Original Article
- Complications
- Lipid Abnormalities in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Overt Nephropathy
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Sabitha Palazhy, Vijay Viswanathan
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Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(2):128-134. Published online January 11, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.2.128
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- Background
Diabetic nephropathy is a major complication of diabetes and an established risk factor for cardiovascular events. Lipid abnormalities occur in patients with diabetic nephropathy, which further increase their risk for cardiovascular events. We compared the degree of dyslipidemia among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects with and without nephropathy and analyzed the factors associated with nephropathy among them.
MethodsIn this retrospective study, T2DM patients with overt nephropathy were enrolled in the study group (n=89) and without nephropathy were enrolled in the control group (n=92). Both groups were matched for age and duration of diabetes. Data on total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), urea and creatinine were collected from the case sheets. TG/HDL-C ratio, a surrogate marker for small, dense, LDL particles (sdLDL) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were calculated using equations. Multivariate analysis was done to determine the factors associated with eGFR.
ResultsDyslipidemia was present among 56.52% of control subjects and 75.28% of nephropathy subjects (P=0.012). The percentage of subjects with atherogenic dyslipidemia (high TG+low HDL-C+sdLDL) was 14.13 among controls and 14.61 among nephropathy subjects. Though serum creatinine was not significantly different, mean eGFR value was significantly lower among nephropathy patients (P=0.002). Upon multivariate analysis, it was found that TC (P=0.007) and HDL-C (P=0.06) were associated with eGFR among our study subjects.
ConclusionOur results show that dyslipidemia was highly prevalent among subjects with nephropathy. Regular screening for dyslipidemia may be beneficial in controlling the risk for adverse events among diabetic nephropathy patients.
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Citations
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Review
Original Articles
- Prevalence and Determinants of Diabetic Nephropathy in Korea: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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Jae Hee Ahn, Ji Hee Yu, Seung-Hyun Ko, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Dae Jung Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim, Chul Sik Kim, Kee-Ho Song, Jong Chul Won, Soo Lim, Sung Hee Choi, Kyungdo Han, Bong-Yun Cha, Nan Hee Kim
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Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(2):109-119. Published online April 18, 2014
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2014.38.2.109
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- Background
Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of end stage renal disease and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. It manifests as albuminuria or impaired glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy varies with ethnicity. The prevalence of diabetic nephropathy and its determinants in Korean adults have not previously been studied at the national level. This cross-sectional study was undertaken to ascertain the prevalence and determinants of albuminuria and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Korean patients with diabetes.
MethodsThe Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) V, conducted in 2011, was used to define albuminuria (n=4,652), and the dataset of KNHANES IV-V (2008-2011) was used to define CKD (n=21,521). Selected samples were weighted to represent the entire civilian population in Korea. Albuminuria was defined as a spot urine albumin/creatinine ratio >30 mg/g. CKD was defined as a GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2.
ResultsAmong subjects with diabetes, 26.7% had albuminuria, and 8.6% had CKD. Diabetes was associated with an approximate 2.5-fold increased risk of albuminuria, with virtually no difference between new-onset and previously diagnosed diabetes. Only systolic blood pressure was significantly associated with albuminuria, and old age, high serum triglyceride levels, and previous cardiovascular disease (CVD) were related with CKD in subjects with diabetes.
ConclusionKorean subjects with diabetes had a higher prevalence of albuminuria and CKD than those without diabetes. Blood pressure was associated with albuminuria, and age, triglyceride level, and previous CVD were independent determinants of CKD in subjects with diabetes.
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Citations
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Mi-Kyung Kim
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Sang Soo Kim, Sang Heon Song, In Joo Kim, Eun Young Lee, Su Mi Lee, Choon Hee Chung, Ihm Soo Kwak, Eun Kyung Lee, Yong Ki Kim
Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2016; 30(5): 887. CrossRef - The Association Between Smoking Tobacco After a Diagnosis of Diabetes and the Prevalence of Diabetic Nephropathy in the Korean Male Population
Hyungseon Yeom, Jung Hyun Lee, Hyeon Chang Kim, Il Suh
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Seongyul Ryu, Youngwoo Kim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Ki-Hyun Baek, Ki-Ho Song, Kyung-Jin Yun
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Yoon Shin Cho, Ki Wha Chung, Nam-Soo Kim
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Diabetic Medicine.2016; 33(5): 639. CrossRef - The association between abnormal heart rate variability and new onset of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: A ten-year follow-up study
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Cheol Whee Park
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- Effect of Eplerenone, a Selective Aldosterone Blocker, on the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Rats
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Jae Hee Ahn, Ho Cheol Hong, Myong Jin Cho, Yoon Jung Kim, Hae Yoon Choi, Chai Ryoung Eun, Sae Jeong Yang, Hye Jin Yoo, Hee Young Kim, Ji A Seo, Sin Gon Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi, Nan Hee Kim
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Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(2):128-135. Published online April 17, 2012
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.2.128
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- Background
Aldosterone antagonists are reported to have beneficial effects on diabetic nephropathy by effective blocking of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. We investigated the renoprotective effect of the selective aldosterone receptor blocker eplerenone, the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril, and combined eplerenone and lisinopril treatment in type 2 diabetic rats.
MethodsAnimals were divided into six groups as follows: Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat control, OLETF rats treated with a low dose of eplerenone (50 mg/kg/day), OLETF rats treated with a high dose of eplerenone (200 mg/kg/day), OLETF rats treated with lisinopril (10 mg/kg/day), OLETF rats treated with a combination of both drugs (eplerenone 200 mg/kg/day and lisinopril 10 mg/kg/day), and obese non-diabetic Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats for 26 weeks.
ResultsUrinary albumin excretion was significantly lower in the lisinopril group, but not in the eplerenone group. Urinary albumin excretion was decreased in the combination group than in the lisinopril group. Glomerulosclerosis and renal expression of type I and type IV collagen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, transforming growth factor-β1, connective tissue growth factor, and fibronectin mRNA were markedly decreased in the lisinopril, eplerenone, and combination groups.
