niloufar Yazdanpanah, Kiarash Saleki, Nima Rezaei
Immunity & Ageing.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
HIV infection and immunosenescence: challenges and intervention strategies
Junyan Jin, Qianqian Xu, Xin Zhang, Aiwei Zhu, Wei Xia, Christiane Moog, Alex Siu Wing Chan, Tong Zhang, Bin Su
BMC Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
“Dissecting the role of T cell exhaustion in cancer progression: a multifaceted approach“
Xinyang Li, Shiwen Song
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The immune health assessment technique of the elderly population and its application and promotion in the prevention and treatment of common aged diseases
Qing Li, Ling-bing Meng
Journal of Aging and Rehabilitation.2024; 1(4): 93. CrossRef

Original Article

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Prognostic Value of Plasma Endothelin-1 in Predicting Worse Outcomes in Patients with Prediabetes and Diabetes and Stable Coronary Artery Diseases: Cheng Yang, Cheng-Gang Zhu, Yuan-Lin Guo, Na-Qiong Wu, Qian Dong, Rui-Xia Xu, Yong-Jian Wu, Jie Qian, Jian-Jun Li; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(5):993-1002. Published online August 21, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0410

4,456 View
155 Download
5 Web of Science
7 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is an endogenous vasoconstrictor implicated in coronary artery disease (CAD) and diabetes. This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of ET-1 in the patients with stable CAD under different glucose metabolism states.
Methods
In this prospective, large-cohort study, we consecutively enrolled 7,947 participants with angiography-diagnosed stable CAD from April 2011 to April 2017. Patients were categorized by baseline glycemic status into three groups (normoglycemia, prediabetes, and diabetes) and further divided into nine groups by circulating ET-1 levels. Patients were followed for the occurrence of cardiovascular events (CVEs), including nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality.
Results
Of the 7,947 subjects, 3,352, 1,653, and 2,942 had normoglycemia, prediabetes, and diabetes, respectively. Over a median follow-up of 37.5 months, 381 (5.1%) CVEs occurred. The risk for CVEs was significantly higher in patients with elevated ET-1 levels after adjustment for potential confounders. When patients were categorized by both status of glucose metabolism and plasma ET-1 levels, the high ET-1 levels were associated with higher risk of CVEs in prediabetes (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.089; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.151 to 3.793) and diabetes (adjusted HR, 2.729; 95% CI, 1.623 to 4.588; both P<0.05).
Conclusion
The present study indicated that baseline plasma ET-1 levels were associated with the prognosis in prediabetic and diabetic patients with stable CAD, suggesting that ET-1 may be a valuable predictor in CAD patients with impaired glucose metabolism.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Endothelin-1 as dual marker for renal function decline and associated cardiovascular complications in patients with chronic kidney disease
Laura González-Rodríguez, Manuel Martí-Antonio, Sonia Mota-Zamorano, Celia Chicharro, Bárbara Cancho, Enrique Luna, Álvaro Álvarez, Zoraida Verde, Fernando Bandrés, Nicolás R Robles, Guillermo Gervasini
European Journal of Internal Medicine.2026; 144: 106542. CrossRef
Diagnostic Potential of Metabolomic and Proteomic Biomarkers in Cardiology—A Narrative Review
Lazzat Zhussupbekova, Dinara Nurkina, Gyulnar Zhussupova, Aliya Smagulova, Venera Rakhmetova, Elmira Akhmedyarova, Aisha Darybayeva, Klara Kurmangaliyeva, Ilya Kukes
Biomedicines.2026; 14(2): 257. CrossRef
Reduced abundance of Fusobacterium signifies cardiovascular benefits of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor in type 2 diabetes: a single arm clinical trial
Shuhui Yang, Jiankun Deng, Xiaoxu Weng, Zhaojie Ma, Nie Lin, Yili Xiao, Rui Zuo, Yufei Hu, Canbin Zheng, Xiaoshan Zeng, Qimao Lin, Kaijian Hou
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Endothelin-1 and diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction: from pathogenesis to therapeutic potential
Hui Chen, Zixiang Gao, Xiangfa Lin, Huanan Zhang, Weidong Feng, Jiaqi Yang, Junlong Feng, Jisheng Wang, Bin Wang, Liang Han
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2025; 226: 112352. CrossRef
The Role of Endothelin‐1, Kidney Function and Diabetes in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Underwent Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Zixiang Ye, Enmin Xie, Yuan Du, Wenjia Zhang, Kefei Dou
Journal of Diabetes.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Chemerin Is the Adipokine Linked with Endothelin-Dependent Vasoconstriction in Human Obesity
Francesca Schinzari, Rossella Montenero, Carmine Cardillo, Manfredi Tesauro
Biomedicines.2025; 13(9): 2131. CrossRef
Potential Molecular Biomarkers for Predicting and Monitoring Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Zia Shariat-Madar, Fakhri Mahdi
Molecules.2025; 30(22): 4448. CrossRef

Reviews

Others
Korean National Burden of Disease: The Importance of Diabetes Management: Chung-Nyun Kim, Yoon-Sun Jung, Young-Eun Kim, Minsu Ock, Seok-Jun Yoon; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(4):518-530. Published online July 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0087

11,049 View
300 Download
14 Web of Science
16 Crossref

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Diagnosing the current health status and disease burden in a population is crucial for public health interventions. The ability to compare the burden of different diseases through a single measure, such as disability-adjusted life years has become feasible and continues to be produced and updated through the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) study. However, the disease burden values of the GBD study do not accurately reflect the unique situation in a specific country with various circumstances. In response, the Korean National Burden of Disease (KNBD) study was conducted to estimate the disease burden in Koreans by considering Korea’s cultural context and utilizing the available data sources at the national level. Both studies identified non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), as the primary cause of disease burden among Koreans. However, the extent of public health interventions currently being conducted by the central and local governments does not align with the severity of the disease burden. This review suggests that despite the high burden of DM in South Korea, the current policies may not fully address its impact, underscoring the need for expanded chronic disease management programs and a shift towards prevention-focused healthcare paradigms.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

One cancer, two stories: divergent estimates of gastric cancer burden in Korea
Chul Hyun, Yun Seo Kim, Sarah Soyeon Oh, Sung Hwi Hong, Jae Il Shin
Archives of Public Health.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Measuring Trends in Disability-adjusted Life Years and Life Expectancy in Korea: 2008 to 2021
Chung-Nyun Kim, Dawit Urgi Gurmu, Young-Eun Kim, Yoon-Sun Jung, Yongseok Choi, Minsu Ock, Seok-Jun Yoon
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2026; 59(1): 25. CrossRef
Diabetes Fact Sheets in Korea 2024
Se Eun Park, Seung-Hyun Ko, Ji Yoon Kim, Kyuho Kim, Joon Ho Moon, Nam Hoon Kim, Kyung Do Han, Sung Hee Choi, Bong Soo Cha
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(1): 24. CrossRef
Reinforcing Primary Care in Korea: Policy Implications, Data Sources, and Research Methods
Chung-Nyun Kim, Seok-Jun Yoon
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Older Adults with Diabetes in Korea: Latest Clinical and Epidemiologic Trends
Kyuho Kim, Bongseong Kim, Kyuna Lee, Yu-Bae Ahn, Seung-Hyun Ko, Sung Hee Choi, Kyungdo Han, Jae-Seung Yun
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(2): 183. CrossRef
Social determinants of health and type 2 diabetes in Asia
Kyunghun Sung, Seung‐Hwan Lee
Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2025; 16(6): 971. CrossRef
Continuity of care and medication adherence in patients with angina: a retrospective cohort study using Korea’s National Health Insurance data
Dayea Kim, Jaewoo Cha
BMJ Open.2025; 15(6): e098903. CrossRef
Effect of smoking cessation on new-onset diabetes mellitus in dyslipidemic individuals: A population-based cohort study
Wooin Seo, Se Young Jung, KeeHyuck Lee, Woo Kyung Bae, Jong Soo Han, Hyejin Lee, Ji Soo Kim, Hye Yeon Koo, Seung Yeon Lee, Kiheon Lee
Tobacco Induced Diseases.2025; 23(June): 1. CrossRef
Association between smoking status and suicide mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: A nationwide population-based cohort study
Chaiho Jeong, Bongseong Kim, Dae Jong Oh, Tae-Seo Sohn, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk-Sang Kwon
Diabetes & Metabolism.2025; 51(6): 101692. CrossRef
Case Report on the Improvement of Uncontrolled Blood Glucose with Shihogayonggolmoryo-tang, Yeonggyechulgam-tang, and Korean Medicine Complex Therapy
Nahyun Cho, Chul-woo Ahn, Hyungsun Jun, Hyun-jong Jung, Dasol Park, Jungtae Leem
The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine.2025; 46(3): 511. CrossRef
Start Early, Do It Well: Implications of a National Diabetes Care Quality Assessment Program for Life Expectancy
Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(5): 987. CrossRef
Two decades of diabetes prevention: Sustained benefits, heterogeneous effects, and implications for precision prevention
Seung‐Hwan Lee
Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2025; 16(10): 1779. CrossRef
Is the next STEP on the BPROAD to intensive blood pressure lowering for all type 2 diabetic patients?: consensus statements from the Korean Society of Hypertension
Eun Mi Lee, In-Jeong Cho, Hae Jin Kim, Dae-Hee Kim, Hae-Young Lee, Sungha Park, Sang-Hyun Ihm
Clinical Hypertension.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of smoking cessation and post-cessation weight change on suicide mortality in type 2 diabetes: A nationwide cohort study
Chaiho Jeong, Bongseong Kim, Dae Jong Oh, Tae-Seo Sohn, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk-Sang Kwon
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2025; 230: 112967. CrossRef
Pharmacoacupuncture for Lowering HbA1c in Korean Adult Patients With Hyperglycemia: A Retrospective Study
Ju-young Lee, Youngeun Yoo, Sanghun Lee
Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research: International Journal of Integrated Medicine.2025; 49(4): 230. CrossRef
From 1990 to 2021, the burden of diabetes among the elderly in the Western Pacific Region (WPR) and projections for 2040 prevalence: A systematic analysis of the 2021 Global Burden of Disease study
Yve Han, Huaxing Lou, Peng Zhao, Hui Li, Congyi Zhang, Hongru Sun
Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews.2025; 19(10): 103324. CrossRef

