Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Original Articles

Technology/Device
Association between Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Risk of Acute Diabetes-Related Complications in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Cohort Study: Ji Yoon Kim, Seohyun Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim; Received August 21, 2025 Accepted February 3, 2026 Published online April 22, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0794 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF: Background
Evidence supporting the benefits of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in reducing diabetes-related complications remains scarce. This study aimed to investigate the association between CGM and diabetes-related complications, specifically diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and severe hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).
Methods
From the Korean Nationwide Cohort (2016–2022), we included children and adolescents (aged <19 years) with T1DM who received rapid-acting insulin between 2019 and 2022. The primary outcomes were DKA and severe hypoglycemia. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for the primary outcomes were compared between CGM users and non-users using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Additionally, among the CGM users, the frequencies of DKA and severe hypoglycemia were compared before and after CGM initiation using a paired t-test.
Results
This study included 3,765 children and adolescents (2,313 CGM users and 1,452 non-users). During a median follow-up of 2.7 years, CGM users showed a lower risk of DKA (adjusted HR, 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35 to 0.56) and severe hypoglycemia (adjusted HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.29 to 0.79) than non-users. Among CGM users, the mean frequency of DKA decreased by 64%, and that of severe hypoglycemia decreased by 57% after CGM initiation (P<0.001 for both).
Conclusion
In this nationwide cohort study, CGM was associated with a reduced risk of DKA and severe hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with T1DM.

Pharmacotherapy
Efficacy and Safety of Enavogliflozin as Add-on in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled with Insulin or Insulin with Other Antidiabetic Drugs: Jun Hwa Hong, Kyung Wan Min, Chang Beom Lee, Parinya Chamnan, Thanitha Sirirak, Kiran Sony, Sarinya Sattanon, Hae Jin Kim, Sang-Yong Kim, Younghee Kim, Jung A Heo, Jae Min Cho, Jae Jin Nah, Mi Hee Park, Jae Hyeon Kim; Received May 30, 2025 Accepted October 14, 2025 Published online December 15, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0477 [Epub ahead of print]

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The study evaluated the efficacy and safety of enavogliflozin, a novel, promising selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, as an add-on in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled with insulin alone or combined with other antidiabetic drugs (OADs).
Methods
The double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial was conducted in South Korea and Thailand. Individuals with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥7.5% after ≥8-week treatment with background insulin alone or combined with ≤2 OADs were randomized to receive enavogliflozin 0.3 mg or placebo (n=116 each) for 24 weeks. The primary outcome was a change in HbA1c at week 24. Secondary outcomes included, among others, changes in body weight, blood pressure, and other measures of glycemic control. Adverse events (AEs) were investigated throughout the study (Clinical trial registration number: NCT05466643).
Results
At week 24, the placebo-adjusted mean change in HbA1c from baseline in the enavogliflozin group was –0.9% (P<0.001). Also, placebo-adjusted mean changes in fasting plasma glucose (–32.4 mg/dL, P<0.001), body weight (–1.3 kg, P<0.001), and total daily dose of insulin (–1.3 units, P=0.010) at week 24 were statistically significant. In addition, a significant decrease in blood pressure and fasting C-peptide was observed in the enavogliflozin group, along with a significant increase in homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function, yet without a concomitant change in homeostasis model assessment of insulinresistance. No significant increase in treatment-related AEs was observed for enavogliflozin.
Conclusion
Enavogliflozin 0.3 mg/day is an efficacious and safe add-on treatment option in T2DM patients controlled inadequately with insulin alone or combined with OADs.

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
High Waist-to-Height Ratio Increases the Risk of Cardiovascular Outcomes in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Cohort Study: Kyeong-Jin Kim, Seohyun Kim, Rosa Oh, So Hyun Cho, Myunghwa Jang, You-Bin Lee, Gyuri Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Kyu Yeon Hur, Ji Yoon Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim; Received March 4, 2025 Accepted June 21, 2025 Published online September 4, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0179 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Central obesity contributes to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. The waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) is a practical marker of central obesity across sexes, ages, and ethnicities. However, its association with comprehensive cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) remains unclear.
Methods
From a nationwide cohort database (2006–2020), 16,928 Korean adults with T1DM were included. Participants were categorized by their WHtR values using three criteria: a three-group classification (<0.5, 0.5 to <0.6, and ≥0.6) and two binary classifications (≥0.5 vs. <0.5; ≥0.6 vs. <0.6). The primary outcomes were composite CV events, including heart failure (HF), myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic stroke, and CVD-related deaths, with each component analyzed as a secondary outcome.
Results
During a median follow-up of 6.7 years (interquartile range, 5.2 to 8.8), 4,293 composite CV events occurred. Compared to the WHtR <0.5 group, the adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the composite CV outcome were 1.14 (1.05 to 1.24) in the WHtR 0.5 to <0.6 group and 1.62 (1.38 to 1.90) in the WHtR ≥0.6 group (P for trend <0.001). Increasing trends in aHRs were noted with rising WHtR values for each component of the composite outcome. Compared to the WHtR <0.6 group, the aHRs for the WHtR ≥0.6 group were as follows: HF, 1.49 (95% CI, 1.28 to 1.73); MI, 1.31 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.68); ischemic stroke, 1.24 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.51); and CVD-related death, 2.09 (95% CI, 1.49 to 2.92).
Conclusion
High WHtR is associated with an increased risk of CV events in adults with T1DM.

Brief Report

Technology/Device
Effectiveness of the Stage 4 Smart Insulin Pen DIA:CONN P8 for Glycemic Control in a Real-World Setting: So Yoon Kwon, Hyoseon Kwak, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2026;50(3):612-617. Published online September 3, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0112

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This study evaluated whether a stage 4 smart insulin pen (SIP) provides superior glycemic control compared with a traditional insulin pen (TIP) in individuals with intensively insulin-treated diabetes. Forty-two adults with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), multiple daily insulin injections, and no prior SIP use were included. After diabetes self-management education (DSME), the SIP group (n=21) initiated SIP, whereas the TIP group (n=21) continued their usual regimens. Glycemic metrics were assessed using CGM before and 2 weeks after DSME. Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in glycemic outcomes. However, SIP users exhibited superior improvements in the percentage of time in range, percentage of time below range (%TBR) <70 mg/dL, %TBR <54 mg/dL, and glycemic risk index compared with TIP users (between-group difference [BD] 11.0%, P=0.046; BD –2.6%, P=0.024; BD –0.9%, P=0.027; BD –18.2, P=0.022, respectively). These findings suggest that SIP, with its bolus calculation and CGM integration, is associated with improved glycemic outcomes in adults with intensively insulin-treated diabetes.

Citations

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Technology in Diabetes: A Year in Review
Subhankar Chatterjee, Subhodip Pramanik, Nitin Kapoor, Sanjay Kalra
Diabetes Therapy.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Articles

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: So Hyun Cho, Gyuri Kim, Kyu-na Lee, Rosa Oh, Ji Yoon Kim, Myunghwa Jang, You-Bin Lee, Sang-Man Jin, Kyu Yeon Hur, Kyungdo Han, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(6):1298-1307. Published online July 22, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0641

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Background
We investigated the incidence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) categories, focusing on its association with alcohol consumption in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
This study included 2,418,858 patients with T2DM aged 20 years and older who underwent a health examination between 2009 and 2012. Participants were categorized into five groups according to hepatic steatosis, cardiometabolic risk factors, other liver diseases, and alcohol consumption. Hepatic steatosis was defined as the fatty liver index ≥30. Cox regression analysis was used to analyze the association between steatotic liver disease and development of HCC.
Results
The MASLD group showed a higher risk of HCC development regardless of alcohol consumption or presence of other liver diseases (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33 to 1.44). The MASLD with other combined group expressed the highest risk (aHR, 5.02; 95% CI, 4.79 to 5.27). In the metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-related steatotic liver disease and alcohol-related liver disease groups, heavy to excessive alcohol consumption increased the risk of HCC development, with a higher risk associated with greater alcohol intake (aHR, 2.40; 95% CI, 2.27 to 2.53 and aHR, 3.16; 95% CI, 2.93 to 3.41). Fine and Gray analysis also exhibited a consistent trend.
Conclusion
MASLD in patients with T2DM was associated with an increased risk of developing HCC, particularly when accompanied by other liver diseases. Moreover, alcohol consumption proportionally increased the risk of HCC with the amount of alcohol consumed.

Citations

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Guideline/Statement/Fact Sheet
2025 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Management in Korea: Recommendation of the Korean Diabetes Association: Shinae Kang, Seon Mee Kang, Jong Han Choi, Seung-Hyun Ko, Bo Kyung Koo, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Mi Kyung Kim, Sang Yong Kim, Soo-Kyung Kim, Young-eun Kim, Eun Sook Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim, Chong Hwa Kim, Ji Min Kim, Hae Jin Kim, Min Kyong Moon, Sun Joon Moon, Jun Sung Moon, Joon Ho Moon, Se Hee Min, Jung Hwan Park, Jaehyun Bae, Keeho Song, Ji Yoon Ahn, Jae-Seung Yun, Woo Je Lee, You-Bin Lee, Suk Chon, Eonju Jeon, Sang-Man Jin, Eugene Han, You-Cheol Hwang, Jae Hyun Bae, YoonJu Song, Jeong Hyun Lim, Jae Won Cho, Ji Yeon Choi, Yong Hee Hong, Jieun Lee, Sung Eun Kim, Ji Yun Noh, Bong-Soo Cha, Byung-Wan Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(4):582-783. Published online July 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0469

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Technology/Device
Current Status of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Use in South Korean Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Population–Pronounced Age-Related Disparities: Nationwide Cohort Study: Ji Yoon Kim, Seohyun Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(5):1040-1050. Published online April 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0804

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Background
This study aims to identify the status of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use among individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in South Korea and to investigate whether age-related disparities exist.
Methods
Individuals with T1DM receiving intensive insulin therapy were identified from the Korean National Health Insurance Cohort (2019–2022). Characteristics of CGM users and non-users were compared, and the prescription rates of CGM and sensor- augmented pump (SAP) or automated insulin delivery (AID) systems according to age groups (<19, 19–39, 40–59, and ≥60 years) were analyzed using chi-square tests. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and coefficients of variation (CV) among CGM users were also examined.
Results
Among the 56,908 individuals with T1DM, 10,822 (19.0%) used CGM at least once, and 6,073 (10.7%) used CGM continuously. Only 241 (0.4%) individuals utilized either SAP or AID systems. CGM users were younger than non-users. The continuous prescription rate of CGM was highest among individuals aged <19 years (37.0%), followed by those aged 19–39 years (15.8%), 40–59 years (10.7%), and ≥60 years (3.9%) (P<0.001 for between-group differences). Among CGM users, HbA1c levels decreased from 8.7%±2.4% at baseline to 7.2%±1.2% at 24 months, and CV decreased from 36.6%±11.9% at 3 months to 34.1%±12.7% at 24 months.
Conclusion
Despite national reimbursement for CGM devices, the prescription rates of CGM remain low, particularly among older adults. Given the improvements in HbA1c and CV following CGM initiation, more efforts are needed to increase CGM utilization and reduce age-related disparities.