ConclusionEplerenone and lisinopril combination showed additional benefits on type 2 diabetic nephropathy compared to monotherapy of each drug.
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- Up-Date on Diabetic Nephropathy
Maria Chiara Pelle, Michele Provenzano, Marco Busutti, Clara Valentina Porcu, Isabella Zaffina, Lucia Stanga, Franco Arturi
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A. Yu. Zharikov, S. O. Filinova, O. N. Mazko, O. G. Makarova, I. P. Bobrov, V. M. Bryukhanov
Bulletin of Siberian Medicine.2021; 20(2): 29. CrossRef - Effect of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism and ACE Inhibition on Angiotensin Profiles in Diabetic Kidney Disease: An Exploratory Study
Johannes J. Kovarik, Christopher C. Kaltenecker, Oliver Domenig, Marlies Antlanger, Marko Poglitsch, Chantal Kopecky, Marcus D. Säemann
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Li‐Jing Sun, Yan‐Ni Sun, Jian‐Ping Shan, Geng‐Ru Jiang
Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2017; 8(4): 609. CrossRef - New agents modulating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system—Will there be a new therapeutic option?
Anna Gromotowicz-Poplawska, Piotr Szoka, Patrycjusz Kolodziejczyk, Karol Kramkowski, Marzena Wojewodzka-Zelezniakowicz, Ewa Chabielska
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Jing Xiao, Weijun Chen, Yijun Lu, Xiaoli Zhang, Chensheng Fu, Zhenwen Yan, Zhenxing Zhang, Zhibin Ye
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Agnieszka Zakrzeska, Anna Gromotowicz-Popławska, Janusz Szemraj, Piotr Szoka, Wioleta Kisiel, Tomasz Purta, Irena Kasacka, Ewa Chabielska
Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System.2015; 16(4): 1085. CrossRef - Pharmacological modulation of fibrinolytic response – In vivo and in vitro studies
Karol Kramkowski, Agnieszka Leszczynska, Wlodzimierz Buczko
Pharmacological Reports.2015; 67(4): 695. CrossRef
- Effects of Spironolactone and Losartan on Diabetic Nephropathy in a Type 2 Diabetic Rat Model
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Mi Young Lee, Myoung Sook Shim, Bo Hwan Kim, Soon Won Hong, Ran Choi, Eun Young Lee, Soo Min Nam, Gun Woo Kim, Jang Yel Shin, Young Goo Shin, Choon Hee Chung
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Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(2):130-137. Published online April 30, 2011
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.2.130
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7,229
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- Background
While there is an evidence that the anti-inflammatory properties of spironolactone can attenuate proteinuria in type 2 diabetes, its effects on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in diabetic nephropathy have not been clearly defined. In this study, we examined the effects of spironolactone, losartan, and a combination of these two drugs on albuminuria, renal VEGF expression, and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in a type 2 diabetic rat model.
MethodsThirty-three Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima-Fatty (OLETF) rats were divided into four groups and treated with different medication regimens from weeks 25 to 50; OLETF diabetic controls (n=5), spironolactone-treated (n=10), losartan-treated (n=9), and combination of spironolactone- and losartan-treated (n=9).
ResultsAt week 50, the albumin-to-creatinine ratio was significantly decreased in the losartan and combination groups compared to the control OLETF group. No decrease was detected in the spironolactone group. There was a significant reduction in renal VEGF, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and type IV collagen mRNA levels in the spironolactone- and combination regimen-treated groups. Twenty-four hour urine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 levels were comparable in all four groups but did show a decreasing trend in the losartan and combination regimen groups. Twenty-four hour urine malondialdehyde levels were significantly decreased in the spironolactone- and combination regimen-treated groups.
ConclusionThese results suggest that losartan alone and a combined regimen of spironolactone and losartan could ameliorate albuninuria by reducing renal VEGF expression. Also, simultaneous treatment with spironolactone and losartan may have protective effects against diabetic nephropathy by decreasing TGF-β and type IV collagen expression and by reducing oxidative stress in a type 2 diabetic rat model.
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- Losartan Protects Against Ethanol-Induced Kidney Dysfunction in Male Wistar Rats: Insights into Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Therapies
Fateme Razazpour, Mahdiyeh Hedayati-Moghadam, Fatemeh Seyedi, Yousef Baghcheghi
Iranian Journal of Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Exploring Hypertension: The Role of AT1 Receptors, Sartans, and Lipid Bilayers
Nikitas Georgiou, Eleni Chontzopoulou, Efthymios Alexandros Routsi, Irene Georgia Stavrakaki, Errikos Petsas, Nikoletta Zoupanou, Margarita Georgia Kakava, Demeter Tzeli, Thomas Mavromoustakos, Sofia Kiriakidi
ACS Omega.2024; 9(45): 44876. CrossRef - Tetrahydrocurcumin Add‐On therapy to losartan in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy decreases blood pressure and markers of kidney injury
Mahyar Khazaeli, Ane C. F. Nunes, Yitong Zhao, Mahziar Khazaali, John Prudente, Nosratola D. Vaziri, Bhupinder Singh, Wei Ling Lau
Pharmacology Research & Perspectives.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Pathogenic Features and Experimental Models in Rodents
Inessa G. Gvazava, M. V. Karimova, A. V. Vasiliev, E. A. Vorotelyak
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Vishal Patel, Amit Joharapurkar, Mukul Jain
Drug Development Research.2021; 82(3): 341. CrossRef - Multi-strain probiotic supplement attenuates streptozotocin-induced type-2 diabetes by reducing inflammation and β-cell death in rats
Pei-Shan Hsieh, Hsieh-Hsun Ho, Shu Ping Tsao, Shih-Hung Hsieh, Wen-Yang Lin, Jui-Fen Chen, Yi-Wei Kuo, Shin-Yu Tsai, Hui-Yu Huang, Michael W. Greene
PLOS ONE.2021; 16(6): e0251646. CrossRef - Ocular surface complications in diabetes: The interrelationship between insulin and enkephalin
Indira Purushothaman, Ian S. Zagon, Joseph W. Sassani, Patricia J. McLaughlin
Biochemical Pharmacology.2021; 192: 114712. CrossRef - Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Daiji Kawanami, Yuichi Takashi, Yoshimi Muta, Naoki Oda, Dai Nagata, Hiroyuki Takahashi, Makito Tanabe
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Effects of single and dual RAAS blockade therapy on progressive kidney disease transition to CKD in rats
Devesh Aggarwal, Gaaminepreet Singh
