Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Reviews

Guideline/Statement/Fact Sheet
Bridging Evidence and Practice: A Consensus Statement from the Korean Diabetes Association on Diabetes Screening, Pharmacological Treatment and Severe Diabetes: Jong Han Choi, Shinae Kang, Soo-Kyung Kim, Won Jun Kim, Ji Min Kim, Jaehyun Bae, Jae-Seung Yun, Eonju Jeon, Young-Eun Kim, Jae Hyun Bae, Hun Jee Choe, Young Min Cho, Seung-Hyun Ko, Sang Yong Kim, Hae Jin Kim, You-Cheol Hwang, Min Kyong Moon, Suk Chon, Seon Mee Kang, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Mi Kyung Kim, You-Bin Lee, Se Hee Min, Jung Hwan Park, Woo Je Lee, Bong-Soo Cha, Byung-Wan Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(6):1155-1177. Published online November 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0978

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: This Korean Diabetes Association (KDA) consensus statement bridges global evidence with the Korean clinical context, where large randomized and real-world data remain limited. Recommendations required ≥80% agreement by the committee of clinical practice guideline and approval by the board of directors. The statement comprises three domains: diabetes screening aligned with Korean epidemiology; pharmacologic management guided by pathophysiology and comorbidities; and a severity construct of “severe diabetes mellitus” that links complication-based staging with metabolic grading to match therapeutic intensity to disease complexity. Compared with prior KDA guidelines, this statement introduces substantive advances in three areas. First, screening recommendations are streamlined to emphasize risk-aligned, practical implementation rather than prescriptive test sequences. Second, pharmacologic management applies an individualized framework for drug selection that jointly considers pathophysiology and comorbidities. It operationalizes individualized selection by dominant pathophysiology (insulin resistance vs. insulin insufficiency) and coexisting conditions, and formalizes treatment dynamics—early combination, timely initiation of injectables, avoidance of overbasalization, and structured deintensification. It also prioritizes agents with proven cardiovascular and renal protection and elevates management of obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease as central goals; clinically, insulin should be initiated promptly in hypercatabolic states or suspected islet failure, and technology-enabled care—including continuous glucose monitoring and automated insulin delivery—are integral across all stages. Third, the newly introduced severity construct underpins treatment-intensity decisions across domains without reiterating prescriptive algorithms. Collectively, these recommendations provide a coherent, context-appropriate framework for diabetes screening and management in Korea and identify priorities for future evidence generation.

Guideline/Statement/Fact Sheet
Defining Severe Diabetes Mellitus: A Consensus Framework for Grading and Staging Diabetes Based on Pathophysiology and Complications: Jae Hyun Bae, Hun Jee Choe, Ye Seul Yang, Mi Hae Seo, Jong Han Choi, Gyuri Kim, Young Sang Lyu, Jeung Hun Han, Shinae Kang, Won Jun Kim, Kyung-Soo Kim, Young Min Cho, Bong Soo Cha, for the Severe Diabetes Mellitus Task Force of the Korean Diabetes Association; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(6):1141-1154. Published online October 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0739

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Diabetes mellitus comprises a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders differing in etiology, clinical course, and outcomes. Traditional classifications, such as type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, fail to capture the full heterogeneity, including variation in insulin deficiency, insulin resistance, and complication burden. To address these limitations, we propose the Diabetes Grade–Stage Classification, an integrated system that combines pathophysiology-based grading with complication-based staging. Grading quantifies metabolic dysfunction through the assessment of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance. In parallel, staging assesses the extent of target organ damage, particularly in the cardiovascular, renal, ocular, and nervous systems. Together, this framework enables a comprehensive assessment of disease status, identification of vulnerable or high-risk phenotypes, and implementation of risk-adapted management strategies. Clinically, it facilitates personalized care, promotes collaborative coordination, and strengthens physician–patient communication. Furthermore, this framework provides a scalable structure for integrating disease severity into both individual- and population-level interventions. Although the current criteria for grading and staging are based on expert consensus and selected clinical indicators, such as low C-peptide levels and advanced complications, further validation and refinement are needed. In conclusion, the grading and staging system provides an operational tool for classifying the severity of diabetes mellitus and has the potential to extend life expectancy and improve quality of life for people living with diabetes mellitus.

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Bridging Evidence and Practice: A Consensus Statement from the Korean Diabetes Association on Diabetes Screening, Pharmacological Treatment and Severe Diabetes
Jong Han Choi, Shinae Kang, Soo-Kyung Kim, Won Jun Kim, Ji Min Kim, Jaehyun Bae, Jae-Seung Yun, Eonju Jeon, Young-Eun Kim, Jae Hyun Bae, Hun Jee Choe, Young Min Cho, Seung-Hyun Ko, Sang Yong Kim, Hae Jin Kim, You-Cheol Hwang, Min Kyong Moon, Suk Chon, Seo
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(6): 1155. CrossRef

Original Articles

Basic and Translational Research
Anti-Senescence Effect of Inhibiting Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 and α-Glucosidase in a Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Animal Model: Serin Hong, Byung Soo Kong, Hyunsuk Lee, Young Min Cho; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(6):1229-1241. Published online May 22, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0339

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Background
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases with age, and cellular senescence of pancreatic β-cells plays a key role in T2DM pathogenesis. As canagliflozin and acarbose have been shown to increase lifespan in mice, we investigated the effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, α-glucosidase inhibitor or both on the cellular senescence of β-cells in a T2DM mouse model.
Methods
Enavogliflozin (0.3 mg/kg), acarbose (10 mg/kg), or vehicle was orally administered daily to db/db mice for 6 weeks. The levels of senescence markers (p16, p21, and p53) in the pancreas and kidney were measured through real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunofluorescence staining, and Western blot. In an in vitro analysis, isolated pancreatic islets were exposed to H₂O₂ to induce cellular senescence, then treated with β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB), and subsequently assessed for levels of senescent markers.
Results
Enavogliflozin alone or combined with acarbose effectively lowered blood glucose levels in db/db mice. The combined treatment resulted in the greatest increase in β-cell function calculated using insulinogenic index and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function compared to the vehicle. Additionally, the combined treatment significantly reversed the increase in p16, with a similar trend observed in p21 and p53 in the islets. Treatment increased circulating β-HB and in vitro analysis suggested the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) by β-HB in reducing senescence in the islets.
Conclusion
The combined administration of enavogliflozin and acarbose significantly reduced blood glucose, improved β-cell function, and reduced senescent β-cells in db/db mice. This combination therapy holds potential as a senotherapeutic strategy for managing T2DM.

Citations

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Microneedle strategies for diabetic wound management: A comprehensive review of materials, mechanisms, and therapeutic outcomes
Kaustubh Naik, Kanhaiya Singh
Materials Today Advances.2026; 29: 100684. CrossRef

Complications
Impact of Hyperglycemia on Complication and Mortality after Transarterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Sun Joon Moon, Chang Ho Ahn, Yun Bin Lee, Young Min Cho; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(2):302-311. Published online January 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0255

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Background
Current guidelines regarding periprocedural glycemic control to prevent complications after nonsurgical invasive procedures are insufficient. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a widely used treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. We aimed to investigate the association between diabetes mellitus (DM) per se and the degree of hyperglycemia with postprocedural complications after TACE.
Methods
A total of 22,159 TACE procedures performed at Seoul National University Hospital from 2005 to 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The associations between DM, preprocedural glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and periprocedural average glucose with postprocedural adverse outcomes were evaluated. The primary outcome was occurrence of postprocedural bacteremia. Secondary outcomes were acute kidney injury (AKI), delayed discharge and death within 14 days. Periprocedural glucose was averaged over 3 days: the day of, before, and after the TACE procedures. Propensity score matching was applied for procedures between patients with or without DM.
Results
Periprocedural average glucose was significantly associated with bacteremia (adjusted odds ratio per 50 mg/dL of glucose, 1.233; 95% confidence interval, 1.071 to 1.420; P=0.004), AKI, delayed discharge, and death within 14 days. DM per se was only associated with bacteremia and AKI. Preprocedural HbA1c was associated with delayed discharge. Average glucose levels above 202 and 181 mg/dL were associated with a significantly higher risk of bacteremia and AKI, respectively, than glucose levels of 126 mg/dL or lower.
Conclusion
Periprocedural average glucose, but not HbA1c, was associated with adverse outcomes after TACE, which is a nonsurgical invasive procedure. This suggests the importance of periprocedural glycemic control to reduce postprocedural complications.

Citations

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Serum CYFRA 21-1 and CK19-2G2 as Predictive Biomarkers of Response to Transarterial Chemoembolization in Hepatitis C–related Hepatocellular Carcinoma Among Egyptians: A Prospective Study
Mohamed Y. Taher, Ehab Hassouna, Abeer El Hadidi, Omar El-aassar, Mohamed Fathy Bakosh, Mohamed Said Shater
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology.2025; 15(1): 102405. CrossRef
A Machine Learning Model for Predicting Prognosis in HCC Patients With Diabetes After TACE
Linxia Wu, Lei Chen, Lijie Zhang, Yiming Liu, Die Ouyang, Wenlong Wu, Yu Lei, Ping Han, Huangxuan Zhao, Chuansheng Zheng
Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.2025; Volume 12: 77. CrossRef
Use of an insulin titration protocol based on continuous glucose monitoring in postoperative cardiac surgery patients with type 2 diabetes and prediabetes: a randomized controlled trial
Sun-Joon Moon, Min-Su Kim, Yun Tae Kim, Ha-Eun Lee, Young-Woo Lee, Su-Ji Lee, Euy-Suk Chung, Cheol-Young Park
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Review

Basic Research
Mitochondrial-Encoded Peptide MOTS-c, Diabetes, and Aging-Related Diseases: Byung Soo Kong, Changhan Lee, Young Min Cho; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(3):315-324. Published online February 24, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0333

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Mitochondria are complex metabolic organelles with manifold pathophysiological implications in diabetes. Currently published mitochondrial-encoded peptides, which are expressed from the mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S ribosomal RNA type-c (MOTS-c), 16S rRNA (humanin and short humanin like peptide 1-6 [SHLP1-6]), or small human mitochondrial open reading frame over serine tRNA (SHMOOSE) are associated with regulation of cellular metabolism and insulin action in age-related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review focuses mainly on recent advances in MOTS-c research with regards to diabetes, including both type 1 and type 2. The emerging understanding of MOTS-c in diabetes may provide insight into the development of new therapies for diabetes and other age or senescence-related diseases.