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Association of perceived diabetes stigma with time below range <3.0 mmol/L and anxiety in adults with type 1 diabetes using continuous glucose monitoring
Seohyun Kim, Soojin Park, Sang‐Man Jin, Jae Hyeon Kim, Gyuri Kim
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Suboptimal adoption of diabetes technology despite coverage and the impact on glycemic outcomes in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in Hong Kong
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Continuous glucose monitoring and risks of acute and chronic diabetes-related complications and mortality in adults with type 1 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study
Ji Yoon Kim, Seohyun Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim
Diabetologia.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
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Anushka Lahiri, Suan Tee Lim, Htike Kyu, Yock Young Dan, Chin Meng Khoo
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Technology/Device
Comparison of Real-Time and Intermittently-Scanned Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Nationwide Cohort Study: Ji Yoon Kim, Seohyun Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(3):436-447. Published online February 27, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0160

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Background
This study compares the association between real-time continuous glucose monitoring (rtCGM) and intermittently- scanned CGM (isCGM) and glycemic control in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in a real-world setting.
Methods
Using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service Cohort, individuals with T1DM managed by intensive insulin therapy were followed at 3-month intervals for 2 years after the initiation of CGM. The glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and coefficients of variation (CVs) of rtCGM and isCGM users were compared using independent two-sample t-test and a linear mixed model.
Results
The analyses considered 7,786 individuals (5,875 adults aged ≥19 years and 1,911 children and adolescents aged <19 years). Overall, a significant reduction in HbA1c level was observed after 3 months of CGM, and the effect was sustained for 2 years. The mean HbA1c level at baseline was higher in rtCGM users than in isCGM users (8.9%±2.7% vs. 8.6%±2.2%, P<0.001). However, from 3 to 24 months, rtCGM users had lower HbA1c levels than isCGM users at every time point (7.1%±1.2% vs. 7.5%±1.3% at 24 months, P<0.001 for all time points). In both adults and children, the greater reduction in HbA1c with rtCGM remained significant after adjusting for the baseline characteristics of the users. The CV also showed greater decrease with rtCGM than with isCGM.
Conclusion
In this large nationwide cohort study, the use of rtCGM was associated with a greater improvement in glycemic control, including HbA1c reduction, than the use of isCGM in both adults and children with T1DM.

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EMERGING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN MONITORING ENDOCRINE DISORDERS: CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING SYSTEMS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME
Aleksandra Ćwirko-Godycka, Nikola Murawska, Michalina Chodór, Aleksandra Tomaszewska, Kinga Karczewska, Sonia Mojzyk, Maciej Kokoszka, Aleksandra Mierniczek, Natalia Dymel, Ryszard Feret
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Continuous glucose monitoring and risks of acute and chronic diabetes-related complications and mortality in adults with type 1 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study
Ji Yoon Kim, Seohyun Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim
Diabetologia.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Beneficial Analysis for Glucose Variability by Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)
Sanae Mima, Hiroshi Bando, Akemi Tamura, Yukari Okino, Takumi Yamada, Yoshiyuki Abe
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Hwa Young Kim, Jaehyun Kim
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Dispositivi indossabili per la gestione del diabete
Filippo CARLUCCI, Antonella TABUCCHI, Marcello FIORINI, Lucrezia GALASSO, Alessandro TERRENI
Biochimica Clinica.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy and Safety of Stage 5 Connected Insulin Pens in Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes: Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol
Ji Yoon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Soo Heon Kwak, Chang Hee Jung, Eun Seok Kang, Jun Sung Moon, Sun Joon Moon, So Yoon Kwon, Jee Hee Yoo, Younghoon Kim, Tae-min Lee, Chung-il Yang, Jae Hyeon Kim, Sang-Man Jin
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: Rosa Oh, Seohyun Kim, So Hyun Cho, Jiyoon Kim, You-Bin Lee, Sang-Man Jin, Kyu Yeon Hur, Gyuri Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(1):80-91. Published online August 28, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0042

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Background
Given the association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic risks, a new term, metabolic dysfunction- associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has been proposed. We aimed to explore the association between MASLD and all-cause, cause-specific mortalities.
Methods
We included individuals with steatotic liver disease (SLD) from the Korean National Health Insurance Service. Moreover, SLD was defined as a fatty liver index ≥30. Furthermore, MASLD, metabolic alcohol-associated liver disease (MetALD), and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) with metabolic dysfunction (MD) were categorized based on alcohol consumption and MD. We also analyzed all-cause, liver-, cancer-, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)- and cardiovascular (CV)-related mortalities.
Results
This retrospective nationwide cohort study included 1,298,993 individuals aged 40 to 79 years for a mean follow-up duration of 9.04 years. The prevalence of MASLD, MetALD, and ALD with MD was 33.11%, 3.93%, and 1.00%, respectively. Relative to the “no SLD” group, multivariable analysis identified that MASLD (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26 to 1.31), MetALD (aHR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.32 to 1.44), and ALD with MD group (aHR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.68 to 1.93) have a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality. Furthermore, MASLD, MetALD, ALD with MD groups showed higher liver-, cancer-, and HCC-related mortality than “no SLD” group. While all-cause specific mortalities increase from MASLD to MetALD to ALD with MD, the MetALD group shows a lower risk of CV-related mortality compared to MASLD. However, ALD with MD group still have a higher risk of CV-related mortality compared to MASLD.
Conclusion
SLD is associated with an increased risk of all-cause, liver-, cancer-, HCC-, and CV-related mortalities.

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Brief Report

Technology/Device
Effectiveness of Predicted Low-Glucose Suspend Pump Technology in the Prevention of Hypoglycemia in People with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Real-World Data Using DIA:CONN G8: Jee Hee Yoo, Ji Yoon Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(1):144-149. Published online August 28, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0039

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We evaluated the effectiveness of the predictive low-glucose suspend (PLGS) algorithm in the DIA:CONN G8. Forty people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) who used a DIA:CONN G8 for at least 2 months with prior experience using pumps without and with PLGS were retrospectively analyzed. The objective was to assess the changes in time spent in hypoglycemia (percent of time below range [%TBR]) before and after using PLGS. The mean age, sensor glucose levels, glucose threshold for suspension, and suspension time were 31.1±22.8 years, 159.7±23.2 mg/dL, 81.1±9.1 mg/dL, and 111.9±79.8 min/day, respectively. Overnight %TBR <70 mg/dL was significantly reduced after using the algorithm (differences=0.3%, from 1.4%±1.5% to 1.1%±1.2%, P=0.045). The glycemia risk index (GRI) improved significantly by 4.2 (from 38.8±20.9 to 34.6±19.0, P=0.002). Using the PLGS did not result in a change in the hyperglycemia metric (all P>0.05). Our findings support the PLGS in DIA:CONN G8 as an effective algorithm to improve night-time hypoglycemia and GRI in people with T1DM.

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Original Articles

Guideline/Fact Sheet
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SIGNIFICANCE OF URINARY AMINOPEPTIDASE N AND DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF KIDNEY DAMAGE IN CHILDREN WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS IN NORTH-EASTERN REGION OF UKRAINE
Iryna Vikhrova, Andrii Loboda, Igor Zmyslia
Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal.2024; 12(4): 808. CrossRef

Type 1 Diabetes
Optimal Coefficient of Variance Threshold to Minimize Hypoglycemia Risk in Individuals with Well-Controlled Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Jee Hee Yoo, Seung Hee Yang, Sang-Man Jin, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(3):429-439. Published online March 4, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0083

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Background
This study investigated the optimal coefficient of variance (%CV) for preventing hypoglycemia based on real-time continuous glucose monitoring (rt-CGM) data in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) already achieving their mean glucose (MG) target.
Methods
Data from 172 subjects who underwent rt-CGM for at least 90 days and for whom 439 90-day glycemic profiles were available were analyzed. Receiver operator characteristic analysis was conducted to determine the cut-off value of %CV to achieve time below range (%TBR)^{<54 mg/dL} <1 and =0.
Results
Overall mean glycosylated hemoglobin was 6.8% and median %TBR^{<54 mg/dL} was 0.2%. MG was significantly higher and %CV significantly lower in profiles achieving %TBR^{<54 mg/dL} <1 compared to %TBR^{<54 mg/dL} ≥1 (all P<0.001). The cut-off value of %CV for achieving %TBR^{<54 mg/dL} <1 was 37.5%, 37.3%, and 31.0%, in the whole population, MG >135 mg/dL, and ≤135 mg/dL, respectively. The cut-off value for %TBR^{<54 mg/dL}=0% was 29.2% in MG ≤135 mg/dL. In profiles with MG ≤135 mg/dL, 94.2% of profiles with a %CV <31 achieved the target of %TBR^{<54 mg/dL} <1, and 97.3% with a %CV <29.2 achieved the target of %TBR<54 mg/ dL=0%. When MG was >135 mg/dL, 99.4% of profiles with a %CV <37.3 achieved %TBR^{<54 mg/dL} <1.
Conclusion
In well-controlled T1DM with MG ≤135 mg/dL, we suggest a %CV <31% to achieve the %TBR^{<54 mg/dL} <1 target. Furthermore, we suggest a %CV <29.2% to achieve the target of %TBR^{<54 mg/dL} =0 for people at high risk of hypoglycemia.