Pathophysiology
Protein Arginine Methyltransferases: Emerging Targets in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease: Yan Zhang, Shibo Wei, Eun-Ju Jin, Yunju Jo, Chang-Myung Oh, Gyu-Un Bae, Jong-Sun Kang, Dongryeol Ryu; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(4):487-502. Published online July 24, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0362

7,835 View
284 Download
4 Web of Science
4 Crossref

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and metabolic disorders stand as formidable challenges that significantly impact the clinical outcomes and living quality for afflicted individuals. An intricate comprehension of the underlying mechanisms is paramount for the development of efficacious therapeutic strategies. Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), a class of enzymes responsible for the precise regulation of protein methylation, have ascended to pivotal roles and emerged as crucial regulators within the intrinsic pathophysiology of these diseases. Herein, we review recent advancements in research elucidating on the multifaceted involvements of PRMTs in cardiovascular system and metabolic diseases, contributing significantly to deepen our understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of these maladies. In addition, this review provides a comprehensive analysis to unveil the distinctive roles of PRMTs across diverse cell types implicated in cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, which holds great potential to reveal novel therapeutic interventions targeting PRMTs, thus presenting promising perspectives to effectively address the substantial global burden imposed by CVDs and metabolic disorders.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 1: A Multi-Purpose Player in the Development of Cancer and Metabolic Disease
Daphne de Korte, Menno Hoekstra
Biomolecules.2025; 15(2): 185. CrossRef
Arginine Methylation by PRMT1 Affects ADAMTS13 Secretion and Enzymatic Activity
Szumam Liu, Min Ma, Jun Qu, Joshua Muia, Zhijian Wu, Quintijn Bonnez, Karen Vanhoorelbeke, Liang Zheng, Xinyang Zhao, X. Long Zheng
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology.2025; 45(4): 506. CrossRef
Protein Arginine N‐Methyltransferase 4 Activation Contributes to Glucose‐Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy
Pawan Kumar, Farah Gulzar, Nikita Chhikara, Arvind K. Maurya, Sushmita Singh, Ishbal Ahmad, Sanjeev Kanojiya, Akhilesh K. Tamrakar
The FASEB Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
PRMT1 in Health and Disease: Emerging Perspectives From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies
Yanqun Luo, Ying Gao, Xiaoliang Deng, Lei Wang, Tao Wu
MedComm.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Articles

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Social Determinants of Health and Cardiovascular Risk among Adults with Diabetes: The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study: Lisa Zhang, Evgeniya Reshetnyak, Joanna B. Ringel, Laura C. Pinheiro, April Carson, Doyle M. Cummings, Raegan W. Durant, Gargya Malla, Monika M. Safford; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(6):1073-1083. Published online July 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0380

5,872 View
195 Download
5 Web of Science
3 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Social determinants of health (SDOH) have been associated with diabetes risk; however, their association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in individuals with diabetes is poorly described. We hypothesized that a greater number of SDOH among individuals with diabetes would be associated with a higher risk of CVD events.
Methods
The REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study is a national, biracial cohort of 30,239 individuals ≥45 years old recruited in 2003–2007. We included 6,322 participants with diabetes at baseline, defined as healthcare professional diagnosis, diabetes medication use, or blood glucose values. Seven SDOH that were individually associated with CVD events were included (P<0.20). The outcome was CVD events, a composite of expert-adjudicated myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death. We estimated Cox proportional hazard models to examine associations between number of SDOH (0, 1, 2, ≥3) and CVD events.
Results
In an age and sex adjusted model, the presence of multiple SDOH significantly increased the risk of any CVD event (hazard ratio [HR], 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26 to 1.74 for two SDOH; HR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.43 to 1.96 for ≥3 SDOH). This finding was attenuated but remained statistically significant in a fully adjusted model (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.40 for two SDOH; HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.50 for ≥3 SDOH).
Conclusion
Having multiple SDOH was independently associated with an increased risk of CVD events, a finding driven by cardiovascular death. Identifying individuals with diabetes who have multiple SDOH may be helpful for detecting those at higher risk of experiencing or dying from CVD events.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Tailoring interventions to close gaps in diabetes mellitus care
Alicia Diaz-Thomas, Susanne Cabrera, Rocio I. Pereira, Pallavi Iyer
Nature Reviews Endocrinology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
The impact of social determinants of health on diabetic gastroparesis: a retrospective analysis
Ioana Soare, Nicoleta Andreea Tudose, Claudia Simona Stefan, Roxana Elena Mirică
Frontiers in Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype in relation to diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases in the Indonesian and Korean populations: evidence from two national surveys
Fathimah S. Sigit, Sinyoung Cho, Farid Kurniawan, Hye-Ryeong Jeon, Ratu Ayu Dewi Sartika, Dicky L. Tahapary, Hyuktae Kwon
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Basic Research
DGAT2 Plays a Crucial Role to Control ESRRA-PROX1 Transcriptional Network to Maintain Hepatic Mitochondrial Sustainability: Yoseob Lee, Yeseong Hwang, Minki Kim, Hyeonuk Jeon, Seyeon Joo, Sungsoon Fang, Jae-Woo Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(5):901-914. Published online April 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0368

8,222 View
254 Download
2 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) synthesizes triacylglycerol (TG) from diacylglycerol; therefore, DGAT2 is considered as a therapeutic target for steatosis. However, the consequence of inhibiting DGAT2 is not fully investigated due to side effects including lethality and lipotoxicity. In this article, we observed the role of DGAT2 in hepatocarcinoma.
Methods
The role of DGAT2 is analyzed via loss-of-function assay. DGAT2 knockdown (KD) and inhibitor treatment on HepG2 cell line was analyzed. Cumulative analysis of cell metabolism with bioinformatic data were assessed, and further compared with different cohorts of liver cancer patients and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients to elucidate how DGAT2 is regulating cancer metabolism.
Results
Mitochondrial function is suppressed in DGAT2 KD HepG2 cell along with the decreased lipid droplets. In the aspect of the cancer, DGAT2 KD upregulates cell proliferation. Analyzing transcriptome of NAFLD and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients highlights negatively correlating expression patterns of 73 lipid-associated genes including DGAT2. Cancer patients with the lower DGAT2 expression face lower survival rate. DGAT2 KD cell and patients’ transcriptome show downregulation in estrogen- related receptor alpha (ESRRA) via integrated system for motif activity response analysis (ISMARA), with increased dimerization with corepressor prospero homeobox 1 (PROX1).
Conclusion
DGAT2 sustains the stability of mitochondria in hepatoma via suppressing ESRRA-PROX1 transcriptional network and hinders HCC from shifting towards glycolytic metabolism, which lowers cell proliferation.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Identification of the biomarkers associated with lipid metabolism and endoplasmic reticulum stress in pediatric sepsis through bioinformatics analysis and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) assay
Baoju Shan, Jiaoyang Cao, Ting Yang
European Journal of Medical Research.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
PLD2 is a marker for MASLD-HCC with early-stage fibrosis: revealed by lipidomic and gene expression analysis
Jihan Sun, Fatima Dahboul, Estelle Pujos-Guillot, Mélanie Petera, Emeline Chu-Van, Benoit Colsch, Delphine Weil, Vincent Di Martino, Aicha Demidem, Armando Abergel
Metabolomics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Review

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1: New Regulator in Lipid Metabolism: Tong Bu, Ziyan Sun, Yi Pan, Xia Deng, Guoyue Yuan; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(3):354-372. Published online April 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0277