Citations

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Humanin reduces nucleus pulposus cells ferroptosis to alleviate intervertebral disc degeneration: An in vitro and in vivo study
Daxue Zhu, Zhaoheng Wang, Yanhu Li, Shijie Chen, Xuewen Kang
Journal of Orthopaedic Translation.2025; 50: 274. CrossRef
Non‐canonical ORFs‐derived protein products in mitochondria: A multifaceted exploration of their functions in health and disease
Ikram Ajala, Benoît Vanderperre
Protein Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Tomatine Improves Glucose Metabolism and Mitochondrial Respiration in Insulin-Resistant Hepatocyte Cell Lines AML12 and HepG2 via an AMP-Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent Pathway
Yu Geon Lee, Donghwan Kim
Cells.2025; 14(5): 329. CrossRef
Microproteins in Metabolism
Caris A. Wadding-Lee, Catherine A. Makarewich
Cells.2025; 14(12): 859. CrossRef
MOTS-c mimics exercise to combat diabetic liver fibrosis by targeting Keap1-Nrf2-Smad2/3
Feilong Chen, Zhiyu Li, Tutu Wang, Yu Fu, Lei Lyu, Chengyuan Xing, Shunchang Li, Li
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides: Implication in the Therapy of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Rahul Thakur, Aman Chauhan, Hardika Moudgil, Sukhpal Singh, Rooma Devi
Molecular Neurobiology.2025; 62(12): 15871. CrossRef
Characterization of the Avian Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c and Its Potential Role as a Metabolic Regulator
Xin Shu, Jiying Liu, Bingjie Xu, Hui Wang, Li Liu, Xiaotong Zheng, Jianfei Chen
Animals.2025; 15(15): 2230. CrossRef
Mitochondrial Microproteins: Emerging Regulators in Neurodevelopment and Neurodegeneration
Nada Borghol, Sozerko Yandiev, Julien Courchet
BioEssays.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Mitochondrial-encoded peptide MOTS-c prevents pancreatic islet cell senescence to delay diabetes
Byung Soo Kong, Hyunsuk Lee, Sehi L’Yi, Serin Hong, Young Min Cho
Experimental & Molecular Medicine.2025; 57(8): 1861. CrossRef
Cross-regulatory mechanisms linking ferroptosis, epigenetics, and circadian rhythm to mitochondrial quality control in diabetic cardiomyopathy
Xinxin Liu, Yingqi Ma, Xuefeng Wang, Xiaowen Zhang, Chen Shen, Youzhu Su, Xing Chang, Hao Zhou, Jian-Ping Liu
Journal of Advanced Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
UPRmt-regulated mitokines: novel strategies for myocardial injury repair
Weinan Gao, Jia Liu, Wenda Zhang, Bin Liu, Luyan Shen
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Mitochondrial-derived peptides: Antidiabetic functions and evolutionary perspectives
Satadeepa Kal, Sumana Mahata, Suborno Jati, Sushil K. Mahata
Peptides.2024; 172: 171147. CrossRef
Mitochondrial Stress and Mitokines: Therapeutic Perspectives for the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases
Benyuan Zhang, Joon Young Chang, Min Hee Lee, Sang-Hyeon Ju, Hyon-Seung Yi, Minho Shong
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(1): 1. CrossRef
Mitochondrial bioenergetics, metabolism, and beyond in pancreatic β-cells and diabetes
Alejandra María Rivera Nieves, Brian Michael Wauford, Accalia Fu
Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Haplotype variability in mitochondrial rRNA predisposes to metabolic syndrome
Petr Pecina, Kristýna Čunátová, Vilma Kaplanová, Guillermo Puertas-Frias, Jan Šilhavý, Kateřina Tauchmannová, Marek Vrbacký, Tomáš Čajka, Ondřej Gahura, Markéta Hlaváčková, Viktor Stránecký, Stanislav Kmoch, Michal Pravenec, Josef Houštěk, Tomáš Mráček, A
Communications Biology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Alleviates Mitochondria Damage in Radiation-Induced Lung Injury in a MOTS-c-Dependent Manner
Yanli Zhang, Jianfeng Huang, Shengpeng Li, Junlin Jiang, Jiaojiao Sun, Dan Chen, Qingfeng Pang, Yaxian Wu
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.2024; 72(38): 20944. CrossRef

Original Article

Drug/Regimen
Comparison of Prevailing Insulin Regimens at Different Time Periods in Hospitalized Patients: A Real-World Experience from a Tertiary Hospital: Sun Joon Moon, Hun Jee Choe, Soo Heon Kwak, Hye Seung Jung, Kyong Soo Park, Young Min Cho; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(3):439-450. Published online October 20, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0065

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Background
Prevailing insulin regimens for glycemic control in hospitalized patients have changed over time. We aimed to determine whether the current basal-bolus insulin (BBI) regimen is superior to the previous insulin regimen, mainly comprising split-mixed insulin therapy.
Methods
This was a single tertiary center, retrospective observational study that included non-critically ill patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were treated with split-mixed insulin regimens from 2004 to 2007 (period 1) and with BBI from 2008 to 2018 (period 2). Patients from each period were analyzed after propensity score matching. The mean difference in glucose levels and the achievement of fasting and preprandial glycemic targets by day 6 of admission were assessed. The total daily insulin dose, incidence of hypoglycemia, and length of hospital stay were also evaluated.
Results
Among 244 patients from each period, both fasting glucose (estimated mean±standard error, 147.4±3.1 mg/dL vs. 129.4±3.2 mg/dL, P<0.001, day 6) and preprandial glucose (177.7±2.8 mg/dL vs. 152.8±2.8 mg/dL, P<0.001, day 6) were lower in period 2 than in period 1. By day 6 of hospital admission, 42.6% and 67.2% of patients achieved a preprandial glycemic target of <140 mg/dL in periods 1 and 2, respectively (relative risk, 2.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.54 to 2.59), without an increased incidence of hypoglycemia. Length of stay was shorter in period 2 (10.23±0.26 days vs. 8.70±0.26 days, P<0.001).
Conclusion
BBI improved glycemic control in a more efficacious manner than a split-mixed insulin regimen without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia in a hospital setting.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Premixed insulin: Advantages, disadvantages, and future
Yan Xia, Yun Hu, Jian-Hua Ma
World Journal of Diabetes.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
In-Hospital Management of Hyperglycemia: The Role of Insulin Degludec
Subhash Kumar Wangnoo, Manash P. Baruah, Sailesh Lodha, Debmalya Sanyal, Ramesh Goyal, Basavaraj G. Sooragonda, Sruti Chandrasekaran, G. Vijay Kumar
Diabetes Therapy.2025; 16(4): 547. CrossRef

Special Editorial

Drug/Regimen
The History of Insulin Therapy in Korea: Jun Sung Moon, Jong Chul Won, Young Min Cho; Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(5):623-628. Published online September 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0171

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Citations

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History of insulin treatment of pediatric patients with diabetes in Korea
Jae Hyun Kim, Choong Ho Shin, Sei Won Yang
Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism.2021; 26(4): 237. CrossRef

Original Article

Drug/Regimen
Efficacy and Safety of Self-Titration Algorithms of Insulin Glargine 300 units/mL in Individuals with Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (The Korean TITRATION Study): A Randomized Controlled Trial: Jae Hyun Bae, Chang Ho Ahn, Ye Seul Yang, Sun Joon Moon, Soo Heon Kwak, Hye Seung Jung, Kyong Soo Park, Young Min Cho; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(1):71-80. Published online June 16, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0274

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Background
To compare the efficacy and safety of two insulin self-titration algorithms, Implementing New Strategies with Insulin Glargine for Hyperglycemia Treatment (INSIGHT) and EDITION, for insulin glargine 300 units/mL (Gla-300) in Korean individuals with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
In a 12-week, randomized, open-label trial, individuals with uncontrolled T2DM requiring basal insulin were randomized to either the INSIGHT (adjusted by 1 unit/day) or EDITION (adjusted by 3 units/week) algorithm to achieve a fasting self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in the range of 4.4 to 5.6 mmol/L. The primary outcome was the proportion of individuals achieving a fasting SMBG ≤5.6 mmol/L without noct urnal hypoglycemia at week 12.
Results
Of 129 individuals (age, 64.1±9.5 years; 66 [51.2%] women), 65 and 64 were randomized to the INSIGHT and EDITION algorithms, respectively. The primary outcome of achievement was comparable between the two groups (24.6% vs. 23.4%, P=0.876). Compared with the EDITION group, the INSIGHT group had a greater reduction in 7-point SMBG but a similar decrease in fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin. The increment of total daily insulin dose was significantly higher in the INSIGHT group than in the EDITION group (between-group difference: 5.8±2.7 units/day, P=0.033). However, body weight was significantly increased only in the EDITION group (0.6±2.4 kg, P=0.038). There was no difference in the occurrence of hypoglycemia between the two groups. Patient satisfaction was significantly increased in the INSIGHT group (P=0.014).
Conclusion
The self-titration of Gla-300 using the INSIGHT algorithm was effective and safe compared with that using the EDITION algorithm in Korean individuals with uncontrolled T2DM (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT03406663).

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Comparison of Insulin Titration Strategies for Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis
Kansak Boonpattharatthiti, Kirana Wechkunanukul, Noramon Mayang, E Lyn Lee, Anjana Fuangchan, Alice Y.Y. Cheng, Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk, Teerapon Dhippayom
Diabetes Care.2025; 48(5): 837. CrossRef
Time for Using Machine Learning for Dose Guidance in Titration of People With Type 2 Diabetes? A Systematic Review of Basal Insulin Dose Guidance
Camilla Heisel Nyholm Thomsen, Stine Hangaard, Thomas Kronborg, Peter Vestergaard, Ole Hejlesen, Morten Hasselstrøm Jensen
Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology.2024; 18(5): 1185. CrossRef
Comparative efficacy and safety of weekly tirzepatide versus weekly insulin in type 2 diabetes: A network meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials
Hazem Ayesh, Sajida Suhail, Suhail Ayesh, Kevin Niswender
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2024; 26(9): 3801. CrossRef
Basal insulin titration algorithms in patients with type 2 diabetes: the simplest is the best (?)
V.I. Katerenchuk
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine).2023; 19(1): 72. CrossRef
Issues of insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes and ways to solve them
V.I. Katerenchuk, A.V. Katerenchuk
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine).2023; 19(3): 240. CrossRef

Response

Response: Premeal Consumption of a Protein-Enriched, Dietary Fiber-Fortified Bar Decreases Total Energy Intake in Healthy Individuals (Diabetes Metab J 2019;43:879–92): Chang Ho Ahn, Jae Hyun Bae, Young Min Cho; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(1):207-208. Published online February 21, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0026; [Original]

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Original Articles

Drug/Regimen
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Differentially Affects Brain Activation in Response to Visual Food Cues in Lean and Obese Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Jae Hyun Bae, Hyung Jin Choi, Kang Ik Kevin Cho, Lee Kyung Kim, Jun Soo Kwon, Young Min Cho; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(2):248-259. Published online November 4, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0018

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Background

To investigate the effects of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist on functional brain activation in lean and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in response to visual food cues.

Methods

In a randomized, single-blinded, crossover study, 15 lean and 14 obese individuals with T2DM were administered lixisenatide or normal saline subcutaneously with a 1-week washout period. We evaluated brain activation in response to pictures of high-calorie food, low-calorie food, and nonfood using functional magnetic resonance imaging and measured appetite and caloric intake in participants who were given access to an ad libitum buffet.

Results

Obese individuals with T2DM showed significantly greater activation of the hypothalamus, pineal gland, parietal cortex (high-calorie food vs. low-calorie food, P<0.05), orbitofrontal cortex (high-calorie food vs. nonfood, P<0.05), and visual cortex (food vs. nonfood, P<0.05) than lean individuals with T2DM. Lixisenatide injection significantly reduced the functional activation of the fusiform gyrus and lateral ventricle in obese individuals with T2DM compared with that in lean individuals with T2DM (nonfood vs. high-calorie food, P<0.05). In addition, in individuals who decreased their caloric intake after lixisenatide injection, there were significant interaction effects between group and treatment in the posterior cingulate, medial frontal cortex (high-calorie food vs. low-calorie food, P<0.05), hypothalamus, orbitofrontal cortex, and temporal lobe (food vs. nonfood, P<0.05).

Conclusion

Brain responses to visual food cues were different in lean and obese individuals with T2DM. In addition, acute administration of lixisenatide differentially affected functional brain activation in these individuals, especially in those who decreased their caloric intake after lixisenatide injection.