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology.2020; 393(4): 615. CrossRef - Bioactive Agent Discovery from the Natural Compounds for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Rat Model
Shih-Chun Yang, Ching-Yun Hsu, Wei-Ling Chou, Jia-You Fang, Shih-Yi Chuang
Molecules.2020; 25(23): 5713. CrossRef - Losartan improves renal function and pathology in obese ZSF-1 rats
Zhi Su, Deborah Widomski, Arthur Nikkel, Laura Leys, Marian Namovic, Diana Donnelly-Roberts, Murali Gopalakrishnan, Steve McGaraughty
Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology.2018; 29(3): 281. CrossRef - Analyzing polymeric nanofibrous scaffold performances in diabetic animal models for translational chronic wound healing research
Nowsheen Goonoo, Archana Bhaw-Luximon
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Motonobu Nakamura, Nobuhiko Satoh, Masashi Suzuki, Haruki Kume, Yukio Homma, George Seki, Shoko Horita
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2015; 461(1): 154. CrossRef - Combination therapy with spironolactone and candesartan protects against streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats
Amal Hofni, Mohamed A. El-Moselhy, Ashraf Taye, Mohamed M. Khalifa
European Journal of Pharmacology.2014; 744: 173. CrossRef - Renal Protective Role of Xiexin Decoction with Multiple Active Ingredients Involves Inhibition of Inflammation through Downregulation of the Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway in Diabetic Rats
Jia-sheng Wu, Rong Shi, Jie Zhong, Xiong Lu, Bing-liang Ma, Tian-ming Wang, Bin Zan, Yue-ming Ma, Neng-neng Cheng, Fu-rong Qiu
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.2013; 2013: 1. CrossRef - The use of animal models in diabetes research
Aileen JF King
British Journal of Pharmacology.2012; 166(3): 877. CrossRef - Effect of Eplerenone, a Selective Aldosterone Blocker, on the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Rats
Jae Hee Ahn, Ho Cheol Hong, Myong Jin Cho, Yoon Jung Kim, Hae Yoon Choi, Chai Ryoung Eun, Sae Jeong Yang, Hye Jin Yoo, Hee Young Kim, Ji A Seo, Sin Gon Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi, Nan Hee Kim
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- Association Study of the Peroxisome Proliferators-Activated Receptor gamma2 Pro12Ala Polymorphism with Diabetic Nephropathy.
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Kyu Ho Lee, Hee Seog Jeong, Khan Young Choi, Hyun Kim, Dal Sic Lee, Ji Young Kang, Hyun Jeong Jeon, Tae Keun Oh
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Korean Diabetes J. 2008;32(5):402-408. Published online October 1, 2008
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.5.402
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Abstract
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- BACKGROUND
Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors and known to play a role in regulating the expression of numerous genes involved in lipid metabolism, metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. The PPARgamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism has recently been shown to be associated with diabetic nephropathy. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between PPARgamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism and type 2 diabetic nephropathy whose duration of diabetes was over 10 years. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study, which enrolled 367 patients with type 2 diabetes. Genotyping of PPARgamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism was performed using polymerase chain reaction followed by digestion with Hae III restriction enzyme. RESULTS: The genotype or allele frequencies of PPARgamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism were not significantly different in diabetic patients with or without diabetic nephropathy. The genotype frequencies in terms of diabetic retinopathy and macrovascular complications such as coronary artery disease or stroke were not different either. Interestingly, nephropathy patients with Ala/Pro genotype showed lower C-peptide levels than those of Pro/Pro genotype. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that PPARgamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism is not associated with diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients.
- Clinical Significance of Decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) without Albuminuria among Type 2 Diabetics.
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Ji Eun Lee, Kyu Chang Won, Hyoung Woo Lee, Ji Sung Yoon
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Korean Diabetes J. 2008;32(3):252-258. Published online June 1, 2008
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.3.252
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4,100
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- BACKGROUND
Microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes is a predictor of development of clinical nephropathy and cardiovascular disease. But, it has been reported that reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) may occur in some normoalbuminuric diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to identify whether decreased GFR without microalbuminuria is to predict diabetic vascular complications. METHODS: Between January 1998 and February 2001, 73 patients with type 2 diabetes who visited Yeungnam university medical center were divided into 5 groups according to initial GFR ranges: group 1 (GFR < 30 mL/min), group 2 (30 < or = GFR < 60 mL/min), group 3 (60 < or = GFR < 90 mL/min), group 4 (90 < or = GFR < 125 mL/min), group 5 (125 mL/min < or = GFR). They were examined for microvascular and macrovascular complications initially and after 4 years. RESULTS: Decreased GFR had a negative correlation with age (r = -0.472, P = 0.001). Decreased GFR without microalbuminuria had a significant correlation with development of diabetic nephropathy (P = 0.016) after 4 years. There were no significant correlation with the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and macrovacular disease. But, our study showed that coronary artery disease had an increasing tendency with decreased GFR without statistical significance (P = 0.085). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that reduced GFR, independent of albuminuria, may be an important predictor of diabetic nephropathy and coronary artery disease to some extent. So we recommend that not only the microalbuminuria, but also the decrease in GFR should be evaluated at the follow-up of patients with type 2 diabetes.
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- Screening and Management of Diabetic Nephropathy
Ji Sung Yoon
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2013; 14(1): 19. CrossRef
- Protective Effects of Lithospermic Acid B on Diabetic Nephropathy in OLETF Rats Comparing with Amlodipine and Losartan.