Citations

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Glycemic variability before and during Ramadan fasting among adults with type 2 diabetes and hepatic cirrhosis: a prospective paired cohort using real‑time CGM
Sarah Firdausa, Irsan Hasan, Dicky L. Tahapary, Ignatius Bima Prasetya, Suharko Soebardi, Cleopas Martin Rumende, Hamzah Shatri, Cosphiadi Irawan, Wismandari Wisnu
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2026; 231: 112955. CrossRef
Time to redefine success in continuous glucose monitoring
Lara Albert, Ismael Capel, Mercedes Rigla
Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Plasma C-Peptide Level and Continuous Glucose Monitoring-Derived Coefficient of Variation as a Predictable Risk Factor for Hypoglycemia in Koreans with Diabetes
Seung-Hyun Ko
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(2): 198. CrossRef
Time in tight range and time in range for predicting the achievement of typical glucose management indicator and HbA1c targets
Seohyun Kim, Sang Ho Park, Jin A. Lee, So Hyun Cho, Rosa Oh, Ji Yoon Kim, You-Bin Lee, Gyuri Kim, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jae Hyeon Kim, Sang-Man Jin
Diabetologia.2025; 68(8): 1674. CrossRef
Associations of time in tight range, time in range, and glycated hemoglobin with albuminuria in type 1 diabetes: A cross-sectional study
Ji Yoon Kim, Seohyun Kim, Sang Ho Park, Jin A Lee, So Hyun Cho, Rosa Oh, Myunghwa Jang, You-Bin Lee, Gyuri Kim, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jae Hyeon Kim, Sang-Man Jin
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2025; 226: 112325. CrossRef
When would I be surprised? Variability in predicted probability of survival for being “surprised” and “not surprised” to the surprise question
David Hui, Amy Ontai, Clark Andersen, John P. Maxwell, Yusuke Hiratsuka, Sang-Yeon Suh, Sun Hyun Kim, Eduardo Bruera
Supportive Care in Cancer.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Psychotic Disorders and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases, and All-Cause Mortality: A Population-Based Matched Cohort Study: You-Bin Lee, Hyewon Kim, Jungkuk Lee, Dongwoo Kang, Gyuri Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Jae Hyeon Kim, Hong Jin Jeon, Kyu Yeon Hur; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(1):122-133. Published online January 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0431

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Background
The effects of psychotic disorders on cardiometabolic diseases and premature death need to be determined in Asian populations.
Methods
In this population-based matched cohort study, the Korean National Health Insurance Service database (2002 to 2018) was used. The risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), ischemic stroke, composite of all cardiometabolic diseases, and all-cause death during follow-up was compared between individuals with psychotic disorders treated with antipsychotics (n=48,162) and 1:1 matched controls without psychiatric disorders among adults without cardiometabolic diseases before or within 3 months after baseline.
Results
In this cohort, 53,683 composite cases of all cardiometabolic diseases (during median 7.38 years), 899 AMI, and 1,216 ischemic stroke cases (during median 14.14 years), 7,686 T2DM cases (during median 13.26 years), and 7,092 deaths (during median 14.23 years) occurred. The risk of all outcomes was higher in subjects with psychotic disorders than matched controls (adjusted hazard ratios [95% confidence intervals]: 1.522 [1.446 to 1.602] for T2DM; 1.455 [1.251 to 1.693] for AMI; 1.568 [1.373 to 1.790] for ischemic stroke; 1.595 [1.565 to 1.626] for composite of all cardiometabolic diseases; and 2.747 [2.599 to 2.904] for all-cause mortality) during follow-up. Similar patterns of associations were maintained in subgroup analyses but more prominent in younger individuals (P for interaction <0.0001) when categorized as those aged 18–39, 40–64, or ≥65 years.
Conclusion
Patients with psychotic disorders treated with antipsychotics were associated with increased risk of premature allcause mortality and cardiometabolic outcomes in an Asian population. This relationship was more pronounced in younger individuals, especially aged 18 to 39 years.

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Recent Trends for Computational Enriched Diabetic Retinopathy Assessment: A Systematic Review
Hrijuta Datta, Preity, Ashish Kumar Bhandari
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Arnav Gupta, Tushar Tejpal, Chanhee Seo, Nicholas Fabiano, Selina Zhao, Stanley Wong, Yuan Qiu, Jenna MacNeil, Dain R. Kim, Natasha Aleksova, Sara Siddiqi, Marco Solmi, Jess G. Fiedorowicz
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Antipsychotic plasma concentration as predictor of movement disorders and cardiometabolic side-effects: A comparison with prescription dose
Yinzhao Liu, Iris E Sommer, Georgios Schoretsanitis, Iris Hamers, Toon A W Scheurink, Marieke J H Begemann, Shiral S Gangadin, Nico J M van Beveren, Iris Sommer, Lieuwe de Haan, Wim Veling, Jim van Os, Filip Smit, Marieke Begemann, Sanne Koops, Machteld M
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Jenna Broman, Karoliina Aarnio, Hanna Granroth‐Wilding, Ivan Marinkovic, Markku Kaste, Turgut Tatlisumak, Jukka Putaala
European Journal of Neurology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
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Complications
Risk of Depression according to Cumulative Exposure to a Low-Household Income Status in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Population- Based Study: So Hee Park, You-Bin Lee, Kyu-na Lee, Bongsung Kim, So Hyun Cho, So Yoon Kwon, Jiyun Park, Gyuri Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Kyu Yeon Hur, Kyungdo Han, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(2):290-301. Published online January 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0299

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Background
We aimed to identify the risk of incident depression according to cumulative exposure to a low-household income status in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
For this retrospective longitudinal population-based cohort study, we used Korean National Health Insurance Service data from 2002 to 2018. Risk of depression was assessed according to cumulative exposure to low-household income status (defined as Medical Aid registration) during the previous 5 years among adults (aged ≥20 years) with T2DM and without baseline depression who underwent health examinations from 2009 to 2012 (n=2,027,317).
Results
During an average 6.23 years of follow-up, 401,175 incident depression cases occurred. Advance in cumulative number of years registered for medical aid during the previous 5 years from baseline was associated with an increased risk of depression in a dose-dependent manner (hazard ratio [HR], 1.44 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.38 to 1.50]; HR, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.35 to 1.46]; HR, 1.42, [95% CI, 1.37 to 1.48]; HR, 1.46, [95% CI, 1.40 to 1.53]; HR, 1.69, [95% CI, 1.63 to 1.74] in groups with 1 to 5 exposed years, respectively). Insulin users exposed for 5 years to a low-household income state had the highest risk of depression among groups categorized by insulin use and duration of low-household income status.
Conclusion
Cumulative duration of low-household income status, defined as medical aid registration, was associated with an increased risk of depression in a dose-response manner in individuals with T2DM.

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Review

Guideline/Fact Sheet
2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Mellitus of the Korean Diabetes Association: Jong Han Choi, Kyung Ae Lee, Joon Ho Moon, Suk Chon, Dae Jung Kim, Hyun Jin Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Ji A Seo, Mee Kyoung Kim, Jeong Hyun Lim, YoonJu Song, Ye Seul Yang, Jae Hyeon Kim, You-Bin Lee, Junghyun Noh, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jong Suk Park, Sang Youl Rhee, Hae Jin Kim, Hyun Min Kim, Jung Hae Ko, Nam Hoon Kim, Chong Hwa Kim, Jeeyun Ahn, Tae Jung Oh, Soo-Kyung Kim, Jaehyun Kim, Eugene Han, Sang-Man Jin, Won Suk Choi, Min Kyong Moon, Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines, Korean Diabetes Association; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(5):575-594. Published online September 26, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0282

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In May 2023, the Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Korean Diabetes Association published the revised clinical practice guidelines for Korean adults with diabetes and prediabetes. We incorporated the latest clinical research findings through a comprehensive systematic literature review and applied them in a manner suitable for the Korean population. These guidelines are designed for all healthcare providers nationwide, including physicians, diabetes experts, and certified diabetes educators who manage patients with diabetes or individuals at risk of developing diabetes. Based on recent changes in international guidelines and the results of a Korean epidemiological study, the recommended age for diabetes screening has been lowered. In collaboration with the relevant Korean medical societies, recently revised guidelines for managing hypertension and dyslipidemia in patients with diabetes have been incorporated into this guideline. An abridgment containing practical information on patient education and systematic management in the clinic was published separately.

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Original Articles

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Low Household Income Status and Death from Pneumonia in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Study: You-Bin Lee, So Hee Park, Kyu-na Lee, Bongsung Kim, So Yoon Kwon, Jiyun Park, Gyuri Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Kyu Yeon Hur, Kyungdo Han, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(5):682-692. Published online June 22, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0184

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Background
We explored the risk of death from pneumonia according to cumulative duration in low household income state (LHIS) among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
Using Korean National Health Insurance Service data (2002 to 2018), the hazards of mortality from pneumonia were analyzed according to duration in LHIS (being registered to Medical Aid) during the 5 years before baseline (0, 1–4, and 5 years) among adults with T2DM who underwent health examinations between 2009 and 2012 (n=2,503,581). Hazards of outcomes were also compared in six groups categorized by insulin use and duration in LHIS.
Results
During a median 7.18 years, 12,245 deaths from pneumonia occurred. Individuals who had been exposed to LHIS had higher hazards of death from pneumonia in a dose-response manner (hazard ratio [HR], 1.726; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.568 to 1.899 and HR, 4.686; 95% CI, 3.948 to 5.562 in those exposed for 1–4 and 5 years, respectively) compared to the non-exposed reference. Insulin users exposed for 5 years to LHIS exhibited the highest outcome hazard among six groups categorized by insulin use and duration in LHIS.
Conclusion
Among adults with T2DM, cumulative duration in LHIS may predict increased risks of mortality from pneumonia in a graded dose-response manner. Insulin users with the longest duration in LHIS might be the group most vulnerable to death from pneumonia among adults with T2DM.