Citations

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Glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonists as emerging therapeutics in bipolar disorder: a narrative review of preclinical and clinical evidence
Cristian-Daniel Llach, Sebastian Badulescu, Aniqa Tabassum, Hiya Shah, Hartej Gill, Gia Han Le, Eduard Vieta, Roger S. McIntyre, Joshua D. Rosenblat, Rodrigo B. Mansur
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Xiaoke Dou, Lei Zhao, Jing Li, Yaqiu Jiang
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Are Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists Central Nervous System (CNS) Penetrant: A Narrative Review
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Kyu Sik Kim, Joon Seok Park, Eunsang Hwang, Min Jung Park, Hwa Yun Shin, Young Hee Lee, Kyung Min Kim, Laurent Gautron, Elizabeth Godschall, Bryan Portillo, Kyle Grose, Sang-Ho Jung, So Lin Baek, Young Hyun Yun, Doyeon Lee, Eunseong Kim, Jason Ajwani, Seo
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Ryan J Jalleh, Mark P Plummer, Chinmay S Marathe, Mahesh M Umapathysivam, Daniel R Quast, Christopher K Rayner, Karen L Jones, Tongzhi Wu, Michael Horowitz, Michael A Nauck
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Ryan J Jalleh, Chinmay S Marathe, Christopher K Rayner, Karen L Jones, Mahesh M Umapathysivam, Tongzhi Wu, Daniel R Quast, Mark P Plummer, Michael A Nauck, Michael Horowitz
Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Diabetes remission and relapse following an intensive metabolic intervention combining insulin glargine/lixisenatide, metformin and lifestyle approaches: Results of a randomised controlled trial
Natalia McInnes, Stephanie Hall, Heather A. Lochnan, Stewart B. Harris, Zubin Punthakee, Ronald J. Sigal, Irene Hramiak, Mohammed Azharuddin, Joanne F. Liutkus, Jean‐François Yale, Farah Sultan, Ada Smith, Rose E. Otto, Diana Sherifali, Yan Yun Liu, Hertz
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2023; 25(11): 3347. CrossRef
Glucagon-like peptide-1 analog therapy in rare genetic diseases: monogenic obesity, monogenic diabetes, and spinal muscular atrophy
Hussein Zaitoon, Ronit Lubetzky, Achiya Z. Amir, Hadar Moran-Lev, Liora Sagi, Michal Yacobi-Bach, Ophir Borger, Efrat Chorna, Yael Lebenthal, Avivit Brener
Acta Diabetologica.2023; 60(8): 1099. CrossRef
What can functional brain imaging teach us about remission of type 2 diabetes?
Dhruti Hirani, Shahd Alabdulkader, Alexander. D. Miras, Victoria Salem
Diabetic Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Fasting oxyntomodulin, glicentin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide levels are associated with activation of reward‐ and attention‐related brain centres in response to visual food cues in adults with obesity: A cross‐sectional functional MRI study
Nikolaos Perakakis, Olivia M. Farr, Christos S. Mantzoros
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2021; 23(5): 1202. CrossRef
Aberrant Brain Functional Connectivity Strength and Effective Connectivity in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Xi Guo, Su Wang, Yu-Chen Chen, Heng-Le Wei, Gang-Ping Zhou, Yu-Sheng Yu, Xindao Yin, Kun Wang, Hong Zhang, Eusebio Chiefari
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Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Premeal Consumption of a Protein-Enriched, Dietary Fiber-Fortified Bar Decreases Total Energy Intake in Healthy Individuals: Chang Ho Ahn, Jae Hyun Bae, Young Min Cho; Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(6):879-892. Published online June 25, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0202

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Background

A premeal load of protein can increase satiety and reduce energy intake. Dietary fiber also conveys metabolic benefits by modulating energy intake. We made a protein-enriched, dietary fiber-fortified bar (PFB) and aimed to investigate its effects on food intake and gut hormone secretion in healthy individuals.

Methods

Twenty subjects with normal glucose tolerance were enrolled. On three separate visits, the subjects received, in a randomized order, one of the following: a PFB containing 73 kcal with 10.7 g of protein and 12.7 g of dietary fiber; a usual bar (UB) containing the same calories as the PFB but only 0.9 g of protein and no dietary fiber; or water (control). After 15 minutes, the subjects had ad libitum intake of a test meal. Food consumption, appetite, and plasma gut hormone levels were measured.

Results

Total energy intake, including the bar and the test meal, was significantly reduced with the PFB preload compared to the water (904.4±534.9 kcal vs. 1,075.0±508.0 kcal, P=0.016). With the UB preload, only the intake of the test meal was reduced (P=0.044) but not the total energy intake (P=0.471) than the water. Fullness was also significantly increased after the PFB. In addition, postprandial glucose levels decreased and glucagon-like peptide-1 levels increased with the PFB compared with both the UB and water.

Conclusion

In healthy individuals, a premeal supplementation of PFB reduced total energy intake and decreased postprandial glucose excursion. This finding necessitates long-term studies regarding clinical use in obesity.

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Ahmad Khusairi Azemi, Yahkub Babatunde Mutalub, Monsurat Abdulwahab, Aida Hanum Ghulam Rasool, Sagir Mustapha, Siti Qusyasyiah Ahmad Suhaimi, Siti Safiah Mokhtar
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Martín Pratto-Burgos, María Belén Gutiérrez-Barrutia, Ximena Otegui, Miriam Ortega-Heras, Sonia Cozzano, Inmaculada Gómez
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Citrus pectin protects mice from burn injury by modulating intestinal microbiota, GLP-1 secretion and immune response
Ji-Wei Hao, Hong-Sheng Liu, Ling-Ying Liu, Qing-Hong Zhang
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Effect of Two Different Meal Compositions on 1-hour Plasma Ghrelin Levels in Young Men
Brinnell Annette Caszo, Sangeetha Shyam, Purushotham Krishnappa, Justin Vijay Gnanou
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Intake of Fibre-Associated Foods and Texture Preferences in Relation to Weight Status Among 9–12 Years Old Children in 6 European Countries
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Frontiers in Nutrition.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Response: Premeal Consumption of a Protein-Enriched, Dietary Fiber-Fortified Bar Decreases Total Energy Intake in Healthy Individuals (Diabetes Metab J 2019;43:879–92)
Chang Ho Ahn, Jae Hyun Bae, Young Min Cho
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(1): 207. CrossRef
Letter: Premeal Consumption of a Protein-Enriched, Dietary Fiber-Fortified Bar Decreases Total Energy Intake in Healthy Individuals (Diabetes Metab J 2019;43:879–92)
Mi-kyung Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(1): 203. CrossRef
Spent coffee (Coffea arabicaL.) grounds promote satiety and attenuate energy intake: A pilot study
Rocio Campos‐Vega, Andrea Arreguín‐Campos, Miguel A. Cruz‐Medrano, María Dolores Castillo Bilbao
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Clinical Diabetes & Therapeutics
Effectiveness and Safety of Adding Basal Insulin Glargine in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Exhibiting Inadequate Response to Metformin and DPP-4 Inhibitors with or without Sulfonylurea: Yu Mi Kang, Chang Hee Jung, Seung-Hwan Lee, Sang-Wook Kim, Kee-Ho Song, Sin Gon Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim, Young Min Cho, Tae Sun Park, Bon Jeong Ku, Gwanpyo Koh, Dol Mi Kim, Byung-Wan Lee, Joong-Yeol Park; Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(4):432-446. Published online June 19, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0092

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Background

We aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of adding basal insulin to initiating dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and metformin and/or sulfonylurea (SU) in achieving the target glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

This was a single-arm, multicenter, 24-week, open-label, phase 4 study in patients with inadequately controlled (HbA1c ≥7.5%) T2DM despite the use of DPP-4 inhibitor and metformin. A total of 108 patients received insulin glargine while continuing oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). The primary efficacy endpoint was the percentage of subjects achieving HbA1c ≤7.0%. Other glycemic profiles were also evaluated, and the safety endpoints were adverse events (AEs) and hypoglycemia.

Results

The median HbA1c at baseline (8.9%; range, 7.5% to 11.1%) decreased to 7.6% (5.5% to 11.7%) at 24 weeks. Overall, 31.7% subjects (n=33) achieved the target HbA1c level of ≤7.0%. The mean differences in body weight and fasting plasma glucose were 1.2±3.4 kg and 56.0±49.8 mg/dL, respectively. Hypoglycemia was reported in 36 subjects (33.3%, 112 episodes), all of which were fully recovered. There was no serious AE attributed to insulin glargine. Body weight change was significantly different between SU users and nonusers (1.5±2.5 kg vs. −0.9±6.0 kg, P=0.011).

Conclusion

The combination add-on therapy of insulin glargine, on metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors with or without SU was safe and efficient in reducing HbA1c levels and thus, is a preferable option in managing T2DM patients exhibiting dysglycemia despite the use of OADs.

Citations

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Hiba Abdelgadir, Husam Abdlraheem, Housameldin Ali, Hussam Jadallah, Hind Abdelgadir, Eltoum Elnour, Mosab Ahmed, Ahmed Awad
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Glycaemic control with add‐on thiazolidinedione or a sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitor in patients with type 2 diabetes after the failure of an oral triple antidiabetic regimen: A 24‐week, randomized controlled trial
Jaehyun Bae, Ji Hye Huh, Minyoung Lee, Yong‐Ho Lee, Byung‐Wan Lee
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2021; 23(2): 609. CrossRef
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Others
Application of the Oral Minimal Model to Korean Subjects with Normal Glucose Tolerance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Min Hyuk Lim, Tae Jung Oh, Karam Choi, Jung Chan Lee, Young Min Cho, Sungwan Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(4):308-317. Published online June 2, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.4.308

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Background

The oral minimal model is a simple, useful tool for the assessment of β-cell function and insulin sensitivity across the spectrum of glucose tolerance, including normal glucose tolerance (NGT), prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in humans.

Methods

Plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels were measured during a 180-minute, 75-g oral glucose tolerance test in 24 Korean subjects with NGT (n=10) and T2DM (n=14). The parameters in the computational model were estimated, and the indexes for insulin sensitivity and β-cell function were compared between the NGT and T2DM groups.

Results

The insulin sensitivity index was lower in the T2DM group than the NGT group. The basal index of β-cell responsivity, basal hepatic insulin extraction ratio, and post-glucose challenge hepatic insulin extraction ratio were not different between the NGT and T2DM groups. The dynamic, static, and total β-cell responsivity indexes were significantly lower in the T2DM group than the NGT group. The dynamic, static, and total disposition indexes were also significantly lower in the T2DM group than the NGT group.

Conclusion

The oral minimal model can be reproducibly applied to evaluate β-cell function and insulin sensitivity in Koreans.

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Fimasartan increases glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension compared with amlodipine
Ye Seul Yang, Min Hyuk Lim, Seong Ok Lee, Eun Roh, Chang Ho Ahn, Soo Heon Kwak, Young Min Cho, Sungwan Kim, Andrea Mari, Kyong Soo Park, Hye Seung Jung
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2018; 20(7): 1670. CrossRef
The Cut-off Values of Triglycerides and Glucose Index for Metabolic Syndrome in American and Korean Adolescents
Shinje Moon, Joon-Sung Park, Youhern Ahn
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Clinical Care/Education
Feasibility of a Patient-Centered, Smartphone-Based, Diabetes Care System: A Pilot Study: Eun Ky Kim, Soo Heon Kwak, Seungsu Baek, Seung Lyeol Lee, Hak Chul Jang, Kyong Soo Park, Young Min Cho; Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(3):192-201. Published online April 8, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.3.192

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Background

We developed a patient-centered, smartphone-based, diabetes care system (PSDCS). This study aims to test the feasibility of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reduction with the PSDCS.

Methods

This study was a single-arm pilot study. The participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus were instructed to use the PSDCS, which integrates a Bluetooth-connected glucometer, digital food diary, and wearable physical activity monitoring device. The primary end point was the change in HbA1c from baseline after a 12-week intervention.