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Eun Seok Kang, Beom Seok Kim, Chul Hoon Kim, Gi Ho Seo, Seung Jin Han, Sung Wan Chun, Kyu Yeon Hur, Chul Woo Ahn, Hunjoo Ha, Mankil Jung, Bong Soo Cha, Hyun Chul Lee
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Korean Diabetes J. 2008;32(1):10-20. Published online February 1, 2008
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.1.10
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3,599
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Abstract
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- BACKGROUND
Lithospermic acid B (LAB), an active component isolated from Salvia miltiorrhizae, has been reported to have renoprotective effects in type 1 and type 2 diabetic animal models. We examined the effects of LAB on the prevention of diabetic nephropathy compared with amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker, and losartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, in Otsuka Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, an animal model of type 2 diabetes. METHODS: LAB (20 mg/kg), amlodipine (10 mg/kg), or losartan (10 mg/kg) was given orally once daily to 10-week-old male OLETF rats for 28 weeks. RESULTS: None of LAB, losartan, and amlodipine exhibited effects on blood glucose levels. Treatment with amlodipine or losartan resulted in similar reductions in blood pressure; however, LAB was less effective in lowering blood pressure. Albuminuria was markedly suppressed by losartan and LAB, but not by amlodipine. LAB treatment decreased levels of renal lipid peroxidation, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that LAB has beneficial effects on the diabetic nephropathy in OLETF rats by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation as potent as losartan.
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- An Overview on Naturally Occurring Phytoconstituent: Lithospermic Acid
Bhupesh Chander Semwal, Amjad Hussain, Sonia Singh
The Natural Products Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Review
- The Role of Glomerular Podocytes in Diabetic Nephropathy.
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Eun Young Lee, Choon Hee Chung
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Korean Diabetes J. 2007;31(6):451-454. Published online November 1, 2007
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.6.451
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3,566
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- Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease and accounts for significant morbidity and mortality among individuals with diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the clarification of the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy is an urgent issue. Podocytes cover the outer layer of the glomerulus and maintain its integrity so that fluid and toxins exit in urine, but cells and important proteins are kept in the blood stream. Diabetes mellitus alters this structure, it becomes scarred and then the ability of the kidney to clear toxins is lost. Recent evidence shows that early in diabetes the podocyte number is reduced, areas of the glomerular basement membrane are denuded, and podocyte number predicts long-term urinary albumin excretion in the patients with diabetes and microalbuminuria. These results suggest that podocytes play a critical role in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy. It is the purpose of this article to review the pathogenetic role of podocytes in diabetic nephropathy.
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- Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), antioxidant, antiglycation and anti-inflammatory effect of Ferulic acid against streptozotocin toxicity mediate nephropathy in diabetic rats
Maryam A. AL-Ghamdi, Said S. Moselhy
Environmental Science and Pollution Research.2022; 30(12): 33942. CrossRef - Study of Antiglycation, Hypoglycemic, and Nephroprotective Activities of the Green Dwarf Variety Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
Isabella F.D. Pinto, Railmara P. Silva, Adriano de B. Chaves Filho, Lucas S. Dantas, Vanderson S. Bispo, Isaac A. Matos, Felipe A.M. Otsuka, Aline C. Santos, Humberto Reis Matos
Journal of Medicinal Food.2015; 18(7): 802. CrossRef - Effects of ferulic acid on diabetic nephropathy in a rat model of type 2 diabetes
Ran Choi, Bo Hwan Kim, Jarinyaporn Naowaboot, Mi Young Lee, Mi Ri Hyun, Eun Ju Cho, Eun Soo Lee, Eun Young Lee, Young Chul Yang, Choon Hee Chung
Experimental and Molecular Medicine.2011; 43(12): 676. CrossRef
Original Articles
- Activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Isolated from Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy.
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Jisun Nam, Min Ho Cho, Jong Suk Park, Geun Taek Lee, Hai Jin Kim, Eun Seok Kang, Yu Mie Lee, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong Soo Cha, Eun Jig Lee, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hun Joo Ha, Hyun Chul Lee
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Korean Diabetes J. 2007;31(3):261-273. Published online May 1, 2007
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.3.261
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Abstract
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- BACKGROUND
We evaluated the role of oxidative stress in diabetic nephropathy by measuring intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox-sensitive transcription factors in isolated peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC). METHODS: From 66 diabetic patients with or without diabetic nephropathy (Group III and II, respectively) and 49 normal control subjects (Group I), spontaneous and stimulated ROS levels, activities of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), activator protein-1 (AP-1), and specificity protein1 (Sp1) in PBMC, urinary and PBMC TGF-beta1 (transforming growth factor-beta1), and 24-hour urinary albumin excretion (UAE) were measured. RESULTS: Spontaneous ROS was significantly higher in group III and II than group I (60.7 +/- 3.3 vs. 60.0 +/- 3.0 vs. 41.1 +/- 2.4%, respectively), and stimulated ROS were significantly higher in Group III compared to Group II (Increment of H2O2-induced ROS production: 21.8 +/- 2.2 vs. 11.1 +/- 2.0%, respectively; increment of PMA-induced ROS production 23.5 +/- 4.5 vs. 21.6 +/- 2.2%, respectively). The activities of NF-kappaB and AP-1, but not of Sp1, were significantly higher in Group III than in Group II (2.53 vs. 2.0 vs. 1.43-fold, respectively). Both PBMC- and urinary TGF-beta1 levels were higher in Group III than Group II (3.23 +/- 0.39 vs. 1.99 +/- 0.68 ng/mg in PBMCs, 16.88 +/- 6.84 vs. 5.61 +/- 1.57 ng/mL in urine, both respectively), and they were significantly correlated with activities of NF-kappaB and AP-1 and 24-hour UAE. CONCLUSIONS: Increased intracellular ROS generation in PBMCs of diabetic patients is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy through activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1, but not Sp1, and increased expression of TGF-beta1.