Citations

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Income and risk of type 2 diabetes incidence varied associations according to obesity status: a nationwide study
Jee Hee Yoo, You-Bin Lee, Ji Eun Jun, Kyu-Na Lee, Kyungdo Han
BMC Public Health.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Social determinants of health and type 2 diabetes in Asia
Kyunghun Sung, Seung‐Hwan Lee
Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2025; 16(6): 971. CrossRef
Socioeconomic gradients and inequalities in all-cause mortality and cardiovascular diseases: A retrospective cohort study using Korean NHANES-mortality linkage data
Chaiho Jeong, Kyu-Na Lee, Jin-Hyung Jung, Tae-Seo Sohn, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
Public Health.2025; 244: 105767. CrossRef
Time to Insulin Therapy and Severe Hypoglycemia in Korean Adults Initially Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Study
You-Bin Lee, Kyungdo Han, Bongsung Kim, So Hee Park, Kyu Yeon Hur, Gyuri Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim, Sang-Man Jin
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(3): 421. CrossRef
Income-Related Disparities in Mortality Among Young Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Ji Yoon Kim, Sojeong Park, Minae Park, Nam Hoon Kim, Sin Gon Kim
JAMA Network Open.2024; 7(11): e2443918. CrossRef

Technology/Device
Glycemia according to the Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring among Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Korea: A Real-World Study: You-Bin Lee, Minjee Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(3):405-414. Published online March 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0032

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Background
We explored the association between continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use and glycemia among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and determined the status of CGM metrics among adults with T1DM using CGM in the real-world.
Methods
For this propensity-matched cross-sectional study, individuals with T1DM who visited the outpatient clinic of the Endocrinology Department of Samsung Medical Center between March 2018 and February 2020 were screened. Among them, 111 CGM users (for ≥9 months) were matched based on propensity score considering age, sex, and diabetes duration in a 1:2 ratio with 203 CGM never-users. The association between CGM use and glycemic measures was explored. In a subpopulation of CGM users who had been using official applications (not “do-it-yourself” software) such that Ambulatory Glucose Profile data for ≥1 month were available (n=87), standardized CGM metrics were summarized.
Results
Linear regression analyses identified CGM use as a determining factor for log-transformed glycosylated hemoglobin. The fully-adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for uncontrolled glycosylated hemoglobin (>8%) were 0.365 (95% CI, 0.190 to 0.703) in CGM users compared to never-users. The fully-adjusted OR for controlled glycosylated hemoglobin (<7%) was 1.861 (95% CI, 1.119 to 3.096) in CGM users compared to never-users. Among individuals who had been using official applications for CGM, time in range (TIR) values within recent 30- and 90-day periods were 62.45%±16.63% and 63.08%±15.32%, respectively.
Conclusion
CGM use was associated with glycemic control status among Korean adults with T1DM in the real-world, although CGM metrics including TIR might require further improvement among CGM users.

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The role of continuous glucose monitoring in improving glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Minkyu Seo, Kyu Hyun Park, Ji Won Park, EunJeong Kim, Do young Shin, Eungu Kang, Hyo-Kyoung Nam, Young-Jun Rhie, Kee-Hyoung Lee
Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025; 30(5): 268. CrossRef
Real-World Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data from a Population with Type 1 Diabetes in South Korea: Nationwide Single-System Analysis
Ji Yoon Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Sarah B. Andrade, Boyang Chen, Jae Hyeon Kim
Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics.2024; 26(6): 394. CrossRef
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Jee Hee Yoo, Jae Hyeon Kim
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Guideline/Fact Sheet
Insulin Fact Sheet in Type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Trends of Antidiabetic Medication Use in Insulin Users with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: 2002 to 2019: Jiyun Park, Gyuri Kim, Bong-Sung Kim, Kyung-Do Han, So Yoon Kwon, So Hee Park, You-Bin Lee, Sang-Man Jin, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(2):211-219. Published online February 7, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0346

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Background
This study investigated the trends of insulin use among Korean patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Changes in prescription of antidiabetic medications in T2DM patients taking insulin therapy were evaluated.
Methods
We analyzed data from the National Health Insurance Service database in Korea to evaluate the prevalence of insulin users and trends of insulin use in T1DM and T2DM patients from January 2002 to December 2019. We also investigated numbers and types of antidiabetic medications in insulin users with T2DM.
Results
The overall total number of insulin users increased from 2002 to 2019, reaching 348,254 for T2DM and 20,287 for T1DM in 2019 compared with 109,974 for T2DM and 34,972 for T1DM in 2002. The proportion of patients using basal analogs and short acting analogs have increased and those using human insulin, premixed insulin, or biphasic human insulin have decreased (rapid acting analogs: 71.85% and 24.12% in T1DM and T2DM, respectively, in 2019; basal analogs: 76.75% and 75.09% in T1DM and T2DM, respectively, in 2019). The use of other antidiabetic medication in addition to insulin increased for T2DM, especially in dual therapy, reaching up to 52.35% in 2019 compared with 16.72% in 2002.
Conclusion
The proportion of the patients using basal or rapid acting analogs increased among all insulin users in both T1DM and T2DM patients. Among patients with T2DM, the proportion of patients using antidiabetic medications in addition to insulin was significantly increased compared to those who used insulin alone.

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Review

Technology/Device
Advances in Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Integrated Devices for Management of Diabetes with Insulin-Based Therapy: Improvement in Glycemic Control: Jee Hee Yoo, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(1):27-41. Published online January 12, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0271

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Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology has evolved over the past decade with the integration of various devices including insulin pumps, connected insulin pens (CIPs), automated insulin delivery (AID) systems, and virtual platforms. CGM has shown consistent benefits in glycemic outcomes in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treated with insulin. Moreover, the combined effect of CGM and education have been shown to improve glycemic outcomes more than CGM alone. Now a CIP is the expected future technology that does not need to be worn all day like insulin pumps and helps to calculate insulin doses with a built-in bolus calculator. Although only a few clinical trials have assessed the effectiveness of CIPs, they consistently show benefits in glycemic outcomes by reducing missed doses of insulin and improving problematic adherence. AID systems and virtual platforms made it possible to achieve target glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetes while minimizing hypoglycemia, which has always been challenging in T1DM. Now fully automatic AID systems and tools for diabetes decisions based on artificial intelligence are in development. These advances in technology could reduce the burden associated with insulin treatment for diabetes.

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Original Article

Drug/Regimen
Real-World Prescription Patterns and Barriers Related to the Use of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors among Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease: Jong Ha Baek, Ye Seul Yang, Seung-Hyun Ko, Kyung Do Han, Jae Hyeon Kim, Min Kyong Moon, Jong Suk Park, Byung-Wan Lee, Tae Jung Oh, Suk Chon, Jong Han Choi, Kyu Yeon Hur, Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines, Korean Diabetes Association; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(5):701-712. Published online June 3, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0002

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Background
To evaluate prescription trends and clinical factors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) use according to the presence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or heart failure (HF) in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
Prescription patterns of SGLT2i use between 2015 and 2019 were determined using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database of claims.
Results
Of all patients with T2DM (n=4,736,493), the annual prescription rate of SGLT2i increased every year in patients with ASCVD (from 2.2% to 10.7%) or HF (from 2.0% to 11.1%). After the first hospitalization for ASCVD (n=518,572), 13.7% (n=71,259) of patients initiated SGLT2i with a median of 10.6 months. After hospitalization for HF (n=372,853), 11.2% (n=41,717) of patients initiated SGLT2i after a median of 8.8 months. In multivariate regression for hospitalization, older age (per 10 years, odds ratio [OR], 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56 to 0.57), lower household income (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.92 to 0.95), rural residents (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.93 to 0.97), and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP-4i) users (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.81 to 0.84) were associated with lesser initiation of SGLT2i in ASCVD. Additionally, female gender (OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95 to 0.99) was associated with lesser initiation of SGLT2i in HF.
Conclusion
The prescription rate of SGLT2i increased gradually up to 2019 but was suboptimal in patients with ASCVD or HF. After the first hospitalization for ASCVD or HF, older age, female gender, low household income, rural residents, and DPP-4i users were less likely to initiate SGLT2i.

Citations

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Short Communication

Technology/Device
A 4-Week, Two-Center, Open-Label, Single-Arm Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of EOPatch in Well-Controlled Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Jiyun Park, Nammi Park, Sangjin Han, You-Bin Lee, Gyuri Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Woo Je Lee, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(6):941-947. Published online March 8, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0299

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This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of tubeless patch pump called EOPatch in patients with well-controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This 4-week, two-center, open-label, single-arm study enrolled 10 adult patients diagnosed with T1DM with glycosylated hemoglobin less than 7.5%. The co-primary end points were patch pump usage time for one attachment and number of serious adverse events related to the patch pump. The secondary end points were total amount of insulin injected per patch and changes in glycemic parameters including continuous glucose monitoring data compared to those at study entry. The median usage time per patch was 84.00 hours (interquartile range, 64.50 to 92.50). Serious adverse events did not occur during the trial. Four weeks later, time in range 70 to 180 mg/dL was significantly improved (70.71%±17.14 % vs. 82.96%±9.14%, P=0.01). The times spent below range (<54 mg/dL) and above range (>180 mg/dL) also improved (All P<0.05). Four-week treatment with a tubeless patch pump was safe and led to clinical improvement in glycemic control.

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Brief Report

Technology/Device
Do-It-Yourself Open Artificial Pancreas System in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Real-World Data: Min Sun Choi, Seunghyun Lee, Jiwon Kim, Gyuri Kim, Sung Min Park, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(1):154-159. Published online November 23, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0011

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Few studies have been conducted among Asian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) using do-it-yourself artificial pancreas system (DIY-APS). We evaluated real-world data of pediatric T1DM patients using DIY-APS. Data were obtained for 10 patients using a DIY-APS with algorithms. We collected sensor glucose and insulin delivery data from each participant for a period of 4 weeks. Average glycosylated hemoglobin was 6.2%±0.3%. The mean percentage of time that glucose level remained in the target range of 70 to 180 mg/dL was 82.4%±7.8%. Other parameters including time above range, time below range and mean glucose were also within the recommended level, similar to previous commercial and DIY-APS studies. However, despite meeting the target range, unadjusted gaps were still observed between the median basal setting and temporary basal insulin, which should be handled by healthcare providers.