Results

Twenty-nine patients aged 53.9±9.1 years completed the study. HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose levels decreased significantly from baseline (7.7%±0.7% to 7.1%±0.6%, P<0.0001; 140.9±39.1 to 120.1±31.0 mg/dL, P=0.0088, respectively). The frequency of glucose monitoring correlated with the magnitude of HbA1c reduction (r=–0.57, P=0.0013). The components of the diabetes self-care activities, including diet, exercise, and glucose monitoring, were significantly improved, particularly in the upper tertile of HbA1c reduction. There were no severe adverse events during the intervention.

Conclusion

A 12-week application of the PSDCS to patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes resulted in a significant HbA1c reduction with tolerable safety profiles; these findings require confirmation in a future randomized controlled trial.

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Effect of Multimodal App-Based Interventions on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Emma Bodner, Lena Roth, Kathleen Wiencke, Christian Bischoff, Peter EH Schwarz
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Effectiveness of information technology-based interventions for diabetes mellitus in glycemic control in Saudi Arabia: A systematic review
Najwa A. Zabeeri
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Telehealth Technologies in Diabetes Self-management and Education
Vidya Sharma, Marie Feldman, Ramaswamy Sharma
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Waleed M. Sweileh
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Effects of a diabetes education program integrated with text-message support for lifestyle change among older individuals with type 2 diabetes in communities: a randomised controlled trial
M. Hou, W.N. Qiu, H.L. Qi, H.X. Shao, J.M. Yu, H.Y. Bian
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The Role of Smartwatch Technology in the Provision of Care for Type 1 or 2 Diabetes Mellitus or Gestational Diabetes: Systematic Review
Sergio Diez Alvarez, Antoni Fellas, Katie Wynne, Derek Santos, Dean Sculley, Shamasunder Acharya, Pooshan Navathe, Xavier Gironès, Andrea Coda
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Wearable Devices for Supporting Chronic Disease Self-Management: Scoping Review
Marie-Pierre Gagnon, Steven Ouellet, Eugène Attisso, Wilfried Supper, Samira Amil, Caroline Rhéaume, Jean-Sébastien Paquette, Christian Chabot, Marie-Claude Laferrière, Maxime Sasseville
Interactive Journal of Medical Research.2024; 13: e55925. CrossRef
App Design Features Important for Diabetes Self-management as Determined by the Self-Determination Theory on Motivation: Content Analysis of Survey Responses From Adults Requiring Insulin Therapy
Helen N C Fu, Jean F Wyman, Cynthia J Peden-McAlpine, Claire Burke Draucker, Titus Schleyer, Terrence J Adam
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Sergio Diez Alvarez, Antoni Fellas, Derek Santos, Dean Sculley, Katie Wynne, Shamasunder Acharya, Pooshan Navathe, Xavier Girones, Andrea Coda
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Mary M Barker, Radhika Chauhan, Melanie J Davies, Christopher Brough, Alison Northern, Bernie Stribling, Sally Schreder, Kamlesh Khunti, Michelle Hadjiconstantinou
JMIR Diabetes.2023; 8: e44943. CrossRef
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David Kerr, Steven Edelman, Giacomo Vespasiani, Kamlesh Khunti
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Hun Jee Choe, Eun-Jung Rhee, Jong Chul Won, Kyong Soo Park, Won-Young Lee, Young Min Cho
Diabetes Care.2022; 45(10): 2224. CrossRef
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Ghada AlSwayied, Haoyue Guo, Tasmin Rookes, Rachael Frost, Fiona L Hamilton
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Jessica R Forsyth, Hannah Chase, Nia W Roberts, Laura C Armitage, Andrew J Farmer
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Tae Jung Oh, Jie-Eun Lee, Seok Kim, Sooyoung Yoo, Hak Chul Jang
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Clinical Care/Education
Clinical Characteristics and Metabolic Predictors of Rapid Responders to Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor as an Add-on Therapy to Sulfonylurea and Metformin: Ye An Kim, Won Sang Yoo, Eun Shil Hong, Eu Jeong Ku, Kyeong Seon Park, Soo Lim, Young Min Cho, Kyong Soo Park, Hak Chul Jang, Sung Hee Choi; Diabetes Metab J. 2015;39(6):489-497. Published online November 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2015.39.6.489

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Background

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor add-on therapy is a new option for patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes who are taking combined metformin and sulfonylurea (SU). We evaluated the efficacy and safety of this triple therapy and the characteristics of rapid responders and hypoglycemia-prone patients.

Methods

We included 807 patients with type 2 diabetes who were prescribed a newly added DPP-4 inhibitor to ongoing metformin and SU in 2009 to 2011. Glycemia and other metabolic parameters at baseline, 12, 24, and 52 weeks, as well as episodes of hypoglycemia were analyzed. Rapid responders were defined as patients with ≥25% reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) within 12 weeks.

Results

At baseline, while on the submaximal metformin and SU combination, the mean HbA1c level was 8.4%. Twelve weeks after initiation of DPP-4 inhibitor add-on, 269 patients (34.4%) achieved an HbA1c level ≤7%. Sixty-six patients (8.2%, 47 men) were rapid responders. The duration of diabetes was shorter in rapid responders, and their baseline fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c, C-peptide, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were significantly higher. Patients who experienced hypoglycemia after taking DPP-4 inhibitor add-on were more likely to be female, to have a lower body weight and lower triglyceride and FPG levels, and to have higher homeostasis model assessment of β-cells.

Conclusion

An oral hypoglycemic triple agent combination including a DPP-4 inhibitor was effective in patients with uncontrolled diabetes. Proactive dose reduction of SU should be considered when a DPP-4 inhibitor is added for rapid responders and hypoglycemia-prone patients.

Citations

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A genetic variant in GLP1R is associated with response to DPP-4 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes
Eugene Han, Hye Sun Park, Obin Kwon, Eun Yeong Choe, Hye Jin Wang, Yong-ho Lee, Sang-Hak Lee, Chul Hoon Kim, Lee-Kyung Kim, Soo Heon Kwak, Kyong Soo Park, Chul Sik Kim, Eun Seok Kang
Medicine.2016; 95(44): e5155. CrossRef

Brief Report

Genetics
Identification of Two Cases of Ciliopathy-Associated Diabetes and Their Mutation Analysis Using Whole Exome Sequencing: Min Kyeong Kim, Soo Heon Kwak, Shinae Kang, Hye Seung Jung, Young Min Cho, Seong Yeon Kim, Kyong Soo Park; Diabetes Metab J. 2015;39(5):439-443. Published online October 22, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2015.39.5.439

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Background

Alström syndrome and Bardet-Biedl syndrome are autosomal recessively inherited ciliopathies with common characteristics of obesity, diabetes, and blindness. Alström syndrome is caused by a mutation in the ALMS1 gene, and Bardet-Biedl syndrome is caused by mutations in BBS1-16 genes. Herein we report genetically confirmed cases of Alström syndrome and Bardet-Biedl syndrome in Korea using whole exome sequencing.

Methods

Exome capture was done using SureSelect Human All Exon Kit V4+UTRs (Agilent Technologies). HiSeq2000 system (Illumina) was used for massive parallel sequencing. Sanger sequencing was used for genotype confirmation and familial cosegregation analysis.

Results

A 21-year old Korean woman was clinically diagnosed with Alström syndrome. She had diabetes, blindness, obesity, severe insulin resistance, and hearing loss. Whole exome sequencing revealed a nonsense mutation in exon 10 of ALMS1 (c.8776C>T, p.R2926X) and a seven base-pair deletion resulting in frameshift mutation in exon 8 (c.6410_6416del, p.2137_2139del). A 24-year-old Korean man had Bardet-Biedl syndrome with diabetes, blindness, obesity, and a history of polydactyly. Whole exome sequencing revealed a nonsynonymous mutation in exon 11 of the BBS1 gene (c.1061A>G, p.E354G) and mutation at the normal splicing recognition site of exon 7 of the BBS1 gene (c.519-1G>T).

Conclusion

We found novel compound heterozygous mutations of Alström syndrome and Bardet-Biedl syndrome using whole exome sequencing. The whole exome sequencing successfully identified novel genetic variants of ciliopathy-associated diabetes.

Citations

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Brais Bea-Mascato, Diana Valverde
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Angela K. Fitch, Sonali Malhotra, Rushika Conroy
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PLOS ONE.2017; 12(8): e0183081. CrossRef

Response

Response: Normal Glucose Tolerance with a High 1-Hour Postload Plasma Glucose Level Exhibits Decreased β-Cell Function Similar to Impaired Glucose Tolerance (Diabetes Metab J 2015;39:147-53): Tae Jung Oh, Se Hee Min, Chang Ho Ahn, Eun Ky Kim, Soo Heon Kwak, Hye Seung Jung, Kyong Soo Park, Young Min Cho; Diabetes Metab J. 2015;39(3):270-271. Published online June 15, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2015.39.3.270

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Prevalence of Impaired Glucose Tolerance/Prediabetes in Local Adult Obese Population Presenting to A Tertiary Care Hospital
Niktash Khan Hadi, Muhammad Salman Aamir, Tahir Ghaffar, Sulaiman Khan, Siraj ul Islam, Shafiullah Khan, Nizamuddin ., Muhammad Ali
Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences.2023; : 84. CrossRef

Erratum

Erratum: Figure Correction. A Gut Feeling to Cure Diabetes: Potential Mechanisms of Diabetes Remission after Bariatric Surgery: Young Min Cho; Diabetes Metab J. 2015;39(2):175-175. Published online April 20, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2015.39.2.175

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Original Article

Normal Glucose Tolerance with a High 1-Hour Postload Plasma Glucose Level Exhibits Decreased β-Cell Function Similar to Impaired Glucose Tolerance: Tae Jung Oh, Se Hee Min, Chang Ho Ahn, Eun Ky Kim, Soo Heon Kwak, Hye Seung Jung, Kyong Soo Park, Young Min Cho; Diabetes Metab J. 2015;39(2):147-153. Published online March 9, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2015.39.2.147

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Background

Subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) who have a high 1-hour postload plasma glucose level (≥155 mg/dL; NGT 1 hour-high) have been shown to be at higher risk for type 2 diabetes than subjects with NGT 1 hour-low postload plasma glucose level (<155 mg/dL). We compared β-cell function in subjects with NGT 1 hour-high, NGT 1 hour-low, and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).

Methods

We classified subjects into NGT 1 hour-low (n=149), NGT 1 hour-high (n=43), and IGT (n=52). The β-cell function was assessed based on insulinogenic index (IGI), oral disposition index (DI), and insulin secretion-sensitivity index-2 (ISSI-2).

Results

Insulin sensitivity was comparable between the subjects with NGT 1 hour-high and NGT 1 hour-low. The β-cell function with/without adjusting insulin sensitivity was significantly different among the three groups. The IGI (pmol/mmol) was 116.8±107.3 vs. 64.8±47.8 vs. 65.8±80.6 (P=0.141), oral DI was 3.5±4.2 vs. 1.8±1.4 vs. 1.8±3.1 (P<0.001), and ISSI-2 was 301.2±113.7 vs. 213.2±67.3 vs. 172.5±87.5 (P<0.001) in NGT 1 hour-low, NGT 1 hour-high, and IGT, respectively. Post hoc analyses revealed that oral DI and ISSI-2 were significantly different between NGT 1 hour-low and NGT 1 hour-high but comparable between NGT 1 hour-high and IGT.

Conclusion

Among Korean subjects with NGT, those who have a higher 1-hour postload glucose level have a compromised insulin-sensitivity adjusted β-cell function to a similar degree as IGT subjects.