65,535 View
2,114 Download
65 Web of Science
75 Crossref

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a 30-amino acid peptide hormone that is mainly expressed in the intestine and hypothalamus. In recent years, basic and clinical studies have shown that GLP-1 is closely related to lipid metabolism, and it can participate in lipid metabolism by inhibiting fat synthesis, promoting fat differentiation, enhancing cholesterol metabolism, and promoting adipose browning. GLP-1 plays a key role in the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases such as obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and atherosclerosis by regulating lipid metabolism. It is expected to become a new target for the treatment of metabolic disorders. The effects of GLP-1 and dual agonists on lipid metabolism also provide a more complete treatment plan for metabolic diseases. This article reviews the recent research progress of GLP-1 in lipid metabolism.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Histological efficacy of anti‐diabetic agents in MASH and the mediating role of weight loss: A network meta‐analysis
Mainak Banerjee, Rimesh Pal, Sandip Pal
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2026; 28(1): 287. CrossRef
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists in pediatric metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease
Andrea M. Tou, Jennifer Panganiban
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition.2026; 82(1): 146. CrossRef
Advances in Incretin‐Based Therapies for MAFLD: Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence
Wenqi Dong, Haiming Zhang, Shaowei Mu, Shuyi Shi, Junli Zhang, Keshu Xu
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics.2026; 119(2): 336. CrossRef
Safety and Tolerability of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review
Setor K. Kunutsor, Samuel Seidu
Drugs.2026; 86(1): 11. CrossRef
Anti-adipogenic effect of cryptotanshinone in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes via binding to glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor and its signaling
Md․Abdur Rakib, Yong-Sik Kim
Phytomedicine.2026; 150: 157666. CrossRef
Efficacy of liraglutide on metabolic and reproductive outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Yu‐Ting Lu, Po‐Han Chang, Hsuan‐Ju Chen, Ya‐Wen Hsueh, Chia‐Wei Chang, Hsi‐Chen Hsu, Tung‐Chuan Yang, Wu‐Chou Lin, Hsun‐Ming Chang
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicine versus liraglutide for weight loss in adults with obesity: A 12-month real-world target trial emulation study
Yu-Ning Liao, Tsung-Hsien Yang, Yi-Chin Lu, Liang-Wei Tseng, Ching-Wei Yang, Yu-Tung Huang, Hsing-Yu Chen
Integrative Medicine Research.2026; 15(3): 101291. CrossRef
High Cell Density Fermentation Strategy for High-Level Soluble Expression of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Analogue in Escherichia coli
Sushmita R. Kumar, Esha Shukla, Gaurav Pandey
Fermentation.2026; 12(1): 53. CrossRef
Improving Lipid Profiles Through Lactobacillus rhamnosus Supplementation in Dyslipidemic Animal Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Sungmin Chung, Jiill Jeong, Yeonwoo Park, Bogyeong Lee, Sumin Kang, Gwang-woong Go
Foods.2026; 15(3): 465. CrossRef
Semaglutide-Mediated Remodeling of Adipose Tissue in Type 2 Diabetes: Molecular Mechanisms Beyond Glycemic Control
Tatjana Ábel, Éva Csobod Csajbókné
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2026; 27(3): 1186. CrossRef
PLEIOTROPIC EFFECTS OF GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Wiktoria Marzec, Hanna Maruchniak, Paulina Biedroń, Anna Skrzypek, Maciej Hutkowski, Mikołaj Zbrożek, Zuzanna Chwostek, Bartłomiej Kosiarski, Patrycja Markowicz, Krzysztof Biłyk
International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Potential Antiarrhythmic Mechanisms of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1RAs)
Jianhong Li, Kun Fu, Jiaqian Zhao, Ying Zou, Li Li, Qiuyuan Huang, Limei Long, Xianhong Ou, Ming Lei, Chunxiang Zhang, Xiaoqiu Tan, Tangting Chen
Drug Design, Development and Therapy.2026; Volume 20: 1. CrossRef
Incretin hormones: Revolutionizing the treatment landscape for kidney and liver diseases in type 2 diabetes and obesity
Jae Hyun Bae, Young Min Cho
Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2025; 16(2): 183. CrossRef
Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and liver disease
Kathryn L. Williams, Maya Augustine, Eru Sujakhu, Justine Magadia, Lindsay Crawford, Aimee Knott, Skyler Hamilton, Uzoma Obiaka
Progress in Pediatric Cardiology.2025; 76: 101775. CrossRef
The protective effects of liraglutide in reducing lipid droplets accumulation and myocardial fibrosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy
Chien-Yin Kuo, Sing-Hua Tsou, Edy Kornelius, Kuei-Chuan Chan, Kai-Wei Chang, Jung-Chi Li, Chien-Ning Huang, Chih-Li Lin
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
An oral liraglutide nanomicelle formulation conferring reduced insulin-resistance and long-term hypoglycemic and lipid metabolic benefits
Laxman Subedi, Arjun Dhwoj Bamjan, Susmita Phuyal, Jung-Hyun Shim, Seung-Sik Cho, Jong Bae Seo, Kwan-Young Chang, Youngro Byun, Seho Kweon, Jin Woo Park
Journal of Controlled Release.2025; 378: 637. CrossRef
Engineering a high‐throughput clone for industrial‐scale production of long‐acting GLP‐1 analogue with retained bio‐efficacy
Praveen Kumar Reddy J, Murali Tummuru, Kunka Mohanram Ramkumar
Biotechnology Progress.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Role of molecular hydrogen in obesity treatment: modulation of GLP-1, irisin, and PGC-1α for improved metabolism
Nikola Todorović, Jovan Kuzmanovic, Dejan Javorac, Sergej M. Ostojic
Medical Gas Research.2025; 15(3): 442. CrossRef
Association between GLP-1 RAs and DPP-4 inhibitors with biliary disorders: pharmacovigilance analysis
Long He, Jinwei Li, Xiong Cheng, Li Luo, Yilan Huang
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists as a promising therapeutic option of metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease and obesity: hitting two targets with one shot
Eda Kaya, Wing-Kin Syn, Paul Manka
Current Opinion in Gastroenterology.2025; 41(3): 104. CrossRef
2FA-Platform Generates Dual Fatty Acid-Conjugated GLP-1 Receptor Agonist TE-8105 with Enhanced Diabetes, Obesity, and NASH Efficacy Compared to Semaglutide
Mun-Teng Wong, Pei-Hsuan Lin, Wei-Chen Lin, Chi-Jiun Peng, Jon D. Wright, Hui-Ju Lee, Hsing-Mao Chu, Carmay Lim, Tse Wen Chang
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.2025; 68(6): 6178. CrossRef
Perioperative Considerations of Novel Antidiabetic Agents in Heart Failure Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery
Ashley Wang, Savannah Bitzas, Dilsa Perez, Jonathon Schwartz, Saleem Zaidi, Jonathan Oster, Sergio D. Bergese
Life.2025; 15(3): 427. CrossRef
The Role of GLP-1RA Medications in Medical Weight Loss and the Positive Impacts on Lipid Management
Blair Suter, Allison Rhodes, Allison Bigeh, Timothy Frommeyer, Laxmi S. Mehta
Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Other Metabolic Diseases
Eliane Münte, Phillipp Hartmann
Biomolecules.2025; 15(4): 469. CrossRef
Vertical sleeve gastrectomy and semaglutide have distinct effects on skeletal health and heart function in obese male mice
Caroline de Carvalho Picoli, Sergey Tsibulnikov, Mavy Ho, Victoria DeMambro, Tiange Feng, May Eltahir, Phuong T. Le, Carolyn Chlebek, Clifford J. Rosen, Sergey Ryzhov, Ziru Li
American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 328(4): E555. CrossRef
Pre-fertilization-origin preservation of brown fat-mediated energy expenditure in humans
Takeshi Yoneshiro, Mami Matsushita, Sayuri Fuse-Hamaoka, Miyuki Kuroiwa, Yuko Kurosawa, Yosuke Yamada, Makoto Arai, Yuchen Wei, Makoto Iida, Kenichi Kuma, Toshimitsu Kameya, Tomoya Harada, Yoshihiro Matsumura, Tsuyoshi Osawa, Yoshiko Aoki, Hisashi Nakamur
Nature Metabolism.2025; 7(4): 778. CrossRef
Comparing Efficacy of Chiglitazar, Pioglitazone, and Semaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Study
Wenxuan Li, Yangang Wang, Chuanfeng Liu, Yongzhuo Yu, Lili Xu, Bingzi Dong
Diabetes Therapy.2025; 16(5): 993. CrossRef
Liraglutide Attenuates FFA-Induced Retinal Pigment Epithelium Dysfunction via AMPK Activation and Lipid Homeostasis Regulation in ARPE-19 Cells
Sing-Hua Tsou, Kai-Shin Luo, Chien-Ning Huang, Edy Kornelius, I-Ting Cheng, Hui-Chih Hung, Yu-Chien Hung, Chih-Li Lin, Min-Yen Hsu
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(8): 3704. CrossRef
The effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on cardiac remodeling in heart failure patients with preserved and reduced ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hasan Fareed Siddiqui, Saad Ahmed Waqas, Ruqiat Masooma Batool, Hussain Salim, Abdul Mannan Khan Minhas, Syed Farhan Hasni, Amro Alsaid, Anna Sannino, Aasim M. Afzal, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan
Heart Failure Reviews.2025; 30(5): 991. CrossRef
Effects of semaglutide on metabolism and gut microbiota in high-fat diet-induced obese mice
Luyan Sun, Bingqing Shang, Suyuan Lv, Guolong Liu, Qiu Wu, Yue Geng
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Intestinal L-cell mechanoreception regulates hepatic lipid metabolism through GLP-1
Luyang Gao, Ke Yang, Yawen Zhao, Jinshan Zhang, Shaohua Jiang, Rujiao Zhang, Wenxin He, Yuhang Zhao, Qianqian Ye, Geyang Xu
Science Advances.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The potential biomarker value of soluble CD36 in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease: evidence from GLP-1 and insulin interventions
Wenxuan Li, Yangang Wang
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Perspectives of Tubular Injury in Diabetic Kidney Disease: An Update
Jiamian Geng, Sijia Ma, Hui Tang, Chun Zhang
Biomedicines.2025; 13(6): 1424. CrossRef
The Role of Peptides in Nutrition: Insights into Metabolic, Musculoskeletal, and Behavioral Health: A Systematic Review
Syed Khuram Zakir, Bilal Jawed, Jessica Elisabetta Esposito, Rimsha Kanwal, Riccardo Pulcini, Riccardo Martinotti, Edmondo Ceci, Matteo Botteghi, Francesco Gaudio, Elena Toniato, Stefano Martinotti
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(13): 6043. CrossRef
Effect of Semaglutide Add-on to Metformin on Visceral Adiposity Index and Markers of Visceral Adipose Tissue Activity in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Abid Shaheer, Mahir Jallo, Shahid Akhtar
Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal.2025; 18(2): 1565. CrossRef
Harnessing adiponectin for sepsis: current knowledge, clinical insights and future therapies