- Effects of Troglitazone on the Expression of VEGF and TGF-beta in Cultured Rat Mesangial Cells.
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Dong Lim Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Dong Seop Choi
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Korean Diabetes J. 2007;31(3):220-229. Published online May 1, 2007
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.3.220
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Abstract
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Clinical study reported that troglitazone ameliorated microalbuminuria in diabetic nephropathy. However, the mechanism of action is not fully understood. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known as vascular permeability factor and it is considered the most likely cause of glomerular hyperfiltration and proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a potent inducer of extracellular matrix production and fibrosis in renal cells and one of the important cytokine in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. To determine whether troglitazone affects VEGF and TGF-beta production in diabetic nephropathy, we examined the effects of troglitazone on the VEGF and TGF-beta expression in cultured rat mesangial cells exposed to high glucose concentration. METHODS: Rat mesangial cells were cultured in media with D-glucose 5.5 mM (NG) or D-glucose 30 mM (HG), or D-glucose 30 mM/troglitazone 20 micrometer(HTz) and for 6, 24, or 72 hours, respectively. VEGF and TGF-beta expression were assessed by semiquantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis. RESULTS: Troglitazone decreased the VEGF164 and VEGF120 mRNA expressions in cultured rat mesangial cells exposed to high glucose concentration with incubation for 24 and 72 hours, respectively. VEGF protein was also decreased in experimental group treated with troglitazone (HTz) than in those with HG for 24 and 72 hours. However troglitazone had no effect on the expression of TGF-beta mRNA in mesangial cells. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that troglitazone may modulate the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy by reducing the expression of VEGF in mesangial cells
- Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1 Gene Polymorphisms According to Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes.
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Hyun Jeong Jeon, Ok Hee Kim, Kil Ho, Soon Kil Kwon, Tae Keun Oh
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Korean Diabetes J. 2007;31(2):144-150. Published online March 1, 2007
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.2.144
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Abstract
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Transforming growth factor-beta is known to play a role in the interaction between metabolic and hemodynamic factors in mediating accumulation of extracellular matrix in the diabetic nephropathy. TGF-beta1 gene polymorphism was associated with circulating TGF-beta levels and influenced the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases including diabetic nephropathy. In this study, we examined the relationship between TGF-beta1 gene codon 10 polymorphism and type 2 diabetic nephropathy with more than 10-year history of disease. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study, which enrolled 325 type 2 diabetes. A total of 176 patients with diabetic nephropathy were compared with 149 patients without diabetic nephropathy. TGF-beta1 codon 10 genotyping was determined using polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primers method. RESULTS: Distribution of TGF-beta1 codon 10 genotype in the patients either with nephropathy or without nephropathy is confined to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The patients with nephropathy have higher frequency of TGF-beta1 GA/GG genotypes than the patients without nephropathy [GA/GG:AA = 119 (67.6%) : 57 (32.4%) vs. 80 (53.7%) : 69 (46.3%), P < 0.05]. Among patients with diabetic nephropathy, those with TGF-beta1 GA/GG genotypes had higher serum levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that TGF-beta1 gene codon 10 polymorphism may contribute to the type 2 diabetic nephropathy.
- The Effect of High Glucose and TGF-beta on the Cellular Injury in Cultured Glomerular Epithelial Cells.
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Gui Hwa Jeong, Sung Chang Chung, Eui Dal Jung, Yun Jeong Doh, Hee Kyoung Kim, Soon Hong Park, In Hae Park, Jung Guk Kim, Sung Woo Ha, Bo Wan Kim, In Kyu Lee, Cheol Woo Ko
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Korean Diabetes J. 2006;30(4):254-263. Published online July 1, 2006
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2006.30.4.254
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The glomerulus is a complex physiological structure, as well as selective filtration barrier in the control of renal blood flow and blood pressure. Glomerular epithelial cells may play an important role in development of diabetic nephropathy. Apoptosis of the glomerular epithelial cells are characterized by disappearance of a selective filtration barrier. TGF-beta is a key factor in the development of diabetic nephropathy because of its effects on the accumulation of extracellular matrix and mesangial cell proliferation. We examined whether the high glucose and TGF-beta induce the apoptosis in cultured rat glomerular epithelial cells. METHODS: Glomerular epithelial cells were cultured from rat glomeruli and conditioned with different concentration of TGF-beta or high-glucose. We measured apoptosis of cultured rat glomerular epithelial cell conditioning with different concentration of TGF-beta or high-glucose by using DNA electrophoresis. RESULTS: High glucose (25 mM) induced apoptosis of cultured rat glomerular epithelial cells compared to controls. TGF-beta also induced cell death of cultured rat glomerular epithelial cells in dose dependent manner. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that high glucose and TGF-beta-induced cell death of glomerular epithelial cell may play an important role in diabetic nephropathy and proteinuria. Pathway of apoptosis or cell death by high glucose and TGF-beta must be investigated in the glomerular epithelial cells.
- Protective Effects of Lithospermate B on Diabetic Nephropathy in OLETF Rat.
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Hyun Joo Lee, Geun Taek Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Kyu Yeon Hur, Zheng Shan Zhao, Chul Woo Ahn, Hun Joo Ha, Man Kil Jung, Bong Soo Cha, Hyun Chul Lee
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Korean Diabetes J. 2005;29(4):322-332. Published online July 1, 2005
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Magnesium lithospermate B(LAB), an active component isolated from Salvia milltiorrhizae, has been reported to have renoprotective effects in type 1 diabetic animal model. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of LAB on the prevention of diabetic nephropathy in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty(OLETF) rat which is regarded as an animal model of type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Ten microgram of LAB/kg or Vehicle(PBS) was given orally once daily to 10-week-old male OLETF rats and LETO rats for 40 weeks. Intra-peritoneal glucose tolerance test was performed at 50 weeks. 24 hr urinary protein excretion amounts were measured. Lipid peroxidation, TGF-beta1 and ED-1 of renal cortex were measured. RESULTS: The mean body weight of LAB+OLETF was not significantly different from that of OLETF rats. LAB treatment decreased proteinuria, lipid peroxidation, and free fatty acid in OLETF rats without decrease in the plasma glucose concentration. Also, LAB inhibited the progression of glomerular hypertrophy and mesangial expansion. LAB effectively decreased ED-1 positive cells, ECM expansion, and TGF-beta1 level in the renal cortex of OLETF rats. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the beneficial effects of LAB on the diabetic renal damage in the OLETF rats may depend on a mechanism of decreasing oxidative stress. LAB might be a new therapeutic agent for the prevention of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes as well as type 1 diabetes.
