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- Rg3 Improves Mitochondrial Function and the Expression of Key Genes Involved in Mitochondrial Biogenesis in C2C12 Myotubes
- Min Joo Kim, Young Do Koo, Min Kim, Soo Lim, Young Joo Park, Sung Soo Chung, Hak C. Jang, Kyong Soo Park
- Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(5):406-413. Published online August 12, 2016
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.5.406
- 5,593 View
- 76 Download
- 22 Web of Science
- 22 Crossref
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Abstract
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PubReader Background Panax ginseng has glucose-lowering effects, some of which are associated with the improvement in insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Because mitochondria play a pivotal role in the insulin resistance of skeletal muscle, we investigated the effects of the ginsenoside Rg3, one of the active components ofP. ginseng , on mitochondrial function and biogenesis in C2C12 myotubes.Methods C2C12 myotubes were treated with Rg3 for 24 hours. Insulin signaling pathway proteins were examined by Western blot. Cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and the oxygen consumption rate were measured. The protein or mRNA levels of mitochondrial complexes were evaluated by Western blot and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis.
Results Rg3 treatment to C2C12 cells activated the insulin signaling pathway proteins, insulin receptor substrate-1 and Akt. Rg3 increased ATP production and the oxygen consumption rate, suggesting improved mitochondrial function. Rg3 increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor, which are transcription factors related to mitochondrial biogenesis. Subsequent increased expression of mitochondrial complex IV and V was also observed.
Conclusion Our results suggest that Rg3 improves mitochondrial function and the expression of key genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, leading to an improvement in insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Rg3 may have the potential to be developed as an anti-hyperglycemic agent.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Comparison of Ginseng Leaf Extract and Its Acid-Treated Form, UG0712 Between Their Effects on Exercise Performance in Mice
Young Jin Lee, Su Hyun Yu, Gwang Yeong Seok, Su Yeon Kim, Mi Jeong Kim, Inhye Jeong, Wan Heo, Bo Su Lee, Seon Gil Do, Bok Kyung Han, Young Jun Kim
Food Supplements and Biomaterials for Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Ginsenosides for the treatment of insulin resistance and diabetes: Therapeutic perspectives and mechanistic insights
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Journal of Ginseng Research.2024; 48(3): 276. CrossRef - Preparation and bioactivity of the rare ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2: An updated review
Wenqi Xu, Wei Lyu, Cuicui Duan, Fumin Ma, Xiaolei Li, Dan Li
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Aeyung Kim, Sang-Min Park, No Soo Kim, Haeseung Lee
Antioxidants.2023; 12(8): 1576. CrossRef - Ginsenoside Rg3 protects glucocorticoid‑induced muscle atrophy in vitro through improving mitochondrial biogenesis and myotube growth
Ryuni Kim, Jee Kim, Sang-Jin Lee, Gyu-Un Bae
Molecular Medicine Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Beneficial Effects of Walnut Oligopeptides on Muscle Loss in Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Prone-8 (SAMP8) Mice: Focusing on Mitochondrial Function
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Nutrients.2022; 14(24): 5289. CrossRef - Review of ginsenosides targeting mitochondrial function to treat multiple disorders: Current status and perspectives
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Nutrients.2021; 13(9): 3090. CrossRef - A comprehensive review on the phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and antidiabetic effect of Ginseng
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Phytomedicine.2021; 92: 153717. CrossRef - Chronic Adipose Tissue Inflammation Linking Obesity to Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes
Federica Zatterale, Michele Longo, Jamal Naderi, Gregory Alexander Raciti, Antonella Desiderio, Claudia Miele, Francesco Beguinot
Frontiers in Physiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Stereoisomer-specific ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 reverses replicative senescence of human diploid fibroblasts via Akt-mTOR-Sirtuin signaling
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Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2019; 43(3): 247. CrossRef - Ginsenoside Rg3 upregulates myotube formation and mitochondrial function, thereby protecting myotube atrophy induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha
Sang-Jin Lee, Ju Hyun Bae, Hani Lee, Hyunji Lee, Jongsun Park, Jong-Sun Kang, Gyu-Un Bae
Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2019; 242: 112054. CrossRef - Therapeutic Potential of Ginsenosides as an Adjuvant Treatment for Diabetes
Litao Bai, Jialiang Gao, Fan Wei, Jing Zhao, Danwei Wang, Junping Wei
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef - Ginseng and obesity
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Journal of Ginseng Research.2018; 42(1): 1. CrossRef - Molecular signaling of ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3 and their mode of actions
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Journal of Ginseng Research.2018; 42(2): 123. CrossRef - Inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) enhances skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism
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Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease.2017; 1863(12): 3075. CrossRef - Anti-Fatigue Effects of Small Molecule Oligopeptides Isolated from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer in Mice
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Nutrients.2016; 8(12): 807. CrossRef
- Comparison of Ginseng Leaf Extract and Its Acid-Treated Form, UG0712 Between Their Effects on Exercise Performance in Mice
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