Stefano Gianoli, Justin Tang, Kirsten C. Odegard, Koichi Yuki, Sophia Koutsogiannaki
Critical Care.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of antidiabetic medications on the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and cognitive impairment
Annalisa Cozza, Chiara Chinigò, Elvira Filicetti, Giada Ida Greco, Rosamaria Lappano, Cinzia Marinaro, Lucia Muglia, Luca Soraci, Andrea Corsonello, Fabrizia Lattanzio, Mara Volpentesta
Ageing Research Reviews.2025; 112: 102834. CrossRef
Impact of semaglutide on lipid profiles in overweight and obese non-diabetic adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Sarah Miranda, Jashkumar Choudhari, Nehabahen Chauhan, Mayur S. Parmar
European Journal of Pharmacology.2025; 1003: 177953. CrossRef
Unlocking the potential of GLP-1 receptor agonists in ocular therapeutics: from molecular pathways to clinical impact
Zhixuan Xie, Zuyi Yang, Dianzhe Tian, Youxin Chen
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists improve cholesterol metabolism by inhibiting SREBP-2 via SIRT6-AMPK pathway in HepG2 cells treated with palmitic acid
Jinmi Lee, Eun-Jung Rhee, Yu-Mi Lim, Seok-Woo Hong, Won-Young Lee
Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy.2025; 7(3): 61. CrossRef
Targeting visceral and ectopic adiposity: Pharmacological and surgical interventions beyond global weight loss
Mustafa Guldan, Lasin Ozbek, Sama M. Abdel‐Rahman, Arif E. Narin, Helin I. Orak, Hayri Kaan Goren, Baris Afsar, Peter Rossing, Mehmet Kanbay
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2025; 27(11): 6116. CrossRef
Engineered Lactococcus lactis secreting a glucagon-like peptide-1-inducing protein P9 for amelioration of obesity in mice
Wenxuan Di, Xiaoyue Bai, Shuangrui Tian, Liang Zhao, Xi Cao, Yanling Hao, Zhengyuan Zhai
3 Biotech.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Novel therapies – IMID Co-morbidities
Tsz On Lam, Ho So, Lai-Shan Tam
Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology.2025; 39(4): 102089. CrossRef
Type 2 Diabetes and the Multifaceted Gut-X Axes
Hezixian Guo, Liyi Pan, Qiuyi Wu, Linhao Wang, Zongjian Huang, Jie Wang, Li Wang, Xiang Fang, Sashuang Dong, Yanhua Zhu, Zhenlin Liao
Nutrients.2025; 17(16): 2708. CrossRef
Sex- and depot-specific adiposity as a driver of cardiovascular ageing
Pier-Giorgio Masci, Steffen E Petersen
European Heart Journal.2025; 46(46): 5089. CrossRef
A Neural Network Method for Assessing the Nutritional Requirements of a Patient With Type 2 Diabetes
Sidi M. Mwakalu, Vincent O. Omwenga, Patrick J. Ogao, Pramita Mishra
Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Global status and trends of proteomics in obesity: a bibliometric analysis and knowledge graph study
Xiaoying Wu, Yongming Chen, Tong Wu, Qi Pan, Lixin Guo
Tropical Medicine and Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Estimated glucose disposal rate and its dual role in hyperlipidemia risk and mortality: a secondary analysis of retrospective cohort data from U.S. and Chinese
Shouxin Wei, Sijia Yu, Chuan Qian, Zhengwen Xu, Yindong Jia, Bo Chen
Lipids in Health and Disease.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
GLP-1 and GIP: Magic bullet for musculoskeletal diseases?
Qihang Fang, Gan Li, Pei Liu, Peng Ding, Youshui Gao
Journal of Advanced Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of Anti-Obesity Effects of Ginger Extract Alone and Mixed with Long Pepper Extract
Gunju Song, Hyein Han, Heegu Jin, Jongwon Kim, Hyeongmin Kim, Yi-Seul Seo, Heewon Song, Boo-Yong Lee
Biomedicines.2025; 13(9): 2077. CrossRef
Activation of cyclooxygenase-2 signaling mediates liraglutide-induced adipose lipolytic activity
Jingyi Li, Hailian Wu, Wenhui Ma, Tao Yuan, Xiaopan Chen, Yong Pan
European Journal of Pharmacology.2025; 1006: 178133. CrossRef
GLP-1RA Reduces Supraspinatus Fatty Infiltration and Promotes Functional Recovery in a Rat Model of Rotator Cuff Repair
Jong Pil Yoon, Sung-Jin Park, Dong-Hyun Kim, Yoon Seong Choi, Hyun Joo Lee, Jun-Young Kim, Chul-Hyun Cho, Seok Won Chung
The American Journal of Sports Medicine.2025; 53(12): 2973. CrossRef
A synergic GLP-1/Acylethanolamide-based combined therapy for MAFLD: Studies in rat models
Marialuisa de Ceglia, Rubén Tovar, Miguel Rodríguez-Pozo, Antonio Vargas, Ana Gavito, Juan Suárez, Elena Baixeras, Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca, Juan Decara
Biochemical Pharmacology.2025; 242: 117364. CrossRef
Role of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1RAs) in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure
Pasqual Llongueras-Espí, Elena García-Romero, Josep Comín-Colet, José González-Costello
Biomolecules.2025; 15(9): 1342. CrossRef
A Combination of Citrus Aurantifolia Fruit Rind and Theobroma cacao Seed Extracts Ameliorates Obesity in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats via the AMPK Pathway
SukJin Kim, Sreenath Kundimi, Thirupathi Rao, Sudipta Veeramachaneni, Guru Ramanathan, Yean Kyoung Koo
Journal of Medicinal Food.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Outcomes of GLP-1 receptor agonist use following ischemic stroke: a propensity score-matched real-world analysis
Pranjal Rai, Girish Bathla, Niharika Praveen, Shreya Sri Gopikonda, Huanwen Alvin Chen, Hamza A. Salim, Ahmed Azzam, Muhammed Amir Essibayi, David J. Altschul, Adam A. Dmytriw, Vivek S. Yedavalli, Shahrzad Latifi, Ajay Malhotra, Marco Colasurdo, Dheeraj G
Journal of Neurology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists – Good for Body Weight, Bad for Micronutrient Status?
Felix Kerlikowsky, Klaus Krämer, Manfred Eggersdorfer, Andreas Hahn
Current Developments in Nutrition.2025; 9(11): 107587. CrossRef
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Heart Failure: Mechanisms, Evidence and Identifying Optimal Candidates
Magdy Abdelhamid, Mostafa M Abdrabou, Emanuel Faris, Sameh El Kafas, Mohamed Hosny, Ahmed Hassan
Cardiac Failure Review.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The perspectives in obesity and type 2 diabetes therapy: the present and future of incretin therapy
Marina V. Shestakova, Roza O. Bashlykova
Terapevticheskii arkhiv.2025; 97(10): 823. CrossRef
Neurobiological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Binge Eating Disorder: A Narrative Review
Sujitra Tongta, Titiwat Sungkaworn, Nutthapoom Pathomthongtaweechai
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(22): 10974. CrossRef
Kisspeptin-10 Ameliorates Obesity-Diabetes with Diverse Effects on Ileal Enteroendocrine Cells and Pancreatic Islet Morphology in High-Fat Fed Female Mice
Ananyaa Sridhar, Dawood Khan, Rithiga Muthukumar, Swetha Sampathkumar, Nigel Irwin, Peter R. Flatt, R. Charlotte Moffett
Biomolecules.2025; 15(11): 1591. CrossRef
The dual burden of obesity: decoding metabolism and female reproductive endocrinology
Yan Chen, Rongyu Wang, Nannan Zhang, Liangzhi Xu
Frontiers in Physiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
High-Density Lipoprotein Dysfunction and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: From Quantity to Quality
Amogh Jyothi Arun, Shigeru Kaneki, Madiha Baig, William H. Frishman, Wilbert S. Aronow
Cardiology in Review.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessing the Midface: Nose and Cheeks
Kavita Mariwalla, Sabrina Fabi, Daniel Belkin, José R. Montes, Rebecca Fitzgerald, Amelia Hausauer, Wendy Lee, Charles Boyd, Shilpi Khetarpal, Breanna Pasko Jernigan
Dermatologic Surgery.2025; 51(12S): S15. CrossRef
Nutritional Approaches to Enhance GLP-1 Analogue Therapy in Obesity: A Narrative Review
Denise Deo Dias, Andrea Rodrigues Vasconcelos, Ana Carolina Remondi Souza, Caroline de Menezes, Isabella Sobral Teixeira e Silva, José João Name
Obesities.2025; 5(4): 88. CrossRef
Einfluss von GLP-1-Analoga auf die Mikronährstoffversorgung
Felix Kerlikowsky, Klaus Krämer, Manfred Eggersdorfer, Andreas Hahn
Ernährung & Medizin.2025; 40(04): 167. CrossRef
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: What ophthalmologists need to know
Suraj Bala, Kevin C. Allan, Nicole L. Decker, Nadia J. Abbass, Julia H. Joo, Alison Zhao, Katherine E. Talcott, Aleksandra V. Rachitskaya
Survey of Ophthalmology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Diabetes and Osteoarthritis: Exploring the Interactions and Therapeutic Implications of Insulin, Metformin, and GLP-1-Based Interventions
Iryna Halabitska, Liliia Babinets, Valentyn Oksenych, Oleksandr Kamyshnyi
Biomedicines.2024; 12(8): 1630. CrossRef
The Effect of Tirzepatide on Body Composition in People with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review of Randomized, Controlled Studies
Vincenzo Rochira, Carla Greco, Stefano Boni, Francesco Costantino, Leonardo Dalla Valentina, Eleonora Zanni, Leila Itani, Marwan El Ghoch
Diseases.2024; 12(9): 204. CrossRef
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor: mechanisms and advances in therapy
Zhikai Zheng, Yao Zong, Yiyang Ma, Yucheng Tian, Yidan Pang, Changqing Zhang, Junjie Gao
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Recent Advances and Therapeutic Benefits of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Agonists in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders
John O Olukorode, Dolapo A Orimoloye, Nwachukwu O Nwachukwu, Chidera N Onwuzo, Praise O Oloyede, Temiloluwa Fayemi, Oluwatobi S Odunaike, Petra S Ayobami-Ojo, Nwachi Divine, Demilade J Alo, Chukwurah U Alex
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Interactions between glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and estrogens regulates lipid metabolism
Jorge F.A. Model, Rafaella S. Normann, Éverton L. Vogt, Maiza Von Dentz, Marjoriane de Amaral, Rui Xu, Tsvetan Bachvaroff, Poli Mara Spritzer, J. Sook Chung, Anapaula S. Vinagre
Biochemical Pharmacology.2024; 230: 116623. CrossRef
Changes in 24-Hour Urine Chemistry in Patients with Nephrolithiasis during Weight Loss with Glucagon-Like Peptide 1–Based Therapies
Karen Feghali, Xilong Li, Naim M. Maalouf
Kidney360.2024; 5(11): 1706. CrossRef
Liuweizhiji Gegen-Sangshen beverage protects against alcoholic liver disease in mice through the gut microbiota mediated SCFAs/GPR43/GLP-1 pathway
Mingyun Tang, Long Zhao, Fuchun Huang, Tiangang Wang, Xu Wu, Shanshan Chen, Juan Fu, Chaoli Jiang, Shulin Wei, Xuseng Zeng, Xiaoling Zhang, Xin Zhou, Mei Wei, Zhi Li, Guohui Xiao
Frontiers in Nutrition.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Spotlight on the Mechanism of Action of Semaglutide
Ilias Papakonstantinou, Konstantinos Tsioufis, Vasiliki Katsi
Current Issues in Molecular Biology.2024; 46(12): 14514. CrossRef

