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Management of Cardiovascular Risk in Perimenopausal Women with Diabetes
Catherine Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):492-501.   Published online July 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0262
  • 7,029 View
  • 173 Download
  • 8 Web of Science
  • 8 Crossref
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality in women and men with diabetes. Due to age and worsening of risk factors over the menopausal transition, risk of coronary heart disease events increases in postmenopausal women with diabetes. Randomized studies have conflicted regarding the beneficial impact of estrogen therapy upon intermediate cardiovascular disease markers and events. Therefore, estrogen therapy is not currently recommended for indications other than symptom management. However, for women at low risk of adverse events, estrogen therapy can be used to minimize menopausal symptoms. The risk of adverse events can be estimated using risk engines for the calculation of cardiovascular risk and breast cancer risk in conjunction with screening tools such as mammography. Use of estrogen therapy, statins, and anti-platelet agents can be guided by such calculators particularly for younger women with diabetes. Risk management remains focused upon lifestyle behaviors and achieving optimal levels of cardiovascular risk factors, including lipids, glucose, and blood pressure. Use of pharmacologic therapies to address these risk factors, particularly specific hypoglycemic agents, may provide some additional benefit for risk prevention. The minimal benefit for women with limited life expectancy and risk of complications with intensive therapy should also be considered.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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Original Articles
The Association of Self-Reported Coronary Heart Disease with Diabetes Duration in Korea
Hye Mi Kang, Yun Jeong Lee, Dong-Jun Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(5):350-356.   Published online October 18, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.5.350
  • 3,724 View
  • 25 Download
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

This study aimed to investigate the association of diabetes duration with self-reported coronary heart disease (CHD) in Korea.

Methods

Among data from 34,145 persons compiled in the third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2005, laboratory test and nutritional survey data from 5,531 persons were examined. The participants were asked to recall a physician's diagnosis of CHD (angina or myocardial infarction).

Results

Age- and sex-adjusted relative risk for CHD was 1.51 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 3.59; not significant) for diabetes with duration of <1 year, 2.27 (95% CI, 1.14 to 4.54; P=0.020) for diabetes with a duration of 1 to 5 years, and 3.29 (95% CI, 1.78 to 6.08; P<0.001) for diabetes with a duration >5 years, compared with non-diabetes as a control. Even after adjusting for age, sex, current smoking status, waist circumference, hypertension, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and fasting plasma glucose, relative risk for CHD was 2.87 (95% CI, 1.01 to 8.11; P=0.047) in diabetes with a duration of 6 to 10 years and 4.07 (95% CI, 1.73 to 9.63; P=0.001) in diabetes with duration of >10 years with non-diabetes as a control.

Conclusion

CHD prevalence increased with an increase in diabetes duration in Korean men and women. Recently detected diabetes (duration <1 year) was not significantly associated with CHD prevalence compared to non-diabetes. However, diabetes of a duration of >5 years was associated with an increase in CHD compared to non-diabetics after adjusting for several CHD risk factors.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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    Shucai Xiao, Youzheng Dong, Bin Huang, Xinghua Jiang
    Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Tae-Seok Lim, Jae-Seung Yun, Seon-Ah Cha, Ki-Ho Song, Ki-Dong Yoo, Yu-Bae Ahn, Yong-Moon Park, Seung-Hyun Ko
    The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2016; 31(6): 1110.     CrossRef
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    Jin Hwa Kim, Hak Yeon Bae, Sang Yong Kim
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Prevalence of Chronic Complications in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Based on the Korean National Diabetes Program
Sang Youl Rhee, Suk Chon, Mi Kwang Kwon, Ie Byung Park, Kyu Jeung Ahn, In Ju Kim, Sung-Hoon Kim, Hyoung Woo Lee, Kyung Soo Koh, Doo Man Kim, Sei Hyun Baik, Kwan Woo Lee, Moon Suk Nam, Yong Soo Park, Jeong-taek Woo, Young Seol Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(5):504-512.   Published online October 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.5.504
  • 5,376 View
  • 57 Download
  • 54 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

The Korean National Diabetes Program (KNDP) cohort study is performing an ongoing large-scale prospective multicenter investigation to discover the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in Korean patients. This study was performed to examine the prevalence of chronic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes among those registered in the KNDP cohort within the past 4 years.

Methods

This study was performed between June 2006 and September 2009 at 13 university hospitals and included 4,265 KNDP cohort participants. Among the participants, the crude prevalence of microvascular and macrovascular diseases of those checked for diabetes-related complications was determined, and the adjusted standard prevalence and standardization of the general population prevalence ratio (SPR) was estimated based on the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) population demographics.

Results

Among the KNDP registrants, 43.2% had hypertension, 34.8% had dyslipidemia, 10.8% had macrovascular disease, and 16.7% had microvascular disease. The SPR of the KNDP registrants was significantly higher than that of the KNHANES subjects after adjusting for demographics in the KNHANES 2005 population. However, with the exception of cardiovascular disease in females, the standardized prevalence for the most complicated items in the survey was significantly higher than that in the KNHANES subjects.

Conclusion

The prevalence of macrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease were significantly higher in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes than in the normal population. However, no significant difference was noted in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in females.

Citations

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    Jung Hee Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Hak Chul Jang, Sung Hee Choi
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2011; 35(6): 571.     CrossRef
  • Letter: The Prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Attending a University Hospital (Diabetes Metab J 2011;35:543-50)
    Won Jun Kim, Cheol-Young Park
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2011; 35(6): 637.     CrossRef
  • Satisfaction with High Deductible Policies among Patients with Diabetes in the Korean General/University Hospital System
    Dae Jung Kim
    Journal of Korean Diabetes.2011; 12(4): 179.     CrossRef

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