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Original Article

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Mean and Variability of Lipid Measurements and Risk for Development of Subclinical Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction: Jiyun Park, Mira Kang, Jiyeon Ahn, Min Young Kim, Min Sun Choi, You-Bin Lee, Gyuri Kim, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jae Hyeon Kim, Jeong Hoon Yang, Sang-Man Jin; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(2):286-296. Published online November 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0080

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Background
Subclinical left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) is an emerging consequence of increased insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia is one of the few correctable risk factors of LVDD. This study evaluated the role of mean and visit-to-visit variability of lipid measurements in risk of LVDD in a healthy population.
Methods
This was a 3.7-year (interquartile range, 2.1 to 4.9) longitudinal cohort study including 2,817 adults (median age 55 years) with left ventricular ejection fraction >50% who underwent an annual or biannual health screening between January 2008 and July 2016. The mean, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), variability independent of the mean (VIM), and average real variability of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein B (apoB), non-HDL-C, and triglycerides were obtained from three to six measurements during the 5 years preceding the first echocardiogram.
Results
Among the 2,817 patients, 560 (19.9%) developed LVDD. The mean of no component of lipid measurements was associated with risk of LVDD. CV (hazard ratio [HR], 1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10 to 1.67), SD (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.57), and VIM (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.55) of LDL-C and all the variability parameters of apoB were significantly associated with development of LVDD. The association between CV-LDL and risk of LVDD did not have significant interaction with sex, increasing/decreasing trend at baseline, or use of stain and/or lipid-modifying agents.
Conclusion
The variability of LDL-C and apoB, rather than their mean, was associated with risk for LVDD.

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Corrigendum

Time in Range from Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Novel Metric for Glycemic Control: Jee Hee Yoo, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(5):795-795. Published online September 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0256; Corrects: Diabetes Metab J 2020;44(6):828

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Dapagliflozin-linagliptin combination improves time-in-range and hepatorenal function in T2DM with hypertension
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Associations of time in tight range, time in range, and glycated hemoglobin with albuminuria and diabetic kidney disease in adult type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study
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Association Between Serum Uric Acid to Creatinine Ratio and Time in Range in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Yu Gong, Ying Li, Qianqian Zhang, Zhangxiang Zhu, Guojuan Wang
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Review

Guideline/Fact Sheet
2021 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Mellitus in Korea: Kyu Yeon Hur, Min Kyong Moon, Jong Suk Park, Soo-Kyung Kim, Seung-Hwan Lee, Jae-Seung Yun, Jong Ha Baek, Junghyun Noh, Byung-Wan Lee, Tae Jung Oh, Suk Chon, Ye Seul Yang, Jang Won Son, Jong Han Choi, Kee Ho Song, Nam Hoon Kim, Sang Yong Kim, Jin Wha Kim, Sang Youl Rhee, You-Bin Lee, Sang-Man Jin, Jae Hyeon Kim, Chong Hwa Kim, Dae Jung Kim, SungWan Chun, Eun-Jung Rhee, Hyun Min Kim, Hyun Jung Kim, Donghyun Jee, Jae Hyun Kim, Won Seok Choi, Eun-Young Lee, Kun-Ho Yoon, Seung-Hyun Ko, Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines, Korean Diabetes Association; Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):461-481. Published online July 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0156

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The Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Korean Diabetes Association (KDA) updated the previous clinical practice guidelines for Korean adults with diabetes and prediabetes and published the seventh edition in May 2021. We performed a comprehensive systematic review of recent clinical trials and evidence that could be applicable in real-world practice and suitable for the Korean population. The guideline is provided for all healthcare providers including physicians, diabetes experts, and certified diabetes educators across the country who manage patients with diabetes or the individuals at the risk of developing diabetes mellitus. The recommendations for screening diabetes and glucose-lowering agents have been revised and updated. New sections for continuous glucose monitoring, insulin pump use, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with diabetes mellitus have been added. The KDA recommends active vaccination for coronavirus disease 2019 in patients with diabetes during the pandemic. An abridgement that contains practical information for patient education and systematic management in the clinic was published separately.

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Long-Term Glycemic Control Improvement After the Home and Self-Care Program for Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: Real-World–Based Cohort Study
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Paradigm shift from glucocentric to organ protection for the management of hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes
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Association between elevated glycosylated hemoglobin and cognitive impairment in older Korean adults: 2009–2010 Ansan cohort of the Korean genome and epidemiology study
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Efficacy of intermittent short‐term use of a real‐time continuous glucose monitoring system in non‐insulin–treated patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial
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Therapeutic Effects of Switching to Anagliptin from Other DPP-4 Inhibitors in T2DM Patients with Inadequate Glycemic Control: A Non-interventional, Single-Arm, Open-Label, Multicenter Observational Study
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Low Skeletal Muscle Mass Accompanied by Abdominal Obesity Additively Increases the Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes
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Justicia carnea extracts ameliorated hepatocellular damage in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic male rats via decrease in oxidative stress, inflammation and increasing other risk markers
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Implementation of five machine learning methods to predict the 52-week blood glucose level in patients with type 2 diabetes
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The Efficacy of Treatment Intensification by Quadruple Oral Therapy Compared to GLP-1RA Therapy in Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Real-world Data Study
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Evaluation and Management of Patients With Diabetes and Heart Failure: A Korean Diabetes Association and Korean Society of Heart Failure Consensus Statement
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Lipid Management in Korean People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Korean Diabetes Association and Korean Society of Lipid and Atherosclerosis Consensus Statement
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Association between Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Korean Adults: A Nationwide Cohort Study
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Analysis of the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes, Requirement of Insulin Treatment, and Diabetes-Related Complications among Patients with Cancer
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Associations Between Modifiable Risk Factors and Changes in Glycemic Status Among Individuals With Prediabetes
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Adjusting the Use of Glucose-Lowering Agents in the Real-World Clinical Management of People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review
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Performance of Simple Fibrosis Score in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with and without Type 2 Diabetes
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Correlation analysis of cancer incidence after pravastatin treatment
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Impact of continuous glucose monitoring on glycemic control and its derived metrics in type 1 diabetes: a longitudinal study
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Opening the Precision Diabetes Care through Digital Healthcare
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Lost in translation: assessing the nomenclature change for diabetic kidney disease in Japan
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Topic Modeling Analysis of Diabetes-Related Health Information during the Coronavirus Disease Pandemic
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Screening Test for Evaluation of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Diabetes
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Paradigm Shift in Management of Hyperglycemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Glucocentric versus Organ Protection
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Fibrotic Burden in the Liver Differs Across Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease Subtypes
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Identification of individuals at risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: screening for clinically significant liver fibrosis in patients with T2DM
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Additive impact of diabetes and sarcopenia on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: A longitudinal nationwide population-based study
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Risk of Pancreatic Cancer and Use of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Propensity Score-Matching Analysis
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Incident infection risks depending on oral antidiabetic exposure in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients
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Dyslipidemia Fact Sheet in South Korea, 2022
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Dyslipidemia Fact Sheet in South Korea, 2022
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Intake of Fruit and Glycemic Control in Korean Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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Coleus forskohlii Root Extract (ForcslimTM) as a Prospective Antidiabetic Agent: In vitro Glucose Uptake Stimulation and α-Amylase Inhibitory Effects
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Comparison of on-Statin Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels for the Prediction of First Cardiovascular Event in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
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Strategies to Maintain the Remission of Diabetes Following Metabolic Surgery
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Genetic Risk Score for Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
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Original Article

Drug/Regimen
Effects of Teneligliptin on HbA1c levels, Continuous Glucose Monitoring-Derived Time in Range and Glycemic Variability in Elderly Patients with T2DM (TEDDY Study): Ji Cheol Bae, Soo Heon Kwak, Hyun Jin Kim, Sang-Yong Kim, You-Cheol Hwang, Sunghwan Suh, Bok Jin Hyun, Ji Eun Cha, Jong Chul Won, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(1):81-92. Published online June 16, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0016

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Background
To evaluate the effects of teneligliptin on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-derived time in range, and glycemic variability in elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Methods
This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was conducted in eight centers in Korea (clinical trial registration number: NCT03508323). Sixty-five participants aged ≥65 years, who were treatment-naïve or had been treated with stable doses of metformin, were randomized at a 1:1 ratio to receive 20 mg of teneligliptin (n=35) or placebo (n=30) for 12 weeks. The main endpoints were the changes in HbA1c levels from baseline to week 12, CGM metrics-derived time in range, and glycemic variability.
Results
After 12 weeks, a significant reduction (by 0.84%) in HbA1c levels was observed in the teneligliptin group compared to that in the placebo group (by 0.08%), with a between-group least squares mean difference of –0.76% (95% confidence interval [CI], –1.08 to –0.44). The coefficient of variation, standard deviation, and mean amplitude of glycemic excursion significantly decreased in participants treated with teneligliptin as compared to those in the placebo group. Teneligliptin treatment significantly decreased the time spent above 180 or 250 mg/dL, respectively, without increasing the time spent below 70 mg/dL. The mean percentage of time for which glucose levels remained in the 70 to 180 mg/dL time in range (TIR70–180) at week 12 was 82.0%±16.0% in the teneligliptin group, and placebo-adjusted change in TIR70–180 from baseline was 13.3% (95% CI, 6.0 to 20.6).
Conclusion
Teneligliptin effectively reduced HbA1c levels, time spent above the target range, and glycemic variability, without increasing hypoglycemia in our study population.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Time in range—A new gold standard in type 2 diabetes research?
Ashni Goshrani, Rose Lin, David O'Neal, Elif I. Ekinci
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2025; 27(5): 2342. CrossRef
Analysis glycemic variability in pregnant women with various type of hyperglycemia
Xuexin Zhou, Ru Zhang, Shiwei Jiang, Decui Cheng, Hao Wu
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Triple arm, prospective, real-world study comparing the efficacy of FDC teneligliptin + dapagliflozin to FDC sitagliptin + dapagliflozin, and FDC linagliptin + empagliflozin in Indian type 2 diabetes mellitus patients using CGM device: the Amplify-TIR stu
Suhas Erande, Mayur Agrawal, Sanjeev Gulati, Namdev Jagtap, N. S. Praveen Kumar, Vinod Kumar Kapoor, Sumit Bhushan, Rujuta Gadkari, Mayur Jadhav, Sanjay Choudhari, Saiprasad Patil, Hanmant Barkate
Cardiovascular Diabetology – Endocrinology Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of teneligliptin and other gliptin-based regimens in addressing insulin resistance and glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study
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Potential approaches using teneligliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: current status and future prospects
Harmanjit Singh, Jasbir Singh, Ravneet Kaur Bhangu, Mandeep Singla, Jagjit Singh, Farideh Javid
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Response