Original Articles

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
2023 Diabetic Kidney Disease Fact Sheet in Korea: Nam Hoon Kim, Mi-Hae Seo, Jin Hyung Jung, Kyung Do Han, Mi Kyung Kim, Nan Hee Kim, on Behalf of Diabetic Kidney Disease Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(3):463-472. Published online March 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0310

12,935 View
629 Download
17 Web of Science
22 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
To investigate the prevalence, incidence, comorbidities, and management status of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetes-related end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in South Korea.
Methods
We used the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2019 to 2021, n=2,665) for the evaluation of prevalence, comorbidities, control rate of glycemia and comorbidities in DKD, and the Korean Health Insurance Service-customized database (2008 to 2019, n=3,950,857) for the evaluation of trends in the incidence and prevalence rate of diabetes-related ESKD, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors use for DKD, and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and mortality according to DKD stages. DKD was defined as albuminuria or low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m² in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Results
The prevalence of DKD was 25.4% (albuminuria, 22.0%; low eGFR, 6.73%) in patients with diabetes mellitus aged ≥30 years. Patients with DKD had a higher rate of comorbidities, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, and central obesity; however, their control rates were lower than those without DKD. Prescription rate of SGLT2 inhibitors with reduced eGFR increased steadily, reaching 5.94% in 2019. Approximately 70% of DKD patients were treated with RAS blockers. The prevalence rate of diabetesrelated ESKD has been steadily increasing, with a higher rate in older adults. ASCVD and mortality were significantly associated with an in increase in DKD stage.
Conclusion
DKD is prevalent among Korean patients with diabetes and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, which requiring intensive management of diabetes and comorbidities. The prevalence of diabetes-related ESKD has been increasing, especially in the older adults, during past decade.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

THE STATE OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM AND RENAL FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME. LITERATURE REVIEW
S.U. Kazaryan, R.B. Bazarbekova, A.K. Dosanova, R.A. Kasymalieva, Zh.A. Nurlykaimova, K.S. Absatarova, M.M. Yakubova
Наука и здравоохранение.2026; (6(27)): 172. CrossRef
Glycemia Risk Index is Associated With Risk of Albuminuria Among Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes
Ji Yoon Kim, Jee Hee Yoo, Nam Hoon Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim
Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Big Data Research for Diabetes-Related Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database
Kyung-Soo Kim, Bongseong Kim, Kyungdo Han
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(1): 13. CrossRef
Effect of Glomerular Hyperfiltration on Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Seung Min Chung, Inha Jung, Da Young Lee, So Young Park, Ji Hee Yu, Jun Sung Moon, Ji A. Seo, Kyung-Do Han, Nan Hee Kim
Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology.2025; 20(3): 410. CrossRef
Impact of Muscle Quality on Muscle Strength and Physical Performance Beyond Muscle Mass or Diabetes Status
Jung A Kim, Chol Shin, Inha Jung, So Young Park, Da Young Lee, Ji Hee Yu, Hyunjoo Cho, Seung Ku Lee, Kyoung Jin Kim, Eyun Song, Kyeong Jin Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Sin Gon Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Nan Hee Kim, Ji A Seo
Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A Machine Learning-Based Prediction Model for Diabetic Kidney Disease in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Kyung Ae Lee, Jong Seung Kim, Yu Ji Kim, In Sun Goak, Heung Yong Jin, Seungyong Park, Hyejin Kang, Tae Sun Park
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(6): 2065. CrossRef
Optimal Management of Diabetic Kidney Disease
Jae-Han Jeon
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2025; 26(1): 1. CrossRef
Association Between Healthy Dietary Patterns and Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Diabetes: Findings from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2019–2021
Minsang Kim, Jung Koh, Jeong Cho, Semin Cho, Soojin Lee, Hyuk Huh, Seong Kim, Sehyun Jung, Eunjeong Kang, Sehoon Park, Jin Paek, Woo Park, Kyubok Jin, Seungyeup Han, Kwon Joo, Kyungdo Han, Dong Kim, Yaerim Kim
Nutrients.2025; 17(9): 1600. CrossRef
SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Evolving Evidence and Clinical Application
Jae Hyun Bae
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(3): 386. CrossRef
The Triglyceride-Glucose Index and Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease across Different Durations of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
Mi-sook Kim, Kyu-Na Lee, Jeongmin Lee, Jeongeun Kwak, Seung-Hwan Lee, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Jing Hughes, Kyung-Do Han, Eun Young Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(5): 718. CrossRef
Risk of End-Stage Kidney Disease in Individuals with Diabetes Living Alone: A Large-Scale Population-Based Study
Kyunghun Sung, Jae-Seung Yun, Bongseong Kim, Hun-Sung Kim, Jae-Hyoung Cho, Yong-Moon Mark Park, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(4): 862. CrossRef
Physical activity intensity and amount are inversely correlated with the risk of tuberculosis in patients with diabetes
Chiwook Chung, Kyu Na Lee, Kyungdo Han, Junhee Park, Dong Wook Shin, Sei Won Lee
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
2024 Cardio-cerebrovascular disease fact sheet in Korea
Kyungdo Han, Jin-Hyung Jung, Sang-Suk Choi, Seung-Hyun Ko
Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy.2025; 7(3): 85. CrossRef
Metabolomics and nutrient intake reveal metabolite–nutrient interactions in metabolic syndrome: insights from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Minyeong Kim, Suyeon Lee, Junguk Hur, Dayeon Shin
Nutrition Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Dysregulation of miR‐21‐5p in diabetic nephropathy and its role in inflammatory response
Yujiang Zhang, Qin Deng, Jianping Yi
Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2025; 16(11): 2033. CrossRef
Current Status of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Use in South Korean Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Population–Pronounced Age-Related Disparities: Nationwide Cohort Study
Ji Yoon Kim, Seohyun Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(5): 1040. CrossRef
Burden of End-Stage Kidney Disease by Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Status in South Korea: A Nationwide Epidemiologic Study (Diabetes Metab J 2025;49:498-506)
Ji Eun Jun
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(5): 1137. CrossRef
Remnant Cholesterol as an Independent Cardiovascular Risk Factor in Young Adults
Han Na Jung, Ji Hye Heo, Myung Jin Kim, Kyung-Do Han, Jun Goo Kang, Seong Jin Lee
JACC.2025; 86(21): 2047. CrossRef
Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Age at Death in the Hemodialysis Population: An Analysis of Data from the Korean National Health Insurance and Statistical Information Service, 2006 to 2018
Ji Hong You, Kang Ju Son, Kyoung Sook Park, Byung-Wan Lee, Sun Ok Song
Diabetology.2025; 6(12): 145. CrossRef
Endothelial NOX5 Obliterates the Reno-Protective Effect of Nox4 Deletion by Promoting Renal Fibrosis via Activation of EMT and ROS-Sensitive Pathways in Diabetes
Karin A. M. Jandeleit-Dahm, Haritha R. Kankanamalage, Aozhi Dai, Jaroslawna Meister, Sara Lopez-Trevino, Mark E. Cooper, Rhian M. Touyz, Christopher R. J. Kennedy, Jay C. Jha
Antioxidants.2024; 13(4): 396. CrossRef
Management Strategies for Potassium Levels During Non-steroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Therapy: A Comprehensive Review
Hyung Eun Son
Electrolytes & Blood Pressure.2024; 22(2): 29. CrossRef
A New Era in Diabetic Kidney Disease Treatment: The Four Pillars and Strategies to Build Beyond
Sangyub Han, Sejoong Kim
Electrolytes & Blood Pressure.2024; 22(2): 21. CrossRef

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Healthy Lifestyle and the Risk of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: A Large Prospective Cohort Study: Qing Chang, Yixiao Zhang, Tingjing Zhang, Zuyun Liu, Limin Cao, Qing Zhang, Li Liu, Shaomei Sun, Xing Wang, Ming Zhou, Qiyu Jia, Kun Song, Yang Ding, Yuhong Zhao, Kaijun Niu, Yang Xia; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(5):971-982. Published online March 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0133