- Effect of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-gamma Agonist, Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker and alpha-lipoic Acid on Renal VEGF Expression in Diabetic Nephropathy.
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Jang Hyun Koh, Yeon Lee, Mi Jin Kim, Young Goo Shin, Eun Young Lee, Choon Hee Chung
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Korean Diabetes J. 2004;28(5):367-376. Published online October 1, 2004
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Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most serious complications in diabetes mellitus, and it is the leading cause of end stage renal disease. It has been reported that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) reduces the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, and so it plays an important role in reducing the renal damage. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonist is known to reduce insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. In the previous study, PPAR-gamma agonist was shown to lower VEGF expression in the retina, but it increased the plasma VEGF level. Alpha-lipoic acid (alpha-LA), which is an antioxidant, lowers the increased level of VEGF in retina as well. The precise role of PPAR-gamma agonist and alpha-LA on renal VEGF expression in diabetic nephropathy is still uncertain. We studied the effect of PPAR-gamma agonist, angiotensin II receptor blocker (ATIIRB) and alpha-LA on the renal VEGF expression in diabetic rats. METHODS: We used 60 Sprague-Dawley male rats, those were 8 weeks old and weighted about 300 g each as the study subjects. Among them, 48 rats were chosen and injected with streptozotocin (70 mg/kg) into peritoneal cavity to induce diabetes mellitus. The rast were than divided into 5 groups. Group I was a normal control group (n=12), group II was diabetic control group (n=12), group III was diabetic group that was given with PPAR-gamma agonist (n=12), group IV was the diabetic group that was given ATIIRB (n=12), and group V was the diabetic rats that were given alpha-LA (n=12). We measured their body weight, blood glucose levels, 24 hour urine protein and albumin levels at the baseline, the 8th and the 16th weeks of the experiment. On the 16th weeks of our experiment we extracted the kidneys to measure the glomerular volume, the optical density of the VEGF staining and VEGF mRNA expression. RESULTS: At the beginning of the study, the 5 groups all showed similar 24 hour urine albumin levels. At the 8th week, group II showed an increased urine albumin level of 143.4 +/- 117.2 mg/day; this was greater than that of group IV (60.7+/-30.6 mg/day) (p<0.05). The glomerular volume and optical densities of VEGF expression were significantly reduced in group III, IV and V compared to group II. For group IV and V, the renal VEGF mRNA expression was significantly lower than that of group II, but group III showed no significant difference. from group II. CONCLUSION: Angiotensin II receptor blocker delayed the progression of diabetic nephropathy. PPAR-gamma agonist and alpha-lipoic acid did not have any protective effect against the progression of diabetic nephropathy in spite of the decreased VEGF expression noted in this study.
- Mechanism of Podocyte Injury in Diabetic Nephropathy.
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Eun Young Lee, Jae sook Song, Choon Hee Chung, Sae Yong Hong
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Korean Diabetes J. 2003;27(4):343-351. Published online August 1, 2003
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Since podocytes are involved in the maintenance of filtration barrier and normal structure in the kidney, podocyte injury can cause the disturbance of glomerular permselectivity and resultant proteinuria, and recent evidence shows that podocyte injury is associated with oxidative stress. However, the pathogenetic mechanism of podocyte injury in the development of diabetic nephropathy is not known. Thus, the present study examined the effect of high glucose level on cytoskeleton, slit diaphragm, podocyte-glomerular basement membrane interaction, and oxidative stress in cultured podocytes. METHODS: Differentiated cultured podocytes were used in this study. Quiescent cells were incubated with culture media containing 30 mM glucose for 48 hours. The amounts of integrin alpha3, vinculin, zona occludens (ZO)-1 and fibronectin protein expressed by podocytes were measured by Western blot analysis. Dichlorofluorescein diacetate-sensitive intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were observed by confocal microscope and quantified by quantification software. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were also measured. Podocytes incubated with culture media containing 5.6 mM glucose were used as control. RESULTS: Integrin alpha3 expression was significantly decreased in podocytes cultured under high glucose level compared to control. However, vinculin and ZO-1 expressions were significantly increased in podocytes cultured under high glucose level compared to control. Fibronectin protein secreted by podocytes was also increased in podocytes cultured under high glucose level compared to control. ROS and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in podocytes were also increased in high glucose medium compared to control. CONCLUSION: High glucose-induced oxidative stress and the changes of integrin a3, ZO-1 and vinculin lead to the alterations of cytoskeleton, intercellular or cell-matrix interactions. This podocyte injury may play a major role in the disturbance of the urinary filtration barrier and the development of proteinuria. These results confirmed the important role of podocyte injury in the development of diabetic nephropathy.
- Effect of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade on VEGF Expression in Diabetic Nephropathy.