Citations

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1-Hour Postload Glucose: Early Screening for High Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Koreans With Normal Fasting Glucose
Min Jin Lee, Ji Hyun Bae, Ah Reum Khang, Dongwon Yi, Joo Yeon Kim, Su Hyun Kim, Dong Hee Kim, Dasol Kang, Sujin Park, Yun Kyung Jeon, Sang Soo Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Mi Sook Yun, Yang Ho Kang
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025; 110(4): 1076. CrossRef
Fatty liver index and risk of type 2 diabetes of adults with normoglycemia: Insights into insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function
Ji Hyun Bae, Min Jin Lee, Su Hyun Kim, Joo Yeon Kim, Ah Reum Khang, Yang Ho Kang, Dongwon Yi, Guoying Wang
PLOS One.2025; 20(6): e0327058. CrossRef
Fasting plasma glucose outperformed 1-hour plasma glucose in predicting diabetes incidence in individuals with family history of young-onset type 2 diabetes
Chun Kwan O, Baoqi Fan, Jane PY Ho, Eric S H Lau, Gary TC Ko, Juliana NM Lui, Elaine Chow, Alice Pik Shan Kong, Ronald Ching Wan Ma, Andrea Luk, Juliana C N Chan
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Min Jin Lee, Ji Hyun Bae, Ah Reum Khang, Dongwon Yi, Mi Sook Yun, Yang Ho Kang
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Chiara M.A. Cefalo, Alessia Riccio, Teresa Vanessa Fiorentino, Elena Succurro, Gaia Chiara Mannino, Maria Perticone, Angela Sciacqua, Francesco Andreozzi, Giorgio Sesti
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2024; 217: 111856. CrossRef
Lipid profile is similar in both subjects with high 1-hour postload glucose and 2-hour postload glucose and is related to cardio-metabolic profile in prediabetes
Rumyana Dimova, Nevena Chakarova, Mina Serdarova, Tsvetalina Tankova
Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2024; 38(11): 108869. CrossRef
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Sang Ouk Chin, You‐Cheol Hwang, In‐Jin Cho, In‐Kyung Jeong, Kyu Jeung Ahn, Ho Yeon Chung
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Sylwia Placzkowska, Lilla Pawlik-Sobecka, Izabela Kokot, Agnieszka Piwowar
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Kyong Hye Joung, Sang Hyun Ju, Ji Min Kim, Sorim Choung, Jae Min Lee, Kang Seo Park, Hyun Jin Kim, Bon Jeong Ku
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2018; 42(2): 147. CrossRef
The 1-h post-load plasma glucose as a novel biomarker for diagnosing dysglycemia
Ram Jagannathan, Martin Buysschaert, José Luis Medina, Karin Katz, Sarah Musleh, Brenda Dorcely, Michael Bergman
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Elevated 1‐hour post‐load plasma glucose identifies obese youth with abnormal glucose metabolism and an unfavourable inflammatory profile
Anastasios Serbis, Vasileios Giapros, Anna Challa, Nikolaos Chaliasos, Ekaterini Siomou
Clinical Endocrinology.2018; 89(6): 757. CrossRef
One‐hour postload plasma glucose concentration in people with normal glucose homeostasis predicts future diabetes mellitus: a 12‐year community‐based cohort study
Tae Jung Oh, Soo Lim, Kyoung Min Kim, Jae Hoon Moon, Sung Hee Choi, Young Min Cho, Kyong Soo Park, HakChul Jang, Nam H. Cho
Clinical Endocrinology.2017; 86(4): 513. CrossRef
An elevated 1-h post- load glucose level during the oral glucose tolerance test detects prediabetes
Martin Buysschaert, Michael Bergman, Donald Yanogo, Ram Jagannathan, Benoit Buysschaert, Vanessa Preumont
Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews.2017; 11(2): 137. CrossRef
Delayed insulin secretion response during an OGTT is associated with an increased risk for incidence of diabetes in NGT subjects
Yun Sun, Junfeng Han, Ziwei Lin, Lige Song, Chen Wang, Weiping Jia
Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2016; 30(8): 1537. CrossRef
Postprandial Hyperglycemia
Tae Jung Oh
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2016; 17(4): 233. CrossRef
β-Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Normal Glucose-Tolerant Subjects Stratified by 1-Hour Plasma Glucose Values
Miranda M. Priya, Anandakumar Amutha, T.A. Pramodkumar, Harish Ranjani, Saravanan Jebarani, Kuppan Gokulakrishnan, Rajendra Pradeepa, Ranjit Unnikrishnan, Ranjit Mohan Anjana, Viswanathan Mohan
Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics.2016; 18(1): 29. CrossRef
Response: Normal Glucose Tolerance with a High 1-Hour Postload Plasma Glucose Level Exhibits Decreased β-Cell Function Similar to Impaired Glucose Tolerance (Diabetes Metab J2015;39:147-53)
Tae Jung Oh, Se Hee Min, Chang Ho Ahn, Eun Ky Kim, Soo Heon Kwak, Hye Seung Jung, Kyong Soo Park, Young Min Cho
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2015; 39(3): 270. CrossRef
Letter: Normal Glucose Tolerance with a High 1-Hour Postload Plasma Glucose Level Exhibits Decreased β-Cell Function Similar to Impaired Glucose Tolerance (Diabetes Metab J2015;39:147-53)
Hee Kyung Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2015; 39(3): 268. CrossRef

Review

A Gut Feeling to Cure Diabetes: Potential Mechanisms of Diabetes Remission after Bariatric Surgery: Young Min Cho; Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(6):406-415. Published online December 15, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2014.38.6.406

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A cure for type 2 diabetes was once a mere dream but has now become a tangible and achievable goal with the unforeseen success of bariatric surgery in the treatment of both obesity and type 2 diabetes. Popular bariatric procedures such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy exhibit high rates of diabetes remission or marked improvement in glycemic control. However, the mechanism of diabetes remission following these procedures is still elusive and appears to be very complex and encompasses multiple anatomical and physiological changes. In this article, calorie restriction, improved β-cell function, improved insulin sensitivity, and alterations in gut physiology, bile acid metabolism, and gut microbiota are reviewed as potential mechanisms of diabetes remission after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy.

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Brief Report

Is the Indicator Magnifying Window for Insulin Pens Helpful for Elderly Diabetic Patients?: Ju Hee Lee, Eun Shil Hong, Jung Hun Ohn, Young Min Cho; Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(2):149-151. Published online April 16, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.2.149

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Patients with type 2 diabetes who require insulin therapy are commonly elderly and have poor visual acuity. In this study, we examined the clinical usefulness of the indicator magnifying window (IMW) for elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. We recruited 50 patients with type 2 diabetes over the age of 60 who had used insulin pens for glucose control. They were asked to set the insulin pen at randomly selected doses with or without an IMW. We assessed dosing accuracy, convenience, self-confidence, need for eyeglasses, preference, and willingness to recommend the IMW to other patients. Although the IMW did not improve the dosing accuracy or convenience, it significantly decreased the need for eyeglasses. Overall, the clinical usefulness of the IMW is quite limited in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.

Original Articles

Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Recently Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Positive Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody: Yul Hwangbo, Jin Taek Kim, Eun Ky Kim, Ah Reum Khang, Tae Jung Oh, Hak Chul Jang, Kyong Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Hong Kyu Lee, Young Min Cho; Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(2):136-143. Published online April 17, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.2.136

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Background

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) refers to a specific type of diabetes characterized by adult onset, presence of islet auto-antibodies, insulin independence at the time of diagnosis, and rapid decline in β-cell function. The prevalence of LADA among patients with type 2 diabetes varies from 2% to 20% according to the study population. Since most studies on the prevalence of LADA performed in Korea were conducted in patients who had been tested for anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADAb), a selection bias could not be excluded. In this study, we examined the prevalence and clinical characteristics of LADA among adult patients recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

We included 462 patients who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes within 5 years from the time this study was performed. We measured GADAb, fasting insulin level, fasting C-peptide level, fasting plasma glucose level, HbA1c, and serum lipid profiles and collected data on clinical characteristics.

Results

The prevalence of LADA was 4.3% (20/462) among adult patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Compared with the GADAb-negative patients, the GADAb-positive patients had lower fasting C-peptide levels (1.2±0.8 ng/mL vs. 2.0±1.2 ng/mL, P=0.004). Other metabolic features were not significantly different between the two groups.

Conclusion

The prevalence of LADA is 4.3% among Korean adult patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes. The Korean LADA patients exhibited decreased insulin secretory capacity as reflected by lower C-peptide levels.

Citations

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Suk Chon, Sang Youl Rhee, Kyu Jeung Ahn, Sei Hyun Baik, Yongsoo Park, Moon Suk Nam, Kwan Woo Lee, Soon Jib Yoo, Gwanpyo Koh, Dae Ho Lee, Young Seol Kim, Jeong‐Taek Woo
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2018; 20(5): 1121. CrossRef
A Global Perspective of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults
Rajashree Mishra, Kenyaita M. Hodge, Diana L. Cousminer, Richard D. Leslie, Struan F.A. Grant
Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism.2018; 29(9): 638. CrossRef
The prevalence of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults and its correlates in patients with type 2 diabetes in Kerman, Iran [2011]
Gozashti Mohammad Hossein, Shafiei Maryam, Esmaeilian Saeed, Najafipour Hamid, Mashrouteh Mahdieh
Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews.2015; 9(2): 104. CrossRef
Low prevalence of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults in northern India
A. Sachan, G. Zaidi, R. P. Sahu, S. Agrawal, P. G. Colman, E. Bhatia
Diabetic Medicine.2015; 32(6): 810. CrossRef
Amelioration of Diabetes-induced Cognitive Deficits by GSK-3β Inhibition is Attributed to Modulation of Neurotransmitters and Neuroinflammation
Ashok Kumar Datusalia, Shyam Sunder Sharma
Molecular Neurobiology.2014; 50(2): 390. CrossRef
Successful treatment of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults with Traditional Chinese Medicine: a case report
Jiaxing Tian, Wenke Liu, Zhong Zhen, Xiaolin Tong
Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine.2013; 33(6): 766. CrossRef
Clinical characteristics and insulin independence of Koreans with new‐onset type 2 diabetes presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis
H. Seok, C. H. Jung, S. W. Kim, M. J. Lee, W. J. Lee, J. H. Kim, B‐W. Lee
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2013; 29(6): 507. CrossRef
A Case of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults Developed after Surgical Cure of Growth Hormone Secreting Pituitary Tumor
Wonjin Kim, Jung Ho Kim, Youngsook Kim, Ji Hye Huh, Su Jin Lee, Mi Sung Park, Eun Yeong Choe, Jeong Kyung Park, Myung Won Lee, Jae Won Hong, Byung Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong Soo Cha, Eun Jig Lee, Hyun Chul Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2012; 27(4): 318. CrossRef
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults: Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults with Slowly Progressive β-cell Failure
Hannah Seok, Byung Wan Lee
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2012; 36(2): 116. CrossRef

Carotid Intimal-Medial Thickness Is Not Increased in Women with Previous Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Yun Hyi Ku, Sung Hee Choi, Soo Lim, Young Min Cho, Young Joo Park, Kyong Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Hak Chul Jang; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(5):497-503. Published online October 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.5.497

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Background

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is known to increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Measuring the carotid artery intimal-medial thickness (CIMT) is a non-invasive technique used to evaluate early atherosclerosis and to predict future cardiovascular diseases. We examined the association between CIMT and cardiovascular risk factors in young Korean women with previous GDM.

Methods

One hundred one women with previous GDM and 19 women who had normal pregnancies (NP) were recruited between 1999 and 2002. At one year postpartum, CIMT was measured using high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography, and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed. Fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), insulin levels and lipid profiles were also measured. CIMTs in the GDM and NP groups were compared, and the associations between CIMT and cardiovascular risk factors were analyzed in the GDM group.