Age at Diagnosis and the Risk of Diabetic Nephropathy in Young Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Metab J 2021;45:46-54): Jong Ha Baek, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(2):281-282. Published online March 25, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0040

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Citations

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RISK FACTORS FOR DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY IN DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 1
Muhannad Mahmood Mohammed, Esraa K. Alnajim, Mohammed Abed Abdul Hussein, Najah R. Hadi
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Zaida Zainal, Huzwah Khaza'ai, Ammu Kutty Radhakrishnan, Sui Kiat Chang
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Original Article

Complications
Association of Urinary N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase with Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus without Nephropathy: Min Sun Choi, Ji Eun Jun, Sung Woon Park, Jee Hee Yoo, Jiyeon Ahn, Gyuri Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Kyu Yeon Hur, Moon-Kyu Lee, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(3):349-357. Published online February 2, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0211

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Background
Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes and related to albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (uNAG) is a renal tubular injury marker which has been reported as an early marker of DN even in patients with normoalbuminuria. This study evaluated whether uNAG is associated with the presence and severity of CAN in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) without nephropathy.
Methods
This cross-sectional study comprised 247 subjects with T1DM without chronic kidney disease and albuminuria who had results for both uNAG and autonomic function tests within 3 months. The presence of CAN was assessed by age-dependent reference values for four autonomic function tests. Total CAN score was assessed as the sum of the partial points of five cardiovascular reflex tests and was used to estimatethe severity of CAN. The correlations between uNAG and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were analyzed.
Results
The association between log-uNAG and presence of CAN was significant in a multivariate logistic regression model (adjusted odds ratio, 2.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 to 5.28; P=0.031). Total CAN score was positively associated with loguNAG (β=0.261, P=0.026) in the multivariate linear regression model. Log-uNAG was inversely correlated with frequency-domain and time-domain indices of HRV.
Conclusion
This study verified the association of uNAG with presence and severity of CAN and changes in HRV in T1DM patients without nephropathy. The potential role of uNAG should be further assessed for high-risk patients for CAN in T1DM patients without nephropathy.

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Determination of Diabetes-associated Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy Risk Factors among Insulin and Non-insulin Dependent Diabetics
Ibrahim Abdulsada, Zain Alabdeen Obaid, Farah Almerza, Mays Alwaeli, Anmar Al-Elayawi, Taha Al-Dayyeni, Harir Al-Tuhafy
The Journal of Medical Research.2023; 9(6): 141. CrossRef
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Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2022; 191: 110067. CrossRef

Review

Type 1 Diabetes
Time in Range from Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Novel Metric for Glycemic Control: Jee Hee Yoo, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):828-839. Published online December 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0257; Correction in: Diabetes Metab J 2021;45(5):795

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Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) has been the sole surrogate marker for assessing diabetic complications. However, consistently reported limitations of HbA1c are that it lacks detailed information on short-term glycemic control and can be easily interfered with by various clinical conditions such as anemia, pregnancy, or liver disease. Thus, HbA1c alone may not represent the real glycemic status of a patient. The advancement of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has enabled both patients and healthcare providers to monitor glucose trends for a whole single day, which is not possible with HbA1c. This has allowed for the development of core metrics such as time spent in time in range (TIR), hyperglycemia, or hypoglycemia, and glycemic variability. Among the 10 core metrics, TIR is reported to represent overall glycemic control better than HbA1c alone. Moreover, various evidence supports TIR as a predictive marker of diabetes complications as well as HbA1c, as the inverse relationship between HbA1c and TIR reveals. However, there are more complex relationships between HbA1c, TIR, and other CGM metrics. This article provides information about 10 core metrics with particular focus on TIR and the relationships between the CGM metrics for comprehensive understanding of glycemic status using CGM.

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Original Article

Type 1 Diabetes
Age at Diagnosis and the Risk of Diabetic Nephropathy in Young Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Jong Ha Baek, Woo Je Lee, Byung-Wan Lee, Soo Kyoung Kim, Gyuri Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(1):46-54. Published online July 10, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0134

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Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate characteristics and risk of diabetic complications according to age at diagnosis among young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Methods

A total of 255 T1DM patients aged less than 40 years were included. Patients were categorized into three groups (<20, 20 to 29, and 30 to 40 years) according to age at diagnosis. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) was defined when spot urine-albumin creatinine ratio was 300 mg/g or more and/or estimated glomerular filtration ratio (eGFR) level was 60 mL/min/1.73 m² or less.

Results

Median age at diagnosis was 25 years and disease duration was 14 years. Individuals diagnosed with T1DM at childhood/adolescent (age <20 years) had lower stimulated C-peptide levels. They received more intensive insulin treatment with higher total daily insulin doses compared to older onset groups. The prevalence of DN was higher in the childhood/adolescent-onset group than in older onset groups (25.3% vs. 15.3% vs. 9.6%, P=0.022). The eGFR was inversely associated with disease duration whilst the degree of decrease was more prominent in the childhood/adolescent-onset group than in the later onset group (aged 30 to 40 years; P<0.001). Childhood/adolescent-onset group was independently associated with the risk of DN compared to the older onset group (aged 30 to 40 years; odds ratio, 3.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.45 to 8.33; P=0.005).

Conclusion

In individuals with childhood/adolescent-onset T1DM, the reduction in renal function is more prominent with disease duration. Early age-onset T1DM is an independent risk of DN.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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Response

Response: An Electronic Health Record-Integrated Computerized Intravenous Insulin Infusion Protocol: Clinical Outcomes and in Silico Adjustment (Diabetes Metab J 2020;44:56–66): Sung Woon Park, Seunghyun Lee, Won Chul Cha, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jae Hyeon Kim, Moon-Kyu Lee, Sung-Min Park, Sang-Man Jin; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(2):358-359. Published online April 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0080; [Original]

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Original Article

Drug/Regimen
An Electronic Health Record-Integrated Computerized Intravenous Insulin Infusion Protocol: Clinical Outcomes and in Silico Adjustment: Sung Woon Park, Seunghyun Lee, Won Chul Cha, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jae Hyeon Kim, Moon-Kyu Lee, Sung-Min Park, Sang-Man Jin; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(1):56-66. Published online October 21, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0227

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

We aimed to describe the outcome of a computerized intravenous insulin infusion (CII) protocol integrated to the electronic health record (EHR) system and to improve the CII protocol in silico using the EHR-based predictors of the outcome.

Methods

Clinical outcomes of the patients who underwent the CII protocol between July 2016 and February 2017 and their matched controls were evaluated. In the CII protocol group (n=91), multivariable binary logistic regression analysis models were used to determine the independent associates with a delayed response (taking ≥6.0 hours for entering a glucose range of 70 to 180 mg/dL). The CII protocol was adjusted in silico according to the EHR-based parameters obtained in the first 3 hours of CII.

Results

Use of the CII protocol was associated with fewer subjects with hypoglycemia alert values (P=0.003), earlier (P=0.002), and more stable (P=0.017) achievement of a glucose range of 70 to 180 mg/dL. Initial glucose level (P=0.001), change in glucose during the first 2 hours (P=0.026), and change in insulin infusion rate during the first 3 hours (P=0.029) were independently associated with delayed responses. Increasing the insulin infusion rate temporarily according to these parameters in silico significantly reduced delayed responses (P<0.0001) without hypoglycemia, especially in refractory patients.

Conclusion

Our CII protocol enabled faster and more stable glycemic control than conventional care with minimized risk of hypoglycemia. An EHR-based adjustment was simulated to reduce delayed responses without increased incidence of hypoglycemia.

Citations

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Response: An Electronic Health Record-Integrated Computerized Intravenous Insulin Infusion Protocol: Clinical Outcomes and in Silico Adjustment (Diabetes Metab J 2020;44:56–66)
Sung Woon Park, Seunghyun Lee, Won Chul Cha, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jae Hyeon Kim, Moon-Kyu Lee, Sung-Min Park, Sang-Man Jin
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(2): 358. CrossRef
Letter: An Electronic Health Record-Integrated Computerized Intravenous Insulin Infusion Protocol: Clinical Outcomes and in Silico Adjustment (Diabetes Metab J 2020;44:56–66)
Dongwon Yi
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(2): 354. CrossRef

Review

Clinical Care/Education
2019 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korea: Mee Kyoung Kim, Seung-Hyun Ko, Bo-Yeon Kim, Eun Seok Kang, Junghyun Noh, Soo-Kyung Kim, Seok-O Park, Kyu Yeon Hur, Suk Chon, Min Kyong Moon, Nan-Hee Kim, Sang Yong Kim, Sang Youl Rhee, Kang-Woo Lee, Jae Hyeon Kim, Eun-Jung Rhee, SungWan Chun, Sung Hoon Yu, Dae Jung Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Kyong Soo Park; Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(4):398-406. Published online August 20, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0137

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

The Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Korean Diabetes Association revised and updated the 6th Clinical Practice Guidelines in 2019. Targets of glycemic, blood pressure, and lipid control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were updated. The obese and overweight population is increasing steadily in Korea, and half of the Koreans with diabetes are obese. Evidence-based recommendations for weight-loss therapy for obesity management as treatment for hyperglycemia in T2DM were provided. In addition, evidence from large clinical studies assessing cardiovascular outcomes following the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists in patients with T2DM were incorporated into the recommendations.

