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Application of Animal Models in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
Wang-Soo Lee, Jaetaek Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(2):129-145.   Published online March 25, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0285
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  • 13 Web of Science
  • 16 Crossref
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Diabetic heart disease is a growing and important public health risk. Apart from the risk of coronary artery disease or hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM) is a well-known risk factor for heart failure in the form of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DiaCM). Currently, DiaCM is defined as myocardial dysfunction in patients with DM in the absence of coronary artery disease and hypertension. The underlying pathomechanism of DiaCM is partially understood, but accumulating evidence suggests that metabolic derangements, oxidative stress, increased myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy, inflammation, enhanced apoptosis, impaired intracellular calcium handling, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, mitochondrial dysfunction, and dysregulation of microRNAs, among other factors, are involved. Numerous animal models have been used to investigate the pathomechanisms of DiaCM. Despite some limitations, animal models for DiaCM have greatly advanced our understanding of pathomechanisms and have helped in the development of successful disease management strategies. In this review, we summarize the current pathomechanisms of DiaCM and provide animal models for DiaCM according to its pathomechanisms, which may contribute to broadening our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and facilitating the identification of possible new therapeutic targets.

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Editorial
The Effects of Green Tea on Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
Hyun Min Kim, Jaetaek Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(3):173-175.   Published online June 14, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.3.173
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Nutritional Status and Cardiac Autophagy
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Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(1):30-35.   Published online February 15, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.1.30
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Autophagy is necessary for the degradation of long-lasting proteins and nonfunctional organelles, and is activated to promote cellular survival. However, overactivation of autophagy may deplete essential molecules and organelles responsible for cellular survival. Lifelong calorie restriction by 40% has been shown to increase the cardiac expression of autophagic markers, which suggests that it may have a cardioprotective effect by decreasing oxidative damage brought on by aging and cardiovascular diseases. Although cardiac autophagy is critical to regulating protein quality and maintaining cellular function and survival, increased or excessive autophagy may have deleterious effects on the heart under some circumstances, including pressure overload-induced heart failure. The importance of autophagy has been shown in nutrient supply and preservation of energy in times of limitation, such as ischemia. Some studies have suggested that a transition from obesity to metabolic syndrome may involve progressive changes in myocardial inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, fibrosis, apoptosis, and myocardial autophagy.

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Letter
Letter: Higher Glycated Hemoglobin Level Is Associated with Increased Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Non-Diabetic Korean Male Adults (Diabetes Metab J 2011;35:551-7)
Seok Hong Lee, Jihyun Ahn, Jaetaek Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(1):79-80.   Published online February 17, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.1.79
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Original Articles
A Nationwide Survey about the Current Status of Glycemic Control and Complications in Diabetic Patients in 2006: The Committee of the Korean Diabetes Association on the Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus.
Soo Lim, Dae Jung Kim, In Kyung Jeong, Hyun Shik Son, Choon Hee Chung, Gwanpyo Koh, Dae Ho Lee, Kyu Chang Won, Jeong Hyun Park, Tae Sun Park, Jihyun Ahn, Jaetaek Kim, Keun Gyu Park, Seung Hyun Ko, Yu Bae Ahn, Inkyu Lee
Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(1):48-57.   Published online February 1, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.1.48
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  • 73 Download
  • 43 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
The Committee of the Korean Diabetes Association on the Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus performed a nationwide survey about the current status of glycemic control and diabetic complications in 2006. METHODS: The current study included 5,652 diabetic patients recruited from the rosters of endocrinology clinics of 13 tertiary hospitals in Korea. Age, gender, height, weight, waist circumference and blood pressure were investigated by standard method. Fasting and postprandial 2 hour glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profiles, fasting insulin and c-peptide levels were measured. Microvascular (microalbuminuria, retinopathy and neuropathy) and macrovascular (coronary artery disease [CAD], cerebrovascular disease [CVD] and peripheral artery disease [PAD]) complications were reviewed in their medical records. RESULTS: Mean age of total subjects was 58.7 (+/- 11.6) years and duration of diabetes was 8.8 (0~50) years. Mean fasting and postprandial 2 hour glucose levels were 145.9 +/- 55.0 and 208.0 +/- 84.4 mg/dL, respectively. Their mean HbA1c was 7.9 +/- 1.9%: the percentage of patients within target goal of glycemic control (< 7% of HbA1c) was 36.7%. In this study, 30.3%, 38.3% and 44.6% of patients was found to have microalbuminuria, retinopathy and nephropathy, respectively. Prevalence of CAD, CVD and PAD was 8.7%, 6.7% and 3.0%, respectively. Diabetic complications were closely related with age, duration of diabetes and glycemic control, and this relationship was stronger in microvascular complications than macrovascular ones. CONCLUSION: Only about one third of patients with diabetes was found to reach target glycemic control in tertiary hospitals of Korea. More tight control is needed to reduce deleterious complications of diabetes in Korea.