Results

CIMT results of the GDM group were not significantly different from those of the NP group (GDM, 0.435±0.054 mm; NP, 0.460±0.046 mm; P=0.069). In the GDM group, a higher HbA1c was associated with an increase in CIMT after age adjustment (P=0.011). CIMT results in the group with HbA1c >6.0% were higher than those of the normal HbA1c (HbA1c ≤6.0%) (P=0.010). Nine of the patients who are type 2 diabetes mellitus converters within one year postpartum but showed no significant difference in CIMT results compared to NP group.

Conclusion

Higher HbA1c is associated with an increase in CIMT in women with previous GDM. However, CIMT at one year postpartum was not increased in these women compared to that in NP women.

Citations

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Women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus present an accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors at age 46—A birth cohort study
Evi Bakiris, Kaisu Luiro, Jari Jokelainen, Laure Morin‐Papunen, Sirkka Keinänen‐Kiukaanniemi, Kari Kaikkonen, Terhi Piltonen, Juha S. Tapanainen, Juha Auvinen
Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica.2024; 103(7): 1318. CrossRef
The effect of gestational diabetes mellitus on carotid artery intima-media thickness in and after pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Andrea Sonaglioni, Elisabetta Piergallini, Angelo Naselli, Gian Luigi Nicolosi, Anna Ferrulli, Stefano Bianchi, Michele Lombardo, Giuseppe Ambrosio
Acta Diabetologica.2023; 61(2): 139. CrossRef
Prognostic indicators of persistent carotid intima-media thickness increase in postpartum period in a population of normotensive women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Andrea Sonaglioni, Gian Luigi Nicolosi, Valentina Esposito, Stefano Bianchi, Michele Lombardo
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology.2022; 269: 47. CrossRef
Pharmacotherapy for gestational diabetes
Angelo Maria Patti, Rosaria Vincenza Giglio, Kalliopi Pafili, Manfredi Rizzo, Nikolaos Papanas
Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy.2018; 19(13): 1407. CrossRef
Women with a history of gestational diabetes on long-term follow up have normal vascular function despite more dysglycemia, dyslipidemia and adiposity
Olubukola Ajala, Louise A. Jensen, Edmond Ryan, Constance Chik
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2015; 110(3): 309. CrossRef
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Women: Similarities and Differences from Other Racial/Ethnic Groups
Catherine Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2014; 38(1): 1. CrossRef
History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Future Risk of Atherosclerosis in Mid‐life: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study
Erica P. Gunderson, Vicky Chiang, Mark J. Pletcher, David R. Jacobs, Charles P. Quesenberry, Stephen Sidney, Cora E. Lewis
Journal of the American Heart Association.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) with subclinical atherosclerosis: a systemic review and meta-analysis
Jing-Wei Li, Si-Yi He, Peng Liu, Lin Luo, Liang Zhao, Ying-Bin Xiao
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Offspring of Diabetic Women: The Impact of the Intrauterine Environment
Laura J. Marco, Kate McCloskey, Peter J. Vuillermin, David Burgner, Joanne Said, Anne-Louise Ponsonby
Experimental Diabetes Research.2012; 2012: 1. CrossRef
The Association between Carotid Atherosclerosis and Glucose
Bo Kyung Koo
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2011; 35(5): 466. CrossRef

Increasing Trend in the Number of Severe Hypoglycemia Patients in Korea: Jin Taek Kim, Tae Jung Oh, Ye An Lee, Jun Ho Bae, Hyo Jeong Kim, Hye Seung Jung, Young Min Cho, Kyong Soo Park, Soo Lim, Hak Chul Jang, Hong Kyu Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(2):166-172. Published online April 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.2.166

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Background

To investigate whether the number of subjects with severe hypoglycemia who are brought to a hospital emergency department is increasing and to identify whether there have been changes in the demographic and clinical characteristics of those subjects.

Methods

We analyzed data from the Emergency Departments of two general hospitals in Seoul, Korea. We included data from all adult subjects with type 2 diabetes who presented to an emergency department with severe hypoglycemia between January 1, 2004 and December 30, 2009.

Results

A total of 740 cases of severe hypoglycemia were identified. The mean subject age was 69±12 years, mean duration of diabetes was 13.8±9.3 years, and 53.2% of subjects were receiving insulin therapy. We observed a sharp rise in the number of cases between 2006 and 2007. Stages 3-5 chronic kidney disease was diagnosed in 31.5% of subjects, and low C-peptide levels (<0.6 ng/mL) were found in 25.5%. The mean subject age, duration of diabetes, HbA1c level, and renal and insulin secretory function values did not change significantly during the study period. The proportion of glimepiride use increased, while use of gliclazide decreased among sulfonylurea users. Use of insulin analogues increased, while use of NPH/RI decreased among insulin users.

Conclusion

We identified a sharp increase in the number of subjects with severe hypoglycemia presenting to an emergency room since 2006. The clinical characteristics of these subjects did not change markedly during the study period. Nationwide studies are warranted to further clarify this epidemic of severe hypoglycemia.

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Seung Eun Lee, Kyoung-Ah Kim, Kang Ju Son, Sun Ok Song, Kyeong Hye Park, Se Hee Park, Joo Young Nam
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2021; 178: 108946. CrossRef
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AjitK Paul, A.B.M. Kamrul-Hasan
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Takeshi Horii, Yoichi Oikawa, Narumi Kunisada, Akira Shimada, Koichiro Atsuda
BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care.2020; 8(2): e001856. CrossRef
Association between BMI and risk of severe hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes
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Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2018; 32(8): 805. CrossRef
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Ling Zhu, Li Chang Ang, Wee Boon Tan, Xiaohui Xin, Yong Mong Bee, Su-Yen Goh, Ming Ming Teh
Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017; 8(5): 69. CrossRef
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Cardiovascular Disease Predicts Severe Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
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Polymorphisms of the Reg1α Gene and Early Onset Type 2 Diabetes in the Korean Population: Bo Kyung Koo, Young Min Cho, Kuchan Kimm, Jong-Young Lee, Bermseok Oh, Byung Lae Park, Hyun Sub Cheong, Hyoung Doo Shin, Kyung Soo Ko, Sang Gyu Park, Hong Kyu Lee, Kyong Soo Park; Korean Diabetes J. 2010;34(4):229-236. Published online August 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.4.229

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Background

The Reg gene has been reported to be expressed in regenerating islets and Reg1 protein to be up-regulated at an early stage of diabetes in mice. As human Reg1α is homologous with murine Reg1, we investigated whether common variants in Reg1α are associated with type 2 diabetes in the Korean population.

Methods

We sequenced the Reg1α gene to identify common polymorphisms using 24 Korean DNA samples. Of 11 polymorphisms found, five common ones (g.-385T>C [rs10165462], g.-36T>G [rs25689789], g.209G>T [rs2070707], g.1385C>G [novel], and g.2199G>A [novel]) were genotyped in 752 type 2 diabetic patients and 642 non-diabetic subjects.

Results

No polymorphism was associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. However, g.-385C and g.2199A lowered the risk of early-onset type 2 diabetes, defined as a diagnosis in subjects whose age at diagnosis was 25 years or more but less than 40 years (odds ratio [OR], 0.721 [0.535 to 0.971] and 0.731 [0.546 to 0.977] for g.-385C and g.2199A, respectively) and g.1385G increased the risk of early-onset diabetes (OR, 1.398 [1.055 to 1.854]). Although adjusting for errors in multiple hypotheses-testing showed no statistically significant association between the three individual polymorphisms and early-onset diabetes, the haplotype H1, composed of g.-385C, g.1385C, and g.2199A, was associated with a reduced risk of early-onset diabetes (OR, 0.590 [0.396 to 0.877], P = 0.009).

Conclusion

Polymorphisms in the Reg1α were not found to be associated with overall susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, though some showed modest associations with early-onset type 2 diabetes in the Korean population.

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A Novel Variant Of Regenerating Iα Gene (REG) In Type II Diabetics Among Pakistani Targeted Population
Sadaf Saleem, Saeeda Baig, Sadia Farrukh, Mazhar Shafiq
Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Glycemic Effects of Once-a-Day Rapid-Acting Insulin Analogue Addition on a Basal Insulin Analogue in Korean Subjects with Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Eun Yeong Choe, Yong-ho Lee, Byung-Wan Lee, Eun-Seok Kang, Bong Soo Cha, Hyun Chul Lee
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2012; 36(3): 230. CrossRef

Effect of Adipose Differentiation-Related Protein (ADRP) on Glucose Uptake of Skeletal Muscle.: Yun Hyi Ku, Min Kim, Sena Kim, Ho Seon Park, Han Jong Kim, In Kyu Lee, Dong Hoon Shin, Sung Soo Chung, Sang Gyu Park, Young Min Cho, Hong Kyu Lee, Kyong Soo Park; Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(3):206-214. Published online June 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.3.206

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Skeletal muscle is the most important tissue contributing to insulin resistance. Several studies have shown that accumulation of intramyocellular lipid is associated with the development of insulin resistance. Thus, proteins involved in lipid transport, storage and metabolism might also be involved in insulin action in skeletal muscle. Adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP), which is localized at the surface of lipid droplets, is known to be regulated by peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). However, it is not known whether ADRP plays a role in regulating glucose uptake and insulin action in skeletal muscle. METHODS: ADRP expression in skeletal muscle was measured by RT-PCR and western blot in db/db mice with and without PPARgamma agonist. The effect of PPARgamma agonist or high lipid concentration (0.4% intralipos) on ADRP expression was also obtained in cultured human skeletal muscle cells. Glucose uptake was measured when ADRP was down-regulated with siRNA or when ADRP was overexpressed with adenovirus. RESULTS: ADRP expression increased in the skeletal muscle of db/db mice in comparison with normal controls and tended to increase with the treatment of PPARgamma agonist. In cultured human skeletal muscle cells, the treatment of PPARgamma agonist or high lipid concentration increased ADRP expression. siADRP treatment decreased both basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake whereas ADRP overexpression increased glucose uptake in cultured human skeletal muscle cells. CONCLUSION: ADRP expression in skeletal muscle is increased by PPARgamma agonist or exposure to high lipid concentration. In these conditions, increased ADRP contributed to increase glucose uptake. These results suggest that insulin-sensitizing effects of PPARgamma are at least partially achieved by the increase of ADRP expression, and ADRP has a protective effect against intramyocellular lipid-induced insulin resistance.

Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Aspirin Resistance in the Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.: Mi Yeon Kang, Young Min Cho, Hyun Kyung Kim, Jee Hyun An, Hwa Young Ahn, Ji Won Yoon, Hoon Sung Choi, Jie Seon Lee, Kyong Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Hong Kyu Lee; Korean Diabetes J. 2008;32(1):53-59. Published online February 1, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.1.53

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
We examined the prevalence and clinical characteristics of aspirin resistance in the Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: We studied 181 Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were taking aspirin (100 mg/day for > or = 3 months) and no other antiplatelet agents. The VerifyNow System was used to determine aspirin responsiveness. Aspirin resistance was defined as an aspirin reaction unit (ARU) > or = 550. We measured the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) to evaluate arteriosclerosis. The anthropometric parameters, electrocardiogram, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, lipid profiles, hemoglobin A1c, highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), homocysteine, and microalbuminuria were measured in each patient. RESULTS: The prevalence of aspirin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients was 9.4% (17 of 181). Those who had aspirin resistance were older than those without aspirin resistance (64.6 +/- 10.6 vs. 59.8 +/- 8.1, P = 0.024). Aspirin resistance was not associated with fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, hemoglobin A1c, hsCRP, homocysteine, microalbuminuria, ABI, CAVI, and body mass index. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of aspirin resistance in the Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was 9.4%. Although aspirin resistance was associated with old age, we could not find any good clinical parameter to predict it. Therefore, aspirin resistance should be evaluated in diabetic patients taking aspirin for prevention of cardiovascular complications.