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(11): 5597. CrossRef
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Original Article

Clinical Diabetes & Therapeutics
Effectiveness and Safety of Adding Basal Insulin Glargine in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Exhibiting Inadequate Response to Metformin and DPP-4 Inhibitors with or without Sulfonylurea: Yu Mi Kang, Chang Hee Jung, Seung-Hwan Lee, Sang-Wook Kim, Kee-Ho Song, Sin Gon Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim, Young Min Cho, Tae Sun Park, Bon Jeong Ku, Gwanpyo Koh, Dol Mi Kim, Byung-Wan Lee, Joong-Yeol Park; Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(4):432-446. Published online June 19, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0092

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Background

We aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of adding basal insulin to initiating dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and metformin and/or sulfonylurea (SU) in achieving the target glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

This was a single-arm, multicenter, 24-week, open-label, phase 4 study in patients with inadequately controlled (HbA1c ≥7.5%) T2DM despite the use of DPP-4 inhibitor and metformin. A total of 108 patients received insulin glargine while continuing oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). The primary efficacy endpoint was the percentage of subjects achieving HbA1c ≤7.0%. Other glycemic profiles were also evaluated, and the safety endpoints were adverse events (AEs) and hypoglycemia.

Results

The median HbA1c at baseline (8.9%; range, 7.5% to 11.1%) decreased to 7.6% (5.5% to 11.7%) at 24 weeks. Overall, 31.7% subjects (n=33) achieved the target HbA1c level of ≤7.0%. The mean differences in body weight and fasting plasma glucose were 1.2±3.4 kg and 56.0±49.8 mg/dL, respectively. Hypoglycemia was reported in 36 subjects (33.3%, 112 episodes), all of which were fully recovered. There was no serious AE attributed to insulin glargine. Body weight change was significantly different between SU users and nonusers (1.5±2.5 kg vs. −0.9±6.0 kg, P=0.011).

Conclusion

The combination add-on therapy of insulin glargine, on metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors with or without SU was safe and efficient in reducing HbA1c levels and thus, is a preferable option in managing T2DM patients exhibiting dysglycemia despite the use of OADs.

Citations

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The Effect of Insulin Glargine in Control of Diabetes Among Sudanese Patients in 2024: A Cross-Sectional Study
Hiba Abdelgadir, Husam Abdlraheem, Housameldin Ali, Hussam Jadallah, Hind Abdelgadir, Eltoum Elnour, Mosab Ahmed, Ahmed Awad
International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology.2025; 10(1): 17. CrossRef
Glycaemic control with add‐on thiazolidinedione or a sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitor in patients with type 2 diabetes after the failure of an oral triple antidiabetic regimen: A 24‐week, randomized controlled trial
Jaehyun Bae, Ji Hye Huh, Minyoung Lee, Yong‐Ho Lee, Byung‐Wan Lee
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2021; 23(2): 609. CrossRef
Beneficial effect of anti-diabetic drugs for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Kyung-Soo Kim, Byung-Wan Lee
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2020; 26(4): 430. CrossRef

Short Communication

Clinical Diabetes & Therapeutics
A Lower Baseline Urinary Glucose Excretion Predicts a Better Response to the Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor: You-Cheol Hwang, Jae Hyeon Kim, Byung-Wan Lee, Woo Je Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(6):898-905. Published online June 14, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0257

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We aimed to identify the clinical variables associated with a better glucose-lowering response to the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor ipragliflozin in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We especially focused on urinary glucose excretion (UGE). This was a single-arm multicenter prospective study. A total of 92 people with T2DM aged 20 to 70 years with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels ≥7.0% and ≤9.5% were enrolled. Ipragliflozin (50 mg) was added to the background therapy for these people for 12 weeks. After 3 months treatment with ipragliflozin, the mean HbA1c levels were decreased from 7.6% to 6.9% and 62.0% of the people reached the HbA1c target of less than 7.0% (P<0.001). In addition, body weight, blood pressure, and lipid parameters were improved after ipragliflozin treatment (all P<0.001). The baseline HbA1c (r=0.66, P<0.001) and morning spot urine glucose to creatinine ratio (r=−0.30, P=0.001) were independently associated with the HbA1c reduction. Ipragliflozin treatment for 12 weeks improves glycemic control and other metabolic parameters. A higher HbA1c and lower UGE at baseline predicts a better glucose-lowering efficacy of ipragliflozin.

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Bo Xu, Shaoqian Li, Bo Kang, Shangzhi Fan, Canyu Chen, Weiyi Li, Jixiang Chen, Zunbo He, Fan Tang, Jiecan Zhou
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Sjoukje van der Hoek, Jasper Stevens
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Keisuke Monobe, Shinsuke Noso, Naru Babaya, Yoshihisa Hiromine, Yasunori Taketomo, Fumimaru Niwano, Sawa Yoshida, Sara Yasutake, Tatsuro Minohara, Yumiko Kawabata, Hiroshi Ikegami
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Original Articles

Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
The Protective Effects of Increasing Serum Uric Acid Level on Development of Metabolic Syndrome: Tae Yang Yu, Sang-Man Jin, Jae Hwan Jee, Ji Cheol Bae, Moon-Kyu Lee, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(4):504-520. Published online February 21, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0079

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Background

It has not been determined whether changes in serum uric acid (SUA) level are associated with incident metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between changes in SUA level and development of MetS in a large number of subjects.

Methods

In total, 13,057 subjects participating in a medical health check-up program without a diagnosis of MetS at baseline were enrolled. Cox proportional hazards models were used to test the independent association of percent changes in SUA level with development of MetS.

Results

After adjustment for age, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, fat-free mass (%), estimated glomerular filtration rate, smoking status, fasting glucose, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and baseline SUA levels, the hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for incident MetS in the second, third, and fourth quartiles compared to the first quartile of percent change in SUA level were 1.055 (0.936 to 1.190), 0.927 (0.818 to 1.050), and 0.807 (0.707 to 0.922) in male (P for trend <0.001) and 1.000 (0.843 to 1.186), 0.744 (0.615 to 0.900), and 0.684 (0.557 to 0.840) in female (P for trend <0.001), respectively. As a continuous variable in the fully-adjusted model, each one-standard deviation increase in percent change in SUA level was associated with an HR (95% CI) for incident MetS of 0.944 (0.906 to 0.982) in male (P=0.005) and 0.851 (0.801 to 0.905) in female (P<0.001).

Conclusion

The current study demonstrated that increasing SUA level independently protected against the development of MetS, suggesting a possible role of SUA as an antioxidant in the pathogenesis of incident MetS.

Citations

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Relationship between plasma uric acid levels, antioxidant capacity, and oxidative damage markers in overweight and obese adults: A cross-sectional study
Natalia Albuja-Quintana, Aida M. Chisaguano-Tonato, Maria E. Herrera-Fontana, Sandra Figueroa-Samaniego, José M. Alvarez-Suarez, Aleksandra Klisic
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High prevalence of hyperuricemia and the association with metabolic syndrome in the rural areas of Southwestern China: A structural equation modeling based on the Zhuang minority cohort
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Cesar Eduardo Jacintho Moritz, Franccesco Pinto Boeno, Alexandra Ferreira Vieira, Samuel Vargas Munhoz, Juliete Nathali Scholl, Amanda de Fraga Dias, Pauline Rafaela Pizzato, Fabrício Figueiró, Ana Maria Oliveira Battastini, Alvaro Reischak‐Oliveira
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Association between baseline and changes in serum uric acid and incident metabolic syndrome: a nation-wide cohort study and updated meta-analysis
Sen Chen, Nianwei Wu, Chuan Yu, Ying Xu, Chengfu Xu, Yuli Huang, Jian Zhao, Ningxiu Li, Xiong-Fei Pan
Nutrition & Metabolism.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Can biomarkers be used to improve diagnosis and prediction of metabolic syndrome in childhood cancer survivors? A systematic review
Vincent G. Pluimakers, Selveta S. van Santen, Marta Fiocco, Marie‐Christine E. Bakker, Aart J. van der Lelij, Marry M. van den Heuvel‐Eibrink, Sebastian J. C. M. M. Neggers
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Inverse associations between serum urate and glycemic status in a general population and in persons with diabetes mellitus
Ichiro Wakabayashi
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Lu Wang, Tao Zhang, Yafei Liu, Fang Tang, Fuzhong Xue, Wen-Jun Tu
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Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Utility of Serum Albumin for Predicting Incident Metabolic Syndrome According to Hyperuricemia: You-Bin Lee, Ji Eun Jun, Seung-Eun Lee, Jiyeon Ahn, Gyuri Kim, Jae Hwan Jee, Ji Cheol Bae, Sang-Man Jin, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(6):529-537. Published online September 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0012

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Background

Serum albumin and uric acid have been positively linked to metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the association of MetS incidence with the combination of uric acid and albumin levels has not been investigated. We explored the association of albumin and uric acid with the risk of incident MetS in populations divided according to the levels of these two parameters.

Methods

In this retrospective longitudinal study, 11,613 non-MetS participants were enrolled among 24,185 individuals who had undergone at least four annual check-ups between 2006 and 2012. The risk of incident MetS was analyzed according to four groups categorized by the sex-specific medians of serum albumin and uric acid.

Results

During 55,407 person-years of follow-up, 2,439 cases of MetS developed. The risk of incident MetS increased as the uric acid category advanced in individuals with lower or higher serum albumin categories with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.386 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.236 to 1.554) or 1.314 (95% CI, 1.167 to 1.480). However, the incidence of MetS increased with higher albumin levels only in participants in the lower uric acid category with a HR of 1.143 (95% CI, 1.010 to 1.294).

Conclusion

Higher levels of albumin were associated with an increased risk of incident MetS only in individuals with lower uric acid whereas higher levels of uric acid were positively linked to risk of incident MetS regardless of albumin level.

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Epidemiology
High Proportion of Adult Cases and Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Population in Korea: A Nationwide Study: You-Bin Lee, Kyungdo Han, Bongsung Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Seung-Eun Lee, Ji Eun Jun, Jiyeon Ahn, Gyuri Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(1):76-89. Published online August 22, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0048

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Background

The prevalence and incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in all age groups and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with T1DM in Korea were estimated.

Methods

The incidence and prevalence of T1DM between 2007 and 2013 were calculated using the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) datasets of claims. Clinical characteristics and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in individuals with T1DM between 2009 and 2013 were determined using the database of NHIS preventive health checkups.