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Myoungsook Shim, Mijin Kim, Munkyu Kim, Hyunjin Chang, Younggoo Shin, Junam Kim, Jaeman Song, Hosuk Kang, Eunyoung Lee, Kihak Song, Choonhee Chung
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Korean Diabetes J. 2003;27(2):106-114. Published online April 1, 2003
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Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most serious complications of diabetes, and is the leading cause of chronic renal failure. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy, which can be blocked by ACE inhibitors, but its precise role in diabetic nephropathy is uncertain. METHODS: 32 eight week-old Sprague-Dawley male rats were prepared, of which 16 were chosen for injection with streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) into the peritoneal cavity, with the goal of inducing diabetes. One week later, the peripheral blood sugar, taken from the tail vein was checked. A glucose level exceeding 200 mg/dL was taken as evidence of diabetes. The rats were divided into 4 groups of 8. Group I served as a control. Group II was treated with angiotensin II receptor blockade (L-158,809, 5 mg/kg/day, in drinking water). Group III consisted of diabetic rats and group IV diabetic rats treated with the same angiotensin II receptor blockade (L-158,809). At the beginning of the experiment and on 8th and 12th weeks, 24-hour urine protein and body weight checks were performed. At the end of the study, I extracted kidney and the glomerular volumes and optical densities of the VEGF expression in the glomeruli compared. RESULTS: The basal characteristics were initially the same. However, on weeks 8 and 12 the amount of 24-hour urine protein had increased in groups III and IV (p<0.05). By week 12, it was noticeably greater in group III than in group IV (p<0.05). The glomerular volume was also greater in groups III and IV (p<0.05). Optical density of the VEGF in the glomeruli had increased more in group III than in groups I, II and IV (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: VEGF plays a precise role in diabetic nephropathy, and angiotensin II receptor blockade can reduce diabetic nephropathy by suppressing the expression of VEGF.
Randomized Controlled Trial
- Therapeutic Effect of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin on Anemia with Erythropoietin Deficiency in Early Diabetic Nephropathy.
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Dae Jung Kim, Soo Kyung Kim, Hyeung Jin Kim, Yoo Mee Kim, Yong Seok Yun, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong Soo Cha, Young Duk Song, Sung Kil Lim, Kyeong Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee, Kap Bum Huh
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Korean Diabetes J. 2001;25(5):364-373. Published online October 1, 2001
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We have previously reported that reduced erythropoietin (Epo) responsiveness to anemia could explain the anemia in diabetic patients before advanced diabetic nephropathy. Thus, the aim of this randomized prospective study is to investigate the therapeutic effect of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) on anemia with Epo deficiency in early diabetic nephropathy. METHODS: Twenty-nine diabetic patients with the normocytic normochromic anemia of Epo deficiency were randomized into Epo-treatment group (n=20, M:F= 8:12, mean age=52.9+/-9.2) and control group (n=9, M:F=4:5, mean age=53.6+/-12.4). Twenty patients of Epo-treatment group were treated with rHuEpo (Epokine (CheilJedang Co.) 4,000unit/day SC., 3 times/week) for 8 weeks. The Epo- treatment group were divided into the responder or non-responder. Patients with increments in Hemoglobin (Hb) during the follow-up duration was above 2 g/dL, or with the final Hb was above 14 g/dL in men or 13g/dL in women were decided the responder. In order to analyze factors affecting the therapeutic effects of rHuEpo, the clinical and biochemical characteristics were compared between the responder and non-responder group. RESULTS: There was no difference in the clinical and biochemical characteristics between the Epo-treatment and the control group at randomization. The responder group (n=14) had significant increments in Hb, compared to the non-responder group (n=6) or the control group (13.6+/-1.0 vs. 10.1+/-1.5 vs 11.2+/-1.2 g/dL, p < 0.001, respectively). The treatment duration of rHuEpo in the responder group was 4.9+/-2.3 weeks. Among the Epo-treatment group, there was no differences between the responder and the non-responder group in sex, age, duration of diabetes, serum creatinine level, 24 hour urinary albumin excretion rates, HbA1C, frequency or severity of microangiopathy, and serum Epo level. However, the responder group had higher serum ferritin (240.3+/-108.4 vs 25.8+/-3.0 g/L, p<0.05) and transferin saturation level (32.7+/-7.9 vs 21.2+/-5.3 %, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results concluded that the administration of rHuEpo could be useful in treating anemia with Epo deficiency in early diabetic nephropathy and that the degree of iron storage and functional iron deficiency might affect the therapeutic effects of rHuEpo on this type of anemia.
Original Articles
- Effect of Protein Kinase C Inhibitor on Glucose Transporter-1 (GLUT1) Expression in Cultured Rat Mesangial Cells.
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Ie Byung Park, Dae Ryong Cha, Dong Rim Kim, Sin Gon Kim, Dong Hyun Shin, Kyung Mook Choi, Nan Hee Kim, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi
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Korean Diabetes J. 2001;25(3):218-229. Published online June 1, 2001
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Recent studies have suggested that increased glucose uptake via GLUT1 may be a major determinant of glucose utilization and extracellular matrix formation in mesangial cells. This study was to evaluate the effect of protein kinase C inhibitor on glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1) expression in cultured rat mesangial cells. METHODS: The GLUT1 expression was evaluated in mesangial cells exposed to various glucose concentrations of media (5.5 mM, 15 mM or 30 mM) and incubation times (6 hr, 24 hr or 72 hr) by semiquantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis. The effect of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, calphostin C and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on GLUT1 expression was also evaluated under the same conditions. RESULTS: The GLUT1 mRNA expressions were significantly increased in MG (15 mM) and HG (30 mM) than those in NG (5.5 mM) with incubation of 6 hr, 24 hr and 72 hr, respectively. In HG media, the GLUT1 mRNA expression with incubation of 24 hr and 72 hr were significantly increased than that with incubation of 6 hr, respectively. In HG media, the GLUT1 mRNA expressions were significantly reduced in calphostin C and PMA treated groups compared with those in untreated groups. In western blot analysis of HG media, GLUT1 proteins were identified in PMA- or calphostin C-untreated group and PMA 6 hr treated group, but not identified in PMA 24 hr treated group and in calphostin C-treated groups with incubation of 6 hr and 24 hr. CONCLUSION: PKC inhibitors decrease glucose-induced GLUT1 expression under high glucose concentration in mesangial cells. These results suggest that PKC pathway may regulate GLUT1 expression under high glucose concentration in cultured rat mesangial cells.