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Long Non-Coding RNA H19 Positively Associates With Aspirin Resistance in the Patients of Cerebral Ischemic Stroke
Jue Wang, Bin Cao, Yan Gao, Dong Han, Haiping Zhao, Yuhua Chen, Yumin Luo, Juan Feng, Yanxia Guo
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
6^th Asian PAD Workshop

Annals of Vascular Diseases.2015; 8(2): 135. CrossRef
Non-HDL cholesterol is an independent risk factor for aspirin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes
Jong Dai Kim, Cheol-Young Park, Kue Jeong Ahn, Jae Hyoung Cho, Kyung Mook Choi, Jun Goo Kang, Jae Hyeon Kim, Ki Young Lee, Byung Wan Lee, Ji Oh Mok, Min Kyong Moon, Joong Yeol Park, Sung Woo Park
Atherosclerosis.2014; 234(1): 146. CrossRef

Case Report

Two Cases of Autoantibody Negative Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.: Hwa Young Cho, Young Min Cho, Myoung Hee Park, Mi Yeon Kang, Ki Hwan Kim, Yun Hyi Ku, Eun Kyung Lee, Do Joon Park, Chan Soo Shin, Kyong Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Bo Youn Cho, Hong Kyu Lee; Korean Diabetes J. 2007;31(4):372-376. Published online July 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.4.372

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Abstract PDF: Autoantibody negative fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus is a novel subtype of type 1 diabetes, which is characterized by a remarkably abrupt onset, metabolic derangement such as diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis, low HbA1c level at onset and a negative islet-related autoantibodies. The prevalence of fulminant type 1 diabetes has large difference between Japan and other countries. The precise reason for this regional variation remains to be clarified. One of the possible explanations is genetic background such as genotype of class II HLA molecule. In addition, environment factors including viral infection are suggested as possible pathogenesis of the disease. Only a few cases with fulminant type 1 diabetes have been reported outside Japan, and most of these cases with definite diagnosis have been reported in Korea. We report here on two Korean patients that met the criteria for diagnosis of fulminant type 1 diabetes in accordance with their HLA genotypes.

Retraction of Publication

Retraction: Polymorphisms of Kir6.2 Gene are Associated with Type 2 Diabetes and Blood Pressure in the Korean Population.: Bo Kyeong Koo, Hong Il Kim, Eu Jin Lee, Young Min Cho, Hyoung Doo Shin, Hak Chul Jang, Hong Kyu Lee, Kyong Soo Park; Korean Diabetes J. 2007;31(2):185-185. Published online March 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.2.185

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PDF

Original Articles

Association between Genetic Polymorphisms in Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4alpha and Type 2 Diabetes in Koreans.: Eun Jung Lee, Soo Heon Kwak, Sun Wook Jo, Hyung Jin Choi, Hyoung Doo Shin, Min Kyong Moon, Young Min Cho, Hak Chul Jang, Kyong Soo Park, Houng Kyu Lee; Korean Diabetes J. 2006;30(1):10-16. Published online January 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2006.30.1.10

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha (HNF-4alpha) is a member of transcription factor network which is essential for the development and function of the beta cell. Furthermore mutations in the HNF-4alpha gene have been known to cause maturity-onset diabetes of the young. Therefore we aimed to examine the association between polymorphisms in the HNF-4alpha gene and the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and its related phenotypes in the Korean population. METHODS: Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HNF-4alpha gene, g.4681C>T and HNF-4alpha g.12352C>T (Thr139Ile), were genotyped in unrelated T2DM (n=760) and non-diabetic subjects (n=303). The genetic associations between these SNPs and the risk of T2DM and metabolic phenotypes were analyzed. RESULTS: There was no significant association between genetic polymorphisms in the HNF-4alpha and the risk of T2DM. However HNF-4alpha g.4681C>T increased total cholesterol in the recessive model (P = 0.02) and showed marginal association with fasting plasma glucose (P = 0.049) in the additive model. CONCLUSION: There was no significant association between genetic polymorphisms and the risk of T2DM in the Korean populations. But HNF-4alpha g.4681C>T was associated with higher level of total cholesterol and fasting plasma glucose.

Polymorphisms of Kir6.2 Gene are Associated with Type 2 Diabetes and Blood Pressure in the Korean Population.: Bo Kyeong Koo, Hong Il Kim, Eu Jin Lee, Young Min Cho, Hyoung Doo Shin, Hak Chul Jang, Hong Kyu Lee, Kyong Soo Park; Korean Diabetes J. 2005;29(5):440-450. Published online September 1, 2005

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Abstract PDF: BACKGOUND: ATP-sensitive potassium channels are a heterooctamer of SUR1 and Kir6.2, which are key components in the insulin secretory mechanism. Whether common variants in the Kir6.2 gene are associated with type 2 diabetes and/or its associated phenotypes was investigated. METHODS: The Kir6.2 gene was sequenced in 24Korean DNA samples to identify common polymorphisms (frequency > 0.05). The common variants found among these samples were genotyped in a larger population including type 2 diabetic patients and nondiabetic subjects. RESULTS: Thirteen single nucleotide polymorphisms and one insertion/deletion polymorphism were identified in the Kir6.2 gene, with six common variants(g.-1709A>T, g.-1525T>C, g.67G >A [E23K], g.570C>T [A190A], g.1009A>G [1337V], and g.1388C>T) genotyped in 761 type 2 diabetic patients and 675 nondiabetic subjects. Four individual polymorphisms(g.-1525T > C, g.67G>A, g.1009A>G and g.1388C>T) appeared to be associated with type 2 diabetes (age, sex and BMI-adjusted odds ratio[OR]=0.751[0.584-0.967] in the recessive model on g-1525T>C, 1.193 [1.020-1.394] in the additive model in g.67G>A, 1.195 [1.022-1.399] in the additive model on g.1009A>G, 0.835 [0.717-0.973] in the additive model in g.1388C >T). The haplotype "ATACGC" in the Kir6.2 gene, composed of rare allele in the g.67 and g.1009, was also associated with a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes (age, sex, and BMI- adjusted OR = 1.256 [1.067-1.479], P for logistic regression = 0.006). In addition g.67G>A and g.1009A >G in the KCNJ11 were strongly associated with a high systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSION: Polymorphisms in the Kir6.2 gene are associated with type 2 diabetes and blood pressure in the Korean population.

Pregnancy Outcome in Korean Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosed by the Carpenter-Coustan Criteria.: Hak Chul Jang, Young Min Cho, Kyong Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Hong Kyu Lee, Moon Young Kim, Jae Hyug Yang, Son Moon Shin; Korean Diabetes J. 2004;28(2):122-130. Published online April 1, 2004

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
The American Diabetes Association recently proposed the Carpenter-Coustan criteria for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) based on the results of the Toronto Tri-Hospital Study. The prevalence of GDM in Korean women increased, on average, by 60% when the Carpenter-Coustan criteria were applied. However, the pregnancy outcome of Korean women with GDM with regard to the Carpenter-Coustan criteria tremains to be reported. The pregnancy outcomes of those Korean women with GDM by the Carpenter- Coustan criteria, but not by the NDDG criteria were assessed. METHODS: In this study, a total of 2776 pregnant women underwent universal screening for GDM, between January 1993 and December 1994, as recommended by the Third International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus with minor modifications. The primary pregnancy outcomes were preeclampsia, premature delivery, delivery by C-section, birth weight and LGA infants. RESULTS: Of the 2776 women, 656 screened-positive for GDM. Of these, 37 and 74 had GDM by the Carpenter-Coustan and NDDG criteria, respectively. With increasing glucose intolerance, there was a stepwise increase in premature deliveries, deliveries by C-section and preeclampsia from those screening negative to GDM by the NDDG criteria, with a similar trend for the frequency of LGA infants. The LGA infant screening-negative and positive were 13.5 and 16.1%, but those with a normal glucose tolerance were 27.0 and 33.8% in those screening positive to GDM by the Carpenter-Coustan and NDDG criteria, respectively(P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that increasing glucose tolerance was associated with increasing frequencies of adverse pregnancy outcomes in Korean women. The maternally complicated and LGA infants were significantly higher in women with GDM by the Carpenter-Coustan criteria. Thus the Carpenter- Coustan criteria are recommended for the diagnosis of GDM in Korean Women.

Common Genetic Polymorphisms in the Promoter of Resistin Gene are Major Determinants of Plasma Resistin Concentrations in Humans.: Young Min Cho, Byung Soo Youn, Sung Soo Chung, Ki Woo Kim, Bo Kyeong Koo, Kang Yeol Yu, Hong Je Park, Hyoung Doo Shin, Hak Chul Jang, Kyong Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Hong Kyu Lee; Korean Diabetes J. 2004;28(1):9-19. Published online February 1, 2004

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Resistin has been postulated to be an important link between obesity and insulin resistance. Genetic polymorphisms in the resistin gene promotor have been suggested as a determinant of the expression of resistin mRNA, which is possibly associated with obesity and insulin resistance. In this study, the association between the genotype of the resistin promoter, and its plasma concentrations, were investigated. METHODS: The g.-537A>C and g.-420C>G polymorphisms in the resistin promoter were examined, and the levels of plasma resistin measured in the Korean subjects, both with and without type 2 diabetes. Haplotype-based promoter activity and the gel electrophoretic mobility-shift assays(EMSA) were also performed. RESULTS: The -420G and the -537A alleles, which were in linkage disequilibrium, were associated with higher plasma resistin concentrations. Individuals with the A-G(-537 A and -420G) haplotypes showed significantly higher plasma resistin levels than those that did not. The haplotypes A-G had modestly increased promoter activities compared to the other haplotypes. The EMSA revealed the -420 G allele to be specific for binding of the nuclear proteins from adipocytes and monocytes. However, neither polymorphism was associated with type 2 diabetes or obesity in our study subjects. CONCLUSION: Polymorphisms in the promoter of the resistin gene are major determinants of plasma resistin concentrations in humans

Randomized Controlled Trial

The Effects of Insulin Sensitizers on the Plasma Concentrations of Adipokines in Type 2 Diabetic Patients.: Hye Seung Jung, Young Min Cho, Kyung Won Kim, Byung Soo Youn, Kang Yeol Yu, Hong Je Park, Chan Soo Shin, Seong Yeon Kim, Hong Kyu Lee, Kyong Soo Park; Korean Diabetes J. 2003;27(6):476-489. Published online December 1, 2003

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Resistin, leptin and adiponectin are proteins secreted from adipose tissue, and have been suggested to play roles in insulin sensitivity. The effects of the circulating levels of two different types of insulin sensitizer, rosiglitazone and metformin, in type 2 diabetic patients were examined to elucidate the relationship between adipokines and insulin resistance. METHODS: Thirty type 2 diabetic patients, who showed poor glycemic control when administered 4 mg glimepiride a day, without severe diabetic complications or medical illness, were randomized to receive an additional 4mg rosiglitazone or 1000 mg metformin a day. The plasma resistin, leptin and adiponectin concentrations were measured at the baseline and after 6 months of treatment. The anthropometric parameters, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1C, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol and free fatty acids were also measured. Certain single nucleotide polymorphisms of adipokine genes were also identified. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the reductions of the plasma glucose and HbA1C levels, after 6 months of treatment, between the two groups. The plasma resistin concentrations decreased, the adiponectin significantly increased and the leptin showed a tendency to increase in the rosiglitazone group. In the metformin group, only the resistin concentration significantly increased. However, the changes in the adipokines did not correlate with the HOMA-IR in either group. The reduction in the HbA1C due to rosiglitazone was greater if the initial leptin level was high, if there was a G allele on the -420th locus of the resistin gene, or the 45th locus of the APM1 (adiponectin gene) was the T-homozygote or there was a T allele on the 276th locus of the APM1. Those due to metfromin were greater with high initial adiponectin levels. CONCLUSION: In type 2 diabetic patients, showing poor glycemic control with sulfonylurea therapy, rosiglitazone or metformin treatment changed some of the adipokine concentrations, but these changes were not clearly related with insulin resistance. Polymorphisms of certain adipokine genes seem to have a relation to the susceptibility of rosiglitazone.