7,482 View
247 Download
12 Web of Science
11 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
The incidence density of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and the effect of a healthy lifestyle on the risk of MAFLD remain unknown. We evaluated the prevalence and incidence density of MAFLD and investigated the association between healthy lifestyle and the risk of MAFLD.
Methods
A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 37,422 participants to explore the prevalence of MAFLD. A cohort analysis of 18,964 individuals was conducted to identify the incidence of MAFLD, as well as the association between healthy lifestyle and MAFLD. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) with adjustments for confounding factors.
Results
The prevalence of MAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and their comorbidities were 30.38%, 28.09%, and 26.13%, respectively. After approximately 70 thousand person-years of follow-up, the incidence densities of the three conditions were 61.03, 55.49, and 51.64 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. Adherence to an overall healthy lifestyle was associated with a 19% decreased risk of MAFLD (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.92), and the effects were modified by baseline age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Subgroup analyses revealed that younger participants, men, and those with a lower BMI experienced more significant beneficial effects from healthy lifestyle.
Conclusion
Our results highlight the beneficial effect of adherence to a healthy lifestyle on the prevention of MAFLD. Health management for improving dietary intake, physical activity, and smoking and drinking habits are critical to improving MAFLD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The Role of Kupffer Cells and Liver Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
Ioannis Tsomidis, Angeliki Tsakou, Argyro Voumvouraki, Elias Kouroumalis
Biomedicines.2026; 14(1): 151. CrossRef
Impact of healthy lifestyles on the risk of metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease among adults with comorbid hypertension and diabetes: Novel insight from a largely middle‐aged and elderly cohort in South China
Jun‐Yan Xi, Yi‐Jing Wang, Xiao‐Heng Li, Nuo‐Min Sun, Rui‐Qi Ming, Hua‐Ling Yan, Huan‐Le Cai, Jian‐Jun Bai, Yi‐Ning Xiang, Jing Gu, Xiao Lin, Gang Liu, Yuan‐Tao Hao
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2025; 27(5): 2800. CrossRef
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene variants and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: genetic associations with steatosis in obese and lean individuals
Asmaa AbdelFattah, Mahmoud Kattab, Hosny Abdel Ghany, Lamiaa Aly, Ahmed Mady, Aly Hamdi, Riham Soliman, Gamal Shiha, Nada El-Domiaty
Egyptian Liver Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Research trends on the quality of life in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver diseases: a scientific metrology study
Can Huang, Meng Chen, Yanfang Sun, Lin Zhang, Wei Liu
Frontiers in Nutrition.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The relationship between tobacco and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Jianxiang Jin, Yuping Zhang, Yiping Huang
Frontiers in Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Enhancing MAFLD Care: Efficacy of a Multidisciplinary Community Intervention on Self-Management and Hepatic Outcomes
Huan-Jing Cai, Hai-Lun Liang, Lei-Yu Shi, Yi-Hui Rong, Jing Li, Yan Zhang, Rui-Fang Ma
INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Mechanistic investigation of DDT/DDE in MASLD/MASH pathogenesis: An integrated network toxicology and transcriptomics approach
Yicheng Jiang, Yuancheng Shao, Jiaming Xue, Zhigang Chen, Qi Liu, Shuai Chen, Xihan Gu, Shufan Zhang, Liming Tang
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.2025; 307: 119390. CrossRef
Multiorgan crosstalk in MASLD/MASH: from hepatic pathogenesis to systemic complications
Wenhua Bai, Zheng Zhu
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Diagnostic indicators and lifestyle interventions of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease
Tianzhu Chen, Xiang Qin, Jianping Jiang, Beihui He
Frontiers in Nutrition.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Sex differences in pathogenesis and treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and steatotic liver disease
Tatjana Ábel, Béla Benczúr, Éva Csajbókné Csobod
Frontiers in Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Associations of traditional healthy lifestyle and sleep quality with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: two population-based studies
Jialu Yang, Qi Zhang, Wanying Zhao, Bingqi Ye, Siqi Li, Zhuoyu Zhang, Jingmeng Ju, Jialin He, Min Xia, Tiantian Xiong, Yan Liu
Nutrition & Diabetes.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Complications
Does the Relationship of the Autonomic Symptoms Questionnaire COMPASS 31 with Cardiovascular Autonomic Tests Differ between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?: Ilenia D’Ippolito, Marika Menduni, Cinzia D’Amato, Aikaterini Andreadi, Davide Lauro, Vincenza Spallone; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(6):1114-1125. Published online February 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0301

6,436 View
195 Download
4 Web of Science
4 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
The aim was to investigate if autonomic symptoms questionnaire Composite Autonomic Symptom Score (COMPASS) 31 has different association with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and diagnostic performance between type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
Seventy-nine participants with T1DM and 140 with T2DM completed COMPASS 31 before cardiovascular reflex tests (CARTs) for CAN, and assessment of symptoms, signs, vibration, and thermal perception thresholds for diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) diagnosis.
Results
COMPASS 31 total weighted score (TWS) was similar in the two groups, but significantly associated with confirmed CAN only in T1DM (P=0.0056) and not T2DM group (P=0.1768) and correlated with CARTs score more strongly in T1DM (rho=0.356, P=0.0016) than in T2DM group (rho=0.084, P=0.3218) (P=0.016). Only in T1DM and not T2DM group, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) reached a fair diagnostic accuracy (>0.7) for confirmed CAN (0.73±0.07 vs. 0.61±0.08) and DPN (0.75±0.06 vs. 0.68±0.05), although without a significant difference. COMPASS 31 TWS (cut-off 16.44) reached acceptable diagnostic performance in T1DM, with sensitivity for confirmed CAN 81.2% and sensitivity and specificity for DPN 76.3% and 78%, compared to T2DM group (all <70%). AUC for DPN of orthostatic intolerance domain was higher in T1DM compared to T2DM group (0.73±0.05 vs. 0.58±0.04, P=0.027).
Conclusion
COMPASS 31 is more weakly related to CAN in T2DM than in T1DM, with a fair diagnostic accuracy for confirmed CAN only in T1DM. This difference supports a multifactorial origin of symptoms and should be considered when using COMPASS 31.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Corneal confocal microscopy identifies early and definite diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy
Shazli Azmi, Maryam Ferdousi, Alise Kalteniece, Ioannis N Petropoulos, Uazman Alam, Georgios Ponirakis, Omar Asghar, Andrew Marshall, Andrew JM Boulton, Nathan Efron, Rayaz A Malik
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2025; 224: 112172. CrossRef
Features of short-term heart rate variability in internally displaced people with type 2 diabetes mellitus
V.A. Serhiyenko, V.B. Sehin, V.I. Pankiv, A.A. Serhiyenko
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine).2025; 21(3): 243. CrossRef
Article commentary on: ‘impact of autonomic dysfunction on cardiovascular outcomes among patients with ATTR cardiomyopathy: insights from the COMPASS-31’
Jonas Wixner
Amyloid.2025; 32(4): 311. CrossRef
Frequency and severity of autonomic dysfunction assessed by objective hemodynamic responses and patient-reported symptoms in individuals with myasthenia gravis
Monika Zawadka-Kunikowska, Mirosława Cieślicka, Jacek J. Klawe, Małgorzata Tafil-Klawe, Wojciech Kaźmierczak, Łukasz Rzepiński
Frontiers in Neuroscience.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Cardiovascular risk/Epidemiology
Risk of Cardiovascular Disease according to Baseline Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level in Different Age Groups in Korean Diabetes Population: A Cohort Study: Tae Kyung Yoo, Kyung-Do Han, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(2):265-278. Published online February 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0443

6,313 View
288 Download
1 Web of Science
1 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
The association between low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) levels and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in different age groups within the diabetes mellitus (DM) population remains unclear. The cohort study was conducted to investigate this relationship.
Methods
We assessed the 2009 to 2012 Korean National Health Screening and National Health Insurance Service records, with follow-up to the primary outcome (myocardial infarction [MI] or stroke) or December 2018. After excluding the participants with a history of MI or stroke, 2,227,394 participants with DM were included and categorized according to baseline LDL-C levels and age. Cox proportional hazards modeling was conducted. The CVD risk of age <40 years and LDL-C <70 mg/dL was set as the reference. In each age group, LDL-C <70 mg/dL was used as a reference for the subgroup analysis.
Results
The cut-off LDL-C value for increased MI risk in each age group varied (<40 years old, LDL-C ≥160 mg/dL: hazard ratios [HR], 2.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.644 to 2.506) (40–49-year-old, LDL-C <115 mg/dL: HR, 1.245; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.489) (50–59-year-old, LDL-C <115 mg/dL: HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.014 to 1.445) (60-69-year-old, LDL-C <145 mg/dL: HR, 1.229; 95% CI, 1.022 to 1.479) (≥70 years old group, LDL-C <100 mg/dL: HR, 1.238; 95% CI, 1.018 to 1.504). The cut-off LDL-C values for increased stroke risk varied in each age subgroup (<40 years old, LDL-C ≥160 mg/dL: HR, 1.395; 95% CI, 1.094 to 1.779) (40–49-year-old, LDL-C <145 mg/dL: HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.019 to 1.253) (50–59-year-old, LDL-C <160 mg/dL: HR, 1.079; 95% CI, 1.008 to 1.154) (60–69-year-old, LDL-C <130 mg/dL: HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.022 to 1.119) (≥70 years old, LDL-C <115 mg/dL: HR, 1.064; 95% CI, 1.019 to 1.112).
Conclusion
The effect of LDL-C on the risk of CVD differs depending on the age of the population with DM.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Innovative Lipid-Lowering Strategies: RNA-Based, Small Molecule, and Protein-Based Therapies
Youngwoo Jang, Eun-Jung Rhee, Sung Hee Choi
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(5): 668. CrossRef

Review

Pathophysiology
Dysfunctional Mitochondria Clearance in Situ: Mitophagy in Obesity and Diabetes-Associated Cardiometabolic Diseases: Songling Tang, Di Hao, Wen Ma, Lian Liu, Jiuyu Gao, Peng Yao, Haifang Yu, Lu Gan, Yu Cao; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(4):503-517. Published online February 15, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0213