- The Difference of Intrarenal Hemodynamics in Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy.
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Ji Hyun Lee, Ye Dal Jung, Ho Sang Shon, Ki Sung Ahn, Duck Soo Chung
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Korean Diabetes J. 1999;23(6):822-830. Published online January 1, 2001
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Diabetic nephropathy is a major microvascular complication in diabetic patients. No single etiologic factor has been identified to explain the development of diabetic nephropathy. Genetic factors, poor glycemic control, increased intra-glomerular pressure, systemic hypertension, and altered intrarenal hemodynamics may be contributed to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Intrarenal duplex Doppler sonography can provide physiologic information reflecting the status of renal vascular resistance. Recently, there were some reports that obstructive renal disease and renal allograft rejection patients has altered intrarenal hemodynamics. So we investigate intrarenal hemo- dynamic abnormalities in diabetic patients with nephropathy and analyze the factors associated with increased intrarenal resistance METHODS: The patients were divided into the three groups. According to the levels of 24-hour urinary albumin excretion(UAE), group 1 (UAE<30mg/day, normoalbuminuria), group 2 (30 mg/day
- Solyble ICAM-1 and BCAM-1 in Patients with NIDDM.
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Young Min Kim, Yong Gi Kim, Seok Man Son, In Ju Kim, Seok Dong Yoo, Young Keun Choi, Chang Won Lee, Jun Hyup Ahn
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Korean Diabetes J. 1999;23(3):315-325. Published online January 1, 2001
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The development of vascular complications in diabetic patients changess their quality of life, as well as shortens their life expectancy. It has been recently discovered that the expressions of the cell adhesion molecules initiate vascular complications and have major effects on the progress of atherosclerosis. We measured soluble forms of intercelluar adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), the immunoglobulin superfamily members of the cell adhesion molecules concerning firm adhesion and transendothelial migration during leukocyte- endothelial cell interactions to clarify their concentrations and their relation with glycemic control and plasma lipoproteins as well as differences in concentration according to the presence of diabetic microvascular complcations in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients. METHODS: Serum sICAM-1and sVCAM-1 levels were measured by commercial ELISA kits in 35 NIDDM patients without overt macrovascular complications of diabetes or acute inflammation and 10 normal controls matched with body mass index and plasma lipoprotein levels. The mean age of the patient group and control group was 55.82+3.43 years and 46.30+15.15 years, respectively. Clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters such as fasting plasma glucose, HbAplasma lipoproteins and status of diabetic microvascular complications were evaluated and their relations with the levels of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 were analyzed. RESULTS: 1) The level of sICAM-1 in NIDDM patients was significantly higher than that of normal controls (15.79+6.21 ng/mL vs. 11.98+2.35, p<0.05). sVCAM-1 showed the trend in elevation in NIDDM patients, but had no statistical significance (p=0.053). 2) The level of soluble ICAM-1 was positively correlated with HbAlc>, and plasma triglyceride levels (r=0.38, p<0.05, r=0.36, p<0.05, respectively) and negatively correlated with HDL (r=-0.44, p<0.01) in the patient group. There were no differences in their age, sex, and the presence of hypertension with the levels of sICAM-1 and no relation between sICAM-1 level and body mass index, plasma total cholesterol, Lp (a), fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma C-peptide levels. Plasma LDL was partially correlated with the level of sICAM-1, but failed to reveal statistical significance. sVCAM-1 level was not correlated with any parameters discussed above, but had a tendency of correlation with HbAlc level (r=0.31, p=0.06). 3) No significant correlation was noted between the levels of sICAM-1 or sVCAM-1 and the duration of diabetes. 4) Both sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 levels were significantly higher in patients with diabetic nephropathy when compared to patients without nephropathy (21.58+7.11 ng/mL vs. 14.06+4.84 ng/mL, p<0.05, 37.51+16.91 ng/mL vs. 22.26+8.89 ng/mL, p<0.05, respectively, but such differences were not noted when patients were classifed according to the presence of retinopathy or neuropathy. 5) Both sICAM-1and sVCAM-1 levels did not correlate in the patient group or in the normal control group. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that enhanced expression of the the endothelial cell adhesion molecules in diabetic patients can be explained by endothelial dysfunction caused by persistent hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. Furthermore, it can be suggested that endothelial dysfunction may be initiated by diabetes itself and can be deteriorated by combined dyslipidemia. From the result of the elevated concentrations of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 in patients with diabetic nephropathy, we can suggest that the elevation of these cell adhesion molecules may be useful as markers in diabetic nephropathy. More selective and prospective studies are necessary in order to reveal thesignificance of these cell adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications.
- Lack of Effectiveness of Glomerular Hyperfiltration on Development of Microalbuminuria in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: five Year Follow-up Study.
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Eun Sook Kim, Sang Wook Kim, Jin Yub Kim, Joong Yeol Park, Sung Kwan Hong, Ki Up Lee
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Korean Diabetes J. 1999;23(2):155-161. Published online January 1, 2001
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Glomerular hyperfiltration (GHF) is found in 30-40% of patients with type 1 diabetes at the onset of the disease. Several lines of evidence suggest that this might be responsible for the development of diabetic nephropathy. However, it is still controversial whether GHF is a risk factor in patients with type 2 diabetes. This led us to perform a five-year-prospective study in normoalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: A total of 68 patients with type 2 diabetes were studied prospectively, They were all normoalbuminuric initially. Glomerular filtration rate was determined by the 51Cr-EDTA single injection method and urinary albumin excretion rate by the radioimtnunoassay method. RESULTS: GHF was present in 19 out of 68 patients. At follow-up, l7 out of 49 patients of the normofiltration group and 3 out of 19 patients of GHF group progressed to microalbuminuria (p>0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the known duration of diabetes, systolic hypertension, and the presence of retinopathy were independently associated with the development of microalbuminuria. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that GHF does not predict the subsequent development of diabetic nephropathy as indicated by the elevation of the urinary albumin excretion rate during the five year interval.