Original Articles

Genetic Association of Adiponectin Polymorphisms with Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.: Yun Yong Lee, Nam Seok Lee, Young Min Cho, Min Kyong Moon, Hye Seung Jung, Young Joo Park, Hong Je Park, Byoung Soo Youn, Hong Kyu Lee, Kyong Soo Park, Hyoung Doo Shin; Korean Diabetes J. 2003;27(6):438-448. Published online December 1, 2003

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Adiponectin, an adipocyte-secreted protein, is known to modulate insulin sensitivity, glucose homeostasis and the development of atherosclerosis. Recently, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the adiponectin gene have been reported to be associated with type 2 diabetes and components of the insulin resistance syndrome. METHODS: The frequencies of SNP T45G and G276T of the adiponectin gene was examined in 493 unrelated type 2 diabetic and 136 non-diabetic control Korean subjects. The clinical characteristics and plasma adiponectin levels of the subjects were compared within these genotypes. RESULTS: The T allele at SNP45 was significantly more frequent in the type 2 diabetes than in the control subjects (71.6 vs. 64.3%, p=0.013). The subjects with the G/G genotype of SNP45 were at reduced risk for type 2 diabetes (OR: 0.495, 95% CI 0.246-0.995, p=0.048) compared with those having the T/T genotype. However, there were no statistically significant differences in allele the frequencies (G frequency in the control vs. the diabetic group 73.9 vs. 68.9%, p=0.106) and genotype frequencies at SNP276 between groups. The subjects with the T/T genotype at SNP45 had higher a body mass index (24.6+/- 3.1 vs. 24.1+/-2.8 kg/m2, p=0.036) and serum triglyceride levels (2.03+/-1.31 vs. 1.87+/-1.38 mmol/1, p=0.041) than the T/G+G/G genotypes in the diabetic group. Those with the T/T genotype also had lower plasma adiponectin levels than those without T/T genotype at SNP45 in the control group (6.11+/-3.10 vs. 8.24+/-4.24 g/mL, p=0.043). There was a similar trend in diabetic group, but this did not reach statistical significance (4.32+/-2.81 vs. 4.96+/-3.26 g/mL, p=0.097). The SNP276 had no association with the clinical features of insulin resistance or plasma adiponectin level. CONCLUSION: The T/T genotype of SNP45 in the adiponectin gene was associated with a low adiponectin level, high body mass index, the serum triglyceride level and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The SNP276 in the adiponectin gene may not be an important determinant of insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes in Korean subjects.

Clinical Characteristics of Post-transplantation Diabetes Mellitus associated with Tacrolimus Therapy after Kidney Transplantation.: Young Min Cho, Hye Seung Jung, Yun Yong Lee, Min Kyong Moon, Suk Kyung Kim, Hyun Jung Jeon, Curie Ahn, Jong Won Ha, Sang Joon Kim, Kyong Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Hong Kyu Lee; Korean Diabetes J. 2002;26(6):509-519. Published online December 1, 2002

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Post-transplantion diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a major metabolic complication of transplantation and shows a variable incidence among studies with different population or different definition. We examined the incidence and the risk factors of PTDM in the Korean patients with tacrolimus-based immunosuppression following kidney transplantation, and also investigated the change of insulin secretory capacity. METHODS: Twenty-one patients using tacrolimus as primary immunosuppressant were recruited and tested with serial 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 0, 1, 3, and 6 months after kidney transplantation. RESULTS: According to the American Diabetes Association criteria, the incidence of PTDM was 57.1% (12 of 21). Baseline characteristics of PTDM group were old age (especially > 40 yr), high body mass index, high fasting glucose, high plasma insulin, and increased insulin resistance. The insulin secretory capacity in PTDM group was maximally suppressed 3 months after transplantation and was gradually restored thereafter along with dose reduction of tacrolimus. CONCLUSIONS: Attention should be paid to the patients, especially who are over 40 yr of age, throughout the high dose tacrolimus therapy.

Association between Type 2 Diabetes and Genetic Variations in Uncoupling Protein 2, beta3-Adrenergic Receptor, and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma in Korean.: Min Kyong Moon, Young Min Cho, Hye Seung Jung, Tae Yong Kim, Yun Yong Lee, Joong Yeol Park, Ki Up Lee, Chan Soo Shin, Kyong Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Hong Kyu Lee, Hyoung Doo Shin; Korean Diabetes J. 2002;26(6):469-480. Published online December 1, 2002

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial disease influenced by numerous genetic and environmental factors. The uncoupling proteins, 2 (UCP2), beta3-adrenergic receptor ADRB3, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma PPAR gamma, are genes involved in energy expenditure and fatty acid metabolisms, ans are therefore regarded as candidate genes for type 2 diabetes. In this study, we examined whether the known polymorphisms of UCP2, ADRB3 and PPAR gamma are associated with type 2 diabetes in the Korean population. METHODS: We studied 516 type 2 diabetic patients and 147 control subjects. The enrollment criteria for the control subjects were as follows; age > 60 years, no family history of diabetes in their first-degree relatives, a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) < 6.1 mmol/L, and a HbA1C < 5.8%. Height, weight, waist and hip circumference, FPG, 2 hour-plasma glucose after 75g-glucose load (2h-PG), blood pressure, lipid profile, and fasting insulin level were measured. The Ala55Val polymorphism of the UCP2, Trp64Arg polymorphism of the ADRB3, and Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR gamma were determined by single base extension method. RESULTS: The allele frequency of the Ala55Val variant of the UCP2 tended to be higher in the control subjects than in the type 2 diabetic patients (0.497 vs. 0.456, p=0.064). The allele frequencies of the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the ADRB3, and the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR gamma, were comparable between the diabetic patients and the control subjects (0.141 vs. 0.152 and 0.033 vs. 0.041, respectively). In the control subjects, the Ala55Val polymorphism of the UCP2 was associated with a significantly lower 2h-PG compared to the wild type (6.0 +/- 0.8 mmol/L vs. 6.6 +/- 0.7 mmol/L, p=0.002). The female control subjects, with the ADRB3 Trp64Arg variant, had a significantly lower triglyceride level than those without the variant (1.36 +/- 0.53 mmol/L vs. 1.74 +/- 0.82 mmol/L, p=0.020). The type 2 diabetic patients, with the ADRB3 Trp64Arg variant showed a significantly lower body mass index (23.6 +/- 2.6 kg/m2vs. 24.6 +/- 3.0 kg/m2, p=0.001). The PPAR gamma Pro12Ala variant, was not associated with any of the features of insulin resistance. The combined genotype of the Val allele of UCP2, Trp allele of ADRB3 and Ala allele of PPAR gamma was less frequent among the type 2 diabetes patients than the control subjects (0.020 vs. 0.056, p=0.039). CONCLUSION: The Ala55Val variant of the UCP2, the Trp64Arg variant of the ADRB3 and the Pro12Ala variant of the PPAR gamma, were not associated with type 2 diabetes in the Korean population. However, the Ala55Val variant of the UCP2 was associated with a lower 2h-PG in the control subjects and the Trp64Arg variant of the ADRB3 was associated with a lower triglyceride level in the female control subjects. Further study may be required to elucidate if the combined genotype of Val allele of UCP2, Trp allele of ADRB3 and Ala allele of PPAR gamma would be protective against type 2 diabetes.

Clinical Characteristics of S20G Mutation of Amylin Gene in Korean Type 2 Diabetic Patients.: Young Min Cho, Min Kim, Yun Yong Lee, Min Kyong Moon, Kyong Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Hong Kyu Lee; Korean Diabetes J. 2002;26(5):377-382. Published online October 1, 2002

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Islet amyloid deposition, which is mainly composed of amylin, is a characteristic pathological finding in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A missense mutation of amylin at amino acid 20, from Serine to Glycine (S20G), has been shown to be associated with type 2 diabetes in Japanese. In this study, we examined the frequency and clinical characteristics of the S20G mutation in Korean type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: We studied 364 unrelated patients with type 2 diabetes from Seoul National University Hospital and compared them with 70 non-diabetic subjects. We measured their weight, height, blood pressure and the circumferences of their waist and hips, in order to obtain their prediabetic maximal body weight. Their Fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglyceride and high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were measured. To detect the S20G mutation, we used the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The clinical features of the patients with the S20G mutation were compared with those without the mutation. RESULTS: The S20G mutation was found in 7 of the 364 diabetic patients (1.9 %) and in 1 of the 70 non-diabetic control subjects (1.4 %). The body mass index (BMI) of the patients with the S20G mutation was lower than in those with wild type (21.2+/-1.8 vs. 24.3+/-3.0 kg/m2; p<0.01). The prediabetic maximal BMI was also lower in the patients with S20G mutation (22.4+/-2.3 vs. 26.4+/-3.2 kg/m2; p<0.01) than in those with the wild type. The patients with the S20G mutation had a higher HbA1c level compared to those with the wild type (9.3+/-1.4 vs. 7.7+/-1.3%; p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The frequency of the S20G mutation of the amylin gene was 1.9% in the unrelated type 2 diabetic Korean patients. The S20G mutation is associated with a lower BMI and poor glycemic control.

Correlation between Basal Insulin Requirements and Daily Administered Insulin Dosage in Diabetes.: Min Kyong Moon, Jong Ho Ahn, Tae Yong Kim, Won Shik Shinn, Soo Lim, Young Min Cho, Kyong Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Hong Kyu Lee; Korean Diabetes J. 2000;24(5):552-559. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract: BACKGROUND
In patients who need insulin therapy, it is difficult to assess insulin requirements because of individual variability in insulin sensitivity and secretion. The aim of this study is to know that it is possible to achieve rapidly and efficiently normoglycemia based on insulin infusion algorithm and whether there is correlation between basal insulin requirements and daily administered total insulin dose. METHODS: Total 34 patients were enrolled. Insulin infusion was begun at 2:00 p.m., and bedside blood glucose concentration was measured at hourly intervals. The rate of insulin infusion was adjusted according to blood glucose levels. We compared insulin requirements to maintain normoglycemia (basal insulin requirements) with daily administered total insulin dose. RESULTS: At start, the mean blood glucose concentration was 14.9+/-4.7 mmol/L; by the first hour, it was 10.7+/-3.6 mmol/L; by the second hour, it was 7.4+/-3.1 mmol/L; when the infusion was discontinued, it was 5.7+/-1.0 mmol/L. This algorithm successfully inducted normoglycemia in all patients within 3.5+/-1.8 h. There was significant correlation between basal insulin requirements and daily administered total insulin dosage. And, daily administered insulin dose had significant correlation with first hour glucose concentration, first hour insulin infusion rate, second hour glucose concentration, second hour insulin infusion rate, and glucose concentration at the end. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that normoglycemia can be achieved rapidly and efficiently based on insulin infusion algorithm. The present study suggested that we could predict daily insulin requirements through basal insulin requirements that we measured.

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