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Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Type 2 Diabetic Patients.
Tae Ho Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Soo Lim, In Kyung Jeong, Hyun Shik Son, Choon Hee Chung, Gwanpyo Koh, Dae Ho Lee, Kyu Chang Won, Jeong Hyun Park, Tae Sun Park, Jihyun Ahn, Jaetaek Kim, Keun Gyu Park, Seung Hyun Ko, Yu Bae Ahn, Inkyu Lee
Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(1):40-47.   Published online February 1, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.1.40
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: A total of 4,240 diabetic patients (male 2,033, female 2,207; mean age 58.7 +/- 11.3 years; DM duration 8.9 +/- 7.6 years) were selected from the data of endocrine clinics of 13 university hospitals in 2006. Metabolic syndrome was defined using the criteria of the American Heart Association/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute and the criteria of waist circumference from the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 77.9% (76.7% of males, 78.9% of females). The average number of the components of metabolic syndrome was 2.4 +/- 1.1. Abdominal obesity was seen in 56.8% of the patients, hypertriglyceridemia in 42.0%, low HDL cholesterol in 65.1%, and high blood pressure in 74.9%. Abdominal obesity and high blood pressure were much more prevalent among females than males, and low HDL cholesterol was much more prevalent among males than females. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was not different according to the duration of diabetes. Metabolic syndrome was strongly related with obesity (odds ratio, 6.3) and increased age (odds ratio in the over 70 group, 3.4). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 77.9% in Korean type 2 diabetic patients. Its prevalence was greater in obese patients and in those over 40 years of age.

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Case Report
A Case of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a GAD Antibody-positive Diabetes Patients who Recently Experienced Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State.
Jang Won Son, Seok Hong Lee, Jung Ahn Lee, Jaetaek Kim, Yeon Sahng Oh, Soon Hyun Shinn
Korean Diabetes J. 2005;29(3):267-270.   Published online May 1, 2005
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The term latent autoimmune diabetes in adults(LADA) was introduced to define adult diabetic patients who initially do not require insulin, but they have the immune markers of type 1 diabetes and in a number of cases, these patients progress to insulin dependency. LADA patients have several features of classic type 1 diabetes in addition to islet cell antibody positivity, including high rates of HLA-DR3 and DR4. We describe here a case of a patient with a diagnosis of LADA who, having been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, was affected with diabetic ketoacidosis. In April 2000, a 65-year-old man was admitted to Chung-Ang University Hospital due to his decreased cognitive ability. The patient was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes 30-years ago and he was diagnosed 6-month ago as being in a hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. He was positive for antibodies against GAD(anti-GAD, 31U/mL). His weight was 70kg, height 167cm, BMI 25 kg/m2 and the blood pressure was 86/52mmHg. No abnormalities on the physical examination were found. His acid-base balance was pH 6.937, serum bicarbonate 2.2mmol/L and the anion gap 38; he also had a strong positive reaction for ketones in his urine and serum. During half a year, the fasting C-peptide level decreased from 0.65nmol/L to 0.13nmol/L, which means the rapid progression of beta-cell destruction. Intensive treatment of LADA with insulin may improve this type of patients' quality of life, and so potentially save the beta-cell function and perhaps lessening the risk of a hyperglycemic crisis
Original Article
Study on the Methylglyoxal-induced Apoptosis in Bovine Retinal Pericytes.
Jaetaek Kim, Seok Hong Lee, Jang Won Son, Jeong An Lee, Yeon Sahng Oh, Soon Hyun Shinn
Korean Diabetes J. 2004;28(3):199-207.   Published online June 1, 2004
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
One of the histopathological hallmarks of early diabetic retinopathy is the loss of pericytes. Evidences suggest that this pericyte loss in vivo is mediated by apoptosis. However, the underlying cause of pericyte apoptosis is not fully understood. This study investigated the influence of methylglyoxal(MGO), a reactive alpha-dicarbonyl compound of glucose metabolism, on the apoptotic cell death in retinal pericytes. METHODS: Primary cultures of retinal pericytes were prepared from isolated bovine retinal microvessels. The cells were incubated under normoglycemic conditions after treatment with 200-800muM methylglyoxal for 6 hours. The cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. The apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS) generation were measured using an ELISA kit and flow cytometry, respectively. The NF-kappaB activation was detected by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: MGO produced a progressive cytotoxic effect on the retinal pericytes. An analysis of the internucleosomal DNA fragmentation by ELISA showed that MGO(200 to 800muM) induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. ROS were generated earlier and the antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine, inhibited the MGO-induced apoptosis. The NF-kappaB activation and increased caspase-3 activity were detected. The apoptosis was also inhibited by the caspase-3 inhibitor, Z-DEVD-fmk, or the NF-kappaB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the elevated MGO levels observed in diabetes may cause apoptosis in the retinal pericytes through an oxidative stress mechanism, and suggests that the nuclear activation of NF-kappaB is involved in the apoptotic process.
Editorial
Role of Osmotic Stress in the Development of Chronic Diabetic Complications.
Jaetaek Kim, Yeon Sahng Oh, Soon Hyun Shinn
Korean Diabetes J. 2004;28(3):160-163.   Published online June 1, 2004
  • 926 View
  • 18 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
No abstract available.
Review
Methods of Research in Diabetic Retinopathy.
Jaetaek Kim
Korean Diabetes J. 2003;27(5):385-390.   Published online October 1, 2003
  • 877 View
  • 19 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
No abstract available.

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