10,645 View
362 Download
15 Web of Science
15 Crossref

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Several mitochondrial dysfunctions in obesity and diabetes include impaired mitochondrial membrane potential, excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, reduced mitochondrial DNA, increased mitochondrial Ca²⁺ flux, and mitochondrial dynamics disorders. Mitophagy, specialized autophagy, is responsible for clearing dysfunctional mitochondria in physiological and pathological conditions. As a paradox, inhibition and activation of mitophagy have been observed in obesity and diabetes-related heart disorders, with both exerting bidirectional effects. Suppressed mitophagy is beneficial to mitochondrial homeostasis, also known as benign mitophagy. On the contrary, in most cases, excessive mitophagy is harmful to dysfunctional mitochondria elimination and thus is defined as detrimental mitophagy. In obesity and diabetes, two classical pathways appear to regulate mitophagy, including PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin-dependent mitophagy and receptors/adapters-dependent mitophagy. After the pharmacologic interventions of mitophagy, mitochondrial morphology and function have been restored, and cell viability has been further improved. Herein, we summarize the mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy alterations in obesity and diabetes, as well as the underlying upstream mechanisms, in order to provide novel therapeutic strategies for the obesity and diabetes-related heart disorders.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Deciphering mitophagic flux in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a commentary on the SIRT3-ferroptosis axis
Yuan Li, Seyida Yimamuyushan, Zhaohui Luo
International Journal of Surgery.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Mechanism of Ershen Zhenwu Decoction in treating chronic heart failure by regulating PTEN-induced putative kinase 1/Parkin pathway mediated mitophagy
Xinyue Wang, Ruyu Zhang, Yulong Liu, Maomao Zhang, Mengzhao Wei, Zhenpeng Zhu, Dan Cheng, Xiaoyu Cheng, Lan Ge
Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2026; 360: 121216. CrossRef
NIPSNAP3B elevates mitochondrial biogenesis to attenuate lipid accumulation in childhood obesity via AMPK pathway
Kaifeng Li, Mengran Wang, Yanhong Liu, Ruining Lu, Heng Zhang, Xiaohui Sui, Guiju Zhang, Xuan Li
Gene.2026; 986: 150023. CrossRef
PF protects retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative injury by enhancing mitophagy through a CUL3-dependent AMPK/ULK1 pathway
Xi Chen, Wei Shi, Yujie Zhu, Kai Li, Ying Xia, Hao Wu, Tianming Hu, Chengyao Qin, Wei Wei
Archives of Pharmacal Research.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Targeting mitochondrial quality control in diabetic kidney disease: emerging therapeutic opportunities
Jiajun Luo, Fuer Lu, Magdalena Cuciureanu, XiaoHu Xu, Hui Dong, Minmin Gong
Renal Failure.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Influence of Mitochondrial NAD(P) + Transhydrogenase (NNT) on Hypothalamic Inflammation and Metabolic Dysfunction Induced by a High-Fat Diet in Mice
Giovanna Leite Santos, Ericka Francislaine Dias Costa, Ana Paula Dalla Costa, Ariane Maria Zanesco, Marcela Reymond Simoes, Fábio Rogério, Daniele Masselli Rodrigues Demolin, Claudia Daniele Carvalho Navarro, Lício Augusto Velloso, Annelise Francisco, Rog
Hormone and Metabolic Research.2025; 57(03): 199. CrossRef
Type 3 diabetes and metabolic reprogramming of brain neurons: causes and therapeutic strategies
Xiangyuan Meng, Hui Zhang, Zhenhu Zhao, Siyao li, Xin Zhang, Ruihan Guo, Huimin Liu, Yiling Yuan, Wanrui Li, Qi Song, Jinyu Liu
Molecular Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
WIPI1-mediated mitophagy dysfunction in ventricular remodeling associated with long-term diabetes mellitus
Daiqi Liu, Lu Zhou, Beizheng Xu, Gary Tse, Qingmiao Shao, Tong Liu
Cellular Signalling.2025; 130: 111663. CrossRef
Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata ameliorates heart failure via PI3K/AKT/Bnip3 pathway
Wenxiu Liu, Xingju Zou, Yang Zheng, Yuan Zhang, Guijuan Cui, Siyu Liu, Chen Sun, Cheng Peng
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Wireless, battery-free vagal electrical stimulation: A novel approach to inhibit cardiac hypertrophy via H3K18 lactylation mediated mitophagy
Pilong Shi, Yang Liu, Yuetong Sha, Jiaxin Wang, Jiajun Zhou, Kai Liu, Yonggang Cao, Qianhui Zhang, Xinran Wang, Hongli Sun
Pharmacological Research.2025; 216: 107760. CrossRef
The Multifaceted Influence of Beta‐Hydroxybutyrate on Autophagy, Mitochondrial Metabolism, and Epigenetic Regulation
Sajad Ehtiati, Behzad Hatami, Seyyed Hossein Khatami, Kiarash Tajernarenj, Saeed Abdi, Majid Sirati‐Sabet, Seyyed Amir Hossein Ghazizadeh Hashemi, Reyhane Ahmadzade, Nastran Hamed, Marziyeh Goudarzi, Fatemeh Namvarjah, Melika Hajimohammadebrahim‐Ketabforo
Journal of Cellular Biochemistry.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Mitophagy: A key regulator of radiotherapy resistance in the tumor immune microenvironment
Jing Xia, Jing Jin, Shuang Dai, HaoHan Fan, KeLiang Chen, JianMei Li, Feng Luo, Xingchen Peng
Molecular Aspects of Medicine.2025; 105: 101385. CrossRef
Mitophagy in the Pathogenesis of Obesity-Associated Cardiovascular Diseases: New Mechanistic and Therapeutic Insights
Kexin Huang, Jun Ren
Trends in Medical Research.2024; 19(1): 112. CrossRef
A review: Polysaccharides targeting mitochondria to improve obesity
Yongchao Chen, Rong Gao, Jun Fang, Sujuan Ding
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2024; 277: 134448. CrossRef
Iron chelators as mitophagy agents: Potential and limitations
Tereza Brogyanyi, Zdeněk Kejík, Kateřina Veselá, Petr Dytrych, David Hoskovec, Michal Masařik, Petr Babula, Robert Kaplánek, Tomáš Přibyl, Jaroslav Zelenka, Tomáš Ruml, Martin Vokurka, Pavel Martásek, Milan Jakubek
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2024; 179: 117407. CrossRef

Sulwon Lecture 2023

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Insulin Resistance, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Clinical and Experimental Perspective: Inha Jung, Dae-Jeong Koo, Won-Young Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(3):327-339. Published online February 2, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0350

18,603 View
676 Download
27 Web of Science
29 Crossref

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

It has been generally accepted that insulin resistance (IR) and reduced insulin secretory capacity are the basic pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition to genetic factors, the persistence of systemic inflammation caused by obesity and the associated threat of lipotoxicity increase the risk of T2DM. In particular, the main cause of IR is obesity and subjects with T2DM have a higher body mass index (BMI) than normal subjects according to recent studies. The prevalence of T2DM with IR has increased with increasing BMI during the past three decades. According to recent studies, homeostatic model assessment of IR was increased compared to that of the 1990s. Rising prevalence of obesity in Korea have contributed to the development of IR, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and T2DM and cutting this vicious cycle is important. My colleagues and I have investigated this pathogenic mechanism on this theme through clinical and experimental studies over 20 years and herein, I would like to summarize some of our studies with deep gratitude for receiving the prestigious 2023 Sulwon Award.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Recent Trends for Computational Enriched Diabetic Retinopathy Assessment: A Systematic Review
Hrijuta Datta, Preity, Ashish Kumar Bhandari
Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering.2026; 33(1): 1227. CrossRef
Macrophage Plg-RKT expression promotes diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
Lindsey A. Miles, Hongdong Bai, Sagarika Chakrabarty, Nagyung Baik, Yuqing Zhang, Robert J. Parmer, Fahumiya Samad
Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis.2026; 24(1): 241. CrossRef
Hepatorenal vulnerability flagged by glomerular hyperfiltration in metabolic liver disease: a large health-screening cohort evidence
Dae-Jeong Koo, Yun Tae Kim, Sun-Joon Moon, Hyemi Kwon, Se Eun Park, Sang Min Lee, Cheol-Young Park, Won-Young Lee, Sung Rae Cho, Eun-Jung Rhee
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Kudzu root-derived carbon dots modulate gut microbiota and metabolites for pan-organ targeted macrophage polarization in synergistic diabetes therapy
Jianing Yi, Yuanyu Tang, Yilin Chen, Liang Chen, Dongxue Geng, Luyao Liu, Jie Yu, Lianhong Zou, Jie Zeng, Minhuan Lan, Wenjie Gao, Ming Gao
Biomaterials.2026; 329: 123967. CrossRef
Development of a machine learning-based model for prediction of diabetes risk in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)
Sijie Yang, Ruiqing Mo, Wenqiang Wang, Puxiang Zhen, Wentian Han
BMJ Open.2026; 16(1): e107239. CrossRef
γ-Glutamylcysteine restores glucolipotoxicity-induced islet β-cell apoptosis and dysfunction via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress
Jinyi Zhou, Yingying Shi, Lishuang Zhao, Rong Wang, Lan Luo, Zhimin Yin
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.2025; 495: 117206. CrossRef
Comparison of SPISE and METS-IR and Other Markers to Predict Insulin Resistance and Elevated Liver Transaminases in Children and Adolescents
Kyungchul Song, Eunju Lee, Hye Sun Lee, Hana Lee, Ji-Won Lee, Hyun Wook Chae, Yu-Jin Kwon
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(2): 264. CrossRef
Unraveling the Mystery of Insulin Resistance: From Principle Mechanistic Insights and Consequences to Therapeutic Interventions
Mohammad Muzaffar Mir, Mohammed Jeelani, Muffarah Hamid Alharthi, Syeda Fatima Rizvi, Shahzada Khalid Sohail, Javed Iqbal Wani, Zia Ul Sabah, Waad Fuad BinAfif, Partha Nandi, Abdullah M. Alshahrani, Jaber Alfaifi, Adnan Jehangir, Rashid Mir
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(6): 2770. CrossRef
Investigating the Effects of Gossypetin on Liver Health in Diet-Induced Pre-Diabetic Male Sprague Dawley Rats
Karishma Naidoo, Andile Khathi
Molecules.2025; 30(8): 1834. CrossRef
Associations between cardiometabolic indices and the onset of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease as well as its progression to liver fibrosis: a cohort study
Ziping Song, Xinlei Miao, Shuang Liu, Manling Hu, Xiaoling Xie, Yuting Sun, Song Leng
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Hepatoprotective and Antiatherosclerotic Effects of Oleoylethanolamide-Based Dietary Supplement in Dietary-Induced Obesity in Mice
Darya Ivashkevich, Arina Ponomarenko, Igor Manzhulo, Anastasia Egoraeva, Inessa Dyuizen
Pathophysiology.2025; 32(2): 16. CrossRef
Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Network in the Pathogenesis of Obesity, Diabetes, Steatotic Liver Disease, and Cardiovascular Disease
Joonyub Lee, Won Gun Choi, Marie Rhee, Seung-Hwan Lee
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(3): 348. CrossRef
Association of cardiometabolic markers with hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis in population without obesity and diabetes
Zhixing Fan, Chaojun Yang, Xiaojing Zhao, Jing Zhang
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Triglyceride-Glucose Index and Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease across Different Durations of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
Mi-sook Kim, Kyu-Na Lee, Jeongmin Lee, Jeongeun Kwak, Seung-Hwan Lee, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Jing Hughes, Kyung-Do Han, Eun Young Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(5): 718. CrossRef
Tectoridin modulates intertwined molecular pathways in metabolic syndrome: insights from network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vivo studies
Ashwini Kumar Mishra, Pravat Kumar Sahoo, Rajesh Singh, Smita Jain
Inflammopharmacology.2025; 33(9): 5545. CrossRef
Triglyceride–Glucose-Based Anthropometric Indices for Predicting Incident Cardiovascular Disease: Relative Fat Mass (RFM) as a Robust Indicator
Xinlei Chu, Haozhi Niu, Ning Wang, Yu Wang, Hongkai Xu, Huiying Wang, Liting Wu, Wei Li, Lei Han
Nutrients.2025; 17(13): 2212. CrossRef
Association of temporal MASLD with type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and mortality
Eugene Han, Kyung-Do Han, Yong-ho Lee, Kyung-Soo Kim, Sangmo Hong, Jung Hwan Park, Cheol-Young Park
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Associations between the effectiveness of sleeve gastrectomy and the composition and function of gut microbiome in obese rats
Yifan Cao, Songhan Qin, Dandan Liu, Tao Zhang, Yin Wu, Ming Xie, Jiwei Wang
Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.2025; 29(9): 102153. CrossRef
Exercise Interventions for Metabolic Diseases: An Analysis of the Evolution of Aerobic Exercise Bibliometrics in the Field of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Yang Li, Amin Ullah, Shuhao Fang, Donglin Liu, Zhenwei Cui, Guangning Kou
Healthcare.2025; 13(17): 2087. CrossRef
Association Between Depression and Hepatic Steatosis According to Obese Status: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010–2019
Young Sang Lyu, Youngmin Yoon, Jin Hwa Kim, Sang Yong Kim
Medicina.2025; 61(9): 1711. CrossRef
Serum Granulin Concentrations Are Elevated in Prediabetes and Newly Diagnosed Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study
Yu-Hsuan Chou, Yuan Kao, Ka Chon Chan, Hsuan-Wen Chou, Yu-Cheng Liang, Hung-Tsung Wu, Horng-Yih Ou
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(18): 6566. CrossRef
Attention-based graph neural network framework for non-invasive CAP score prediction in fatty liver disease via body modeling
Ghasem Sadeghi Bajestani, Fatemeh Makhloughi, Ayoub Basham, Ebrahim Evazi, Mahdiyeh Razm Pour, Roohallah Alizadehsani, Farkhondeh Razmpour
Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
LGALS3BP Induces Insulin Resistance via TLR2-IKKα/β Pathway-Mediated IRS1 Serine Phosphorylation
Minjeong Sung, Dae-Hwan Kim, Eun-Gene Sun, Jun-Eul Hwang, Sang-Hee Cho, Ik-Joo Chung, Hyun-Jeong Shim, Woo Kyun Bae
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Mechanistic Insights into N-Oleoylethanolamide-Mediated Hepatoprotection via PPAR-α
Darya Ivashkevich, Arina Ponomarenko, Igor Manzhulo, Inessa Dyuizen
BIOCELL.2025; 49(4): 607. CrossRef
Clinical Implementation of Sustainable Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals in Metabolic Health: A Feasibility Study
Francesca Scionti, Samantha Maurotti, Elisa Mazza, Angela Mirarchi, Raffaella Russo, Paola Doria, Rosario Mare, Giuseppe Marafioti, Yvelise Ferro, Tiziana Montalcini, Arturo Pujia
Nutrients.2025; 17(24): 3858. CrossRef
The association of multiple metabolic disorders with the severity of fasting blood glucose and hepatic steatosis in a Chinese population with MAFLD: a cross-sectional study of over 3000 participants
Xue Qu, Shanshan Jin, Yuqing Shi, Weisong Zhang, Delong Cong, Yangyang Liu
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Frequency and Association of Dyslipidemia with Clinical and Biochemical Parameters among Patients with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Arslan Ahmad, Shazia Siddique, Amanullah Bhalli, Amina Umer, Umayma Asad, Muhammad Irfan Jamil
Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences.2025; : 75. CrossRef
Strategy for treating MAFLD: Electroacupuncture alleviates hepatic steatosis and fibrosis by enhancing AMPK mediated glycolipid metabolism and autophagy in T2DM rats
Haoru Duan, Shanshan Song, Rui Li, Suqin Hu, Shuting Zhuang, Shaoyang liu, Xiaolu Li, Wei Gao
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review and Position Statement of the Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association
Jaehyun Bae, Eugene Han, Hye Won Lee, Cheol-Young Park, Choon Hee Chung, Dae Ho Lee, Eun-Hee Cho, Eun-Jung Rhee, Ji Hee Yu, Ji Hyun Park, Ji-Cheol Bae, Jung Hwan Park, Kyung Mook Choi, Kyung-Soo Kim, Mi Hae Seo, Minyoung Lee, Nan-Hee Kim, So Hun Kim, Won-
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(6): 1015. CrossRef

Original Article

Drug/Regimen
Pioglitazone as Add-on Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled with Dapagliflozin and Metformin: Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial: Ji Hye Heo, Kyung Ah Han, Jun Hwa Hong, Hyun-Ae Seo, Eun-Gyoung Hong, Jae Myung Yu, Hye Seung Jung, Bong-Soo Cha; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(5):937-948. Published online February 2, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0314

20,838 View
753 Download
8 Web of Science
11 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
This study assessed the efficacy and safety of triple therapy with pioglitazone 15 mg add-on versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled with metformin and dapagliflozin.
Methods
In this multicenter, double-blind, randomized, phase 3 study, patients with T2DM with an inadequate response to treatment with metformin (≥1,000 mg/day) plus dapagliflozin (10 mg/day) were randomized to receive additional pioglitazone 15 mg/day (n=125) or placebo (n=125) for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels from baseline to week 24 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05101135).
Results
At week 24, the adjusted mean change from baseline in HbA1c level compared with placebo was significantly greater with pioglitazone treatment (–0.47%; 95% confidence interval, –0.61 to –0.33; P<0.0001). A greater proportion of patients achieved HbA1c <7% or <6.5% at week 24 with pioglitazone compared to placebo as add-on to 10 mg dapagliflozin and metformin (56.8% vs. 28% for HbA1c <7%, and 23.2% vs. 9.6% for HbA1c <6.5%; P<0.0001 for all). The addition of pioglitazone also significantly improved triglyceride, highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance levels, while placebo did not. The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar between the groups, and the incidence of fluid retention-related side effects by pioglitazone was low (1.5%).
Conclusion
Triple therapy with the addition of 15 mg/day of pioglitazone to dapagliflozin plus metformin was well tolerated and produced significant improvements in HbA1c in patients with T2DM inadequately controlled with dapagliflozin plus metformin.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Lobeglitazone improves glycaemic control as add‐on therapy to empagliflozin plus metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A double‐blind, randomised, placebo‐controlled trial
Da Hea Seo, Kyung Wan Min, Ho Sang Sohn, Sang Yong Kim, In‐Kyung Jeong, Cheol‐Young Park, Kun‐Ho Yoon, So Hun Kim, Bong‐Soo Cha
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2026; 28(1): 728. CrossRef
Sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor ameliorates thiazolidinedione‐induced fluid retention through vascular leakage reduction in white adipose tissue
Ji Yoon Kim, Hye‐Min Jang, Hye‐Jin Lee, Ah Hyeon Lee, Dong‐Hoon Kim, Sin Gon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2026; 28(3): 1764. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of fixed-dose dapagliflozin–pioglitazone in Indian adults with type 2 diabetes: results from the randomized phase 3 PRO-1 trial
Awadhesh Kumar Singh, Krishna G Seshadri, A G Unnikrishnan, Jothydev Kesavadev, Sanjay Kalra, Shashank R Joshi, Kaushik Pandit, Rakesh K Sahay, Vijay K Panikar, Ambrish Mithal, Smriti Gadia, Thamburaj Anthuvan
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy and Safety of Pioglitazone Add‐On in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled With Metformin and Dapagliflozin: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials
Ubaid Khan, Zuhair Majeed, Muhammad Haris Khan, Ahmed Bostamy Elsnhory, Ahmed Mazen Amin, Anum Nawaz, Ahmed Raza, Hafiz Muhammad Waqas Siddque, Mustafa Turkmani, Mohamed Abuelazm
Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Pioglitazone as Add-On to Metformin and Dapagliflozin Yields Significant Enhancements in Glycemic Control in Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Sara Sabbagh, Ahmed Hegazy, Ahmed Adel, Abdullah Ali, Mohamed Alquddosy, Sara Khalid, Abdallah M Ibrahim, Ahmed Mohamed, Abdelrahman Mostafa, Ahmed Hassan, Ola Mohamed, Rawan Mesbah, Osama Osman, Mohamed Hamouda Elkasaby
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Triple oral therapy with metformin, DPP‐4 inhibitor, and SGLT2 inhibitor for adults with type 2 diabetes: Consensus recommendations of a Chinese expert panel (version 2025)
Miao Yu, Tong Wang, Chun Xu, Yan Bi, Ling Gao, Guang Wang, Guangda Xiang, Yaoming Xue, Tao Yang, Deying Kang, Zhiguang Zhou, Lixin Guo, Xinhua Xiao
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2025; 27(S9): 3. CrossRef
Thiazolidinediones for people with chronic kidney disease and diabetes
Patrizia Natale, Suetonia C Green, David J Tunnicliffe, Giovanni Pellegrino, Tadashi Toyama, Pantelis Sarafidis, Giovanni FM Strippoli
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Targeting adipose remodeling: Synergistic mechanisms of drugs and adipose-derived stem cells in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus
Cheng Luo, Xian-Mei Yu, Liang-Yan Hua, Mei-Qi Zeng, Hui Xu, Cheng-Zheng Duan, Shi-Yu Xu, Da Sun, Li-Ya Ye, Dong-Juan He
World Journal of Stem Cells.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of pioglitazone versus dapagliflozin as an add-on to metformin and alogliptin combination therapy: the EPIDOTE study
Kyuho Kim, Seung-Hyun Ko, Jae-Seung Yun, Kwan-Woo Lee, Eun Sook Kim, In-Kyung Jeong, Jae Hyeon Kim, Sang Yong Kim, Kyu Chang Won, Mikyung Kim, Bong-Soo Cha, Sungrae Kim, Sung Hee Choi, Eun-Jung Rhee, Sin Gon Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Kang Seo Park, Young-Cheol Ju
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification and validation of biomarkers related to mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes in type 2 diabetes mellitus using peripheral blood transcriptomics
Sufen Li, Yanqiong Yan, Qianjun Luo, Ruifei Tian, Jiahe Yan
European Journal of Medical Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Ideal Combination of Oral Hypoglycemic Agents for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Hye Soon Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(5): 882. CrossRef

First
Prev
Page of 5
Next
Last

Search