Results

The prevalence of T1DM in Korea between 2007 and 2013 was 0.041% to 0.047%. The annual incidence rate of T1DM in Korea in 2007 to 2013 was 2.73 to 5.02/100,000 people. Although the incidence rate of typical T1DM was highest in teenagers, it remained steady in adults over 30 years of age. In contrast, the incidence rate of atypical T1DM in 2013 was higher in people aged 40 years or older than in younger age groups. Age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with T1DM was 51.65% to 55.06% between 2009 and 2013.

Conclusion

T1DM may be more common in Korean adults than previously believed. Metabolic syndrome may be a frequent finding in individuals with T1DM in Korea.

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Epidemiology
Diabetes Fact Sheet in Korea, 2016: An Appraisal of Current Status: Jong Chul Won, Jae Hyuk Lee, Jae Hyeon Kim, Eun Seok Kang, Kyu Chang Won, Dae Jung Kim, Moon-Kyu Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(5):415-424. Published online August 9, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0017

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Background

This report presents the recent prevalence and comorbidities related to diabetes in Korea by analyzing the nationally representative data.

Methods

Using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2013 to 2014, the percentages and the total number of subjects over the age of 30 years with diabetes and prediabetes were estimated and applied to the National Population Census in 2014. Diagnosis of diabetes was based on fasting plasma glucose (≥126 mg/dL), current taking of antidiabetic medication, history of previous diabetes, or glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥6.5%. Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was defined by fasting plasma glucose in the range of 100 to 125 mg/dL among those without diabetes.

Results

About 4.8 million (13.7%) Korean adults (≥30 years old) had diabetes, and about 8.3 million (24.8%) Korean adults had IFG. However, 29.3% of the subjects with diabetes are not aware of their condition. Of the subjects with diabetes, 48.6% and 54.7% were obese and hypertensive, respectively, and 31.6% had hypercholesterolemia. Although most subjects with diabetes (89.1%) were under medical treatment, and mostly being treated with oral hypoglycemic agents (80.2%), 10.8% have remained untreated. With respect to overall glycemic control, 43.5% reached the target of HbA1c <7%, whereas 23.3% reached the target when the standard was set to HbA1c <6.5%, according to the Korean Diabetes Association guideline.

Conclusion

Diabetes is a major public health threat in Korea, but a significant proportion of adults were not controlling their illness. We need comprehensive approaches to overcome the upcoming diabetes-related disease burden in Korea.

Citations

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Complications
Glycated Albumin Is a More Useful Glycation Index than HbA1c for Reflecting Renal Tubulopathy in Subjects with Early Diabetic Kidney Disease: Ji Hye Huh, Minyoung Lee, So Young Park, Jae Hyeon Kim, Byung-Wan Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(3):215-223. Published online May 2, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.0091

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Background

The aim of this study was to investigate which glycemic parameters better reflect urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (uNAG) abnormality, a marker for renal tubulopathy, in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects with normoalbuminuria and a normal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).

Methods

We classified 1,061 participants with T2DM into two groups according to uNAG level—normal vs. high (>5.8 U/g creatinine)—and measured their biochemical parameters.

Results

Subjects with high uNAG level had significantly higher levels of fasting and stimulated glucose, glycated albumin (GA), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and lower levels of homeostasis model assessment of β-cell compared with subjects with normal uNAG level. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that uNAG was significantly associated with GA (standardized β coefficient [β]=0.213, P=0.016), but not with HbA1c (β=−0.137, P=0.096) or stimulated glucose (β=0.095, P=0.140) after adjusting confounding factors. In receiver operating characteristic analysis, the value of the area under the curve (AUC) for renal tubular injury of GA was significantly higher (AUC=0.634; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.646 to 0.899) than those for HbA1c (AUC=0.598; 95% CI, 0.553 to 0.640), stimulated glucose (AUC=0.594; 95% CI, 0.552 to 0.636), or fasting glucose (AUC=0.558; 95% CI, 0.515 to 0.600). The optimal GA cutoff point for renal tubular damage was 17.55% (sensitivity 59%, specificity 62%).

Conclusion

GA is a more useful glycation index than HbA1c for reflecting renal tubulopathy in subjects with T2DM with normoalbuminuria and normal eGFR.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Diagnostic and therapeutic potential of PCSK9 in diabetic tubulopathy: Evidence from observational and experimental studies
JingJing Quan, Si Li, Bin Yi, Zhijun Huang
International Immunopharmacology.2026; 168: 115907. CrossRef
Connecting glycation and lipotoxicity to mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic kidney disease: A ‘tubulocentric’ perspective
Mayura Apte, Girish Kumthekar, Rashmi Santosh Tupe
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2026; 809: 153479. CrossRef
Albumin does not induce IL-6 release and toll-like receptor activation in vitro: Role of endotoxin contamination and biochemical modifications
Margret Paar, Vera H. Fengler, Martina Schweiger, Christine Rossmann, Christoph Nusshold, Martina Mairold, Doris Payerl, Gerhard Cvirn, Karl Oettl
BBA Advances.2025; 8: 100174. CrossRef
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist Improves Renal Tubular Damage in Mice with Diabetic Kidney Disease
Ran Li, Dunmin She, Zhengqin Ye, Ping Fang, Guannan Zong, Yong Zhao, Kerong Hu, Liya Zhang, Sha Lei, Keqin Zhang, Ying Xue
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy.2022; Volume 15: 1331. CrossRef
Use of glycated albumin for the identification of diabetes in subjects from northeast China
Guo-Yan Li, Hao-Yu Li, Qiang Li
World Journal of Diabetes.2021; 12(2): 149. CrossRef
Diabetic Kidney Disease, Cardiovascular Disease and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A New Triumvirate?
Carolina M. Perdomo, Nuria Garcia-Fernandez, Javier Escalada
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Empagliflozin reduces high glucose-induced oxidative stress and miR-21-dependent TRAF3IP2 induction and RECK suppression, and inhibits human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
Nitin A. Das, Andrea J. Carpenter, Anthony Belenchia, Annayya R. Aroor, Makoto Noda, Ulrich Siebenlist, Bysani Chandrasekar, Vincent G. DeMarco
Cellular Signalling.2020; 68: 109506. CrossRef
Glycated Plasma Proteins as More Sensitive Markers for Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes
Lina Zhang, Qibin Zhang
PROTEOMICS – Clinical Applications.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Glycated albumin and its variability: Clinical significance, research progress and overall review
Dongjun Dai, Yifei Mo, Jian Zhou
Obesity Medicine.2020; 19: 100256. CrossRef
Hepatic fibrosis is associated with total proteinuria in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes
Eugene Han, Yongin Cho, Kyung-won Kim, Yong-ho Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong-Soo Cha, Byung-wan Lee
Medicine.2020; 99(33): e21038. CrossRef
Increasing waist circumference is associated with decreased levels of glycated albumin
Yiting Xu, Xiaojing Ma, Yun Shen, Yufei Wang, Jian Zhou, Yuqian Bao
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Glucometabolic characteristics and higher vascular complication risk in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes with non-albumin proteinuria
Yongin Cho, Yong-ho Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong-soo Cha, Byung-wan Lee
Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2019; 33(8): 585. CrossRef
Association of urinary acidification function with the progression of diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes
Huanhuan Zhu, Xi Liu, Chengning Zhang, Qing Li, Xiaofei An, Simeng Liu, Lin Wu, Bo Zhang, Yanggang Yuan, Changying Xing
Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2019; 33(11): 107419. CrossRef

Clinical Care/Education
Diabetes Camp as Continuing Education for Diabetes Self-Management in Middle-Aged and Elderly People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: So Young Park, Sun Young Kim, Hye Mi Lee, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jae Hyeon Kim, Moon-Kyu Lee, Kang-Hee Sim, Sang-Man Jin; Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(2):99-112. Published online March 3, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.2.99

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Background

Despite the established benefits of diabetes camps for the continuing education of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus, little is known about the long-term metabolic benefits of diabetes camps for middle-aged and elderly people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially in terms of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) variability.

Methods

The 1-year mean and variability of HbA1c before and after the diabetes camp was compared between the participants of the diabetes camp (n=57; median age 65 years [range, 50 to 86 years]; median diabetes duration 14 years [range, 1 to 48 years]). Additional case-control analysis compared the metabolic outcomes of the participants of the diabetes camp and their propensity score-matched controls who underwent conventional diabetes education (n=93).

Results

The levels of HbA1c during the first year after the diabetes camp were comparable to those of the matched controls (P=0.341). In an analysis of all participants of the diabetes camp, the 1-year mean±standard deviation (SD) of HbA1c decreased (P=0.010 and P=0.041) after the diabetes camp, whereas the adjusted SD and coefficient of variance (CV) of HbA1c did not decrease. The adjusted SD and CV significantly decreased after the diabetes camp in participants whose 1-year mean HbA1c was ≥6.5% before the diabetes camp (n=40) and those with a duration of diabetes less than 15 years (n=32).

Conclusion

The 1-year mean and SD of HbA1c decreased after the diabetes camp, with significant reduction in the adjusted SD and CV in those with higher baseline HbA1c and a shorter duration of diabetes.

Citations

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Camp-style lifestyle modification program (CAMP) for diabetes prevention among rural women with prior GDM: study protocol for a three-arm cluster hybrid type 2 randomized controlled trial
Yao Chen, Qinyi Zhong, Wencong Lv, Qing Long, Man Ping Wang, Jyu-Lin Chen, James Allen Willey, Robin Whittemore, Jia Guo
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Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Serum Calcium and the Risk of Incident Metabolic Syndrome: A 4.3-Year Retrospective Longitudinal Study: Jong Ha Baek, Sang-Man Jin, Ji Cheol Bae, Jae Hwan Jee, Tae Yang Yu, Soo Kyoung Kim, Kyu Yeon Hur, Moon-Kyu Lee, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(1):60-68. Published online December 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.1.60

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Background

An association between serum calcium level and risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been suggested in cross-sectional studies. This study aimed to evaluate the association between baseline serum calcium level and risk of incident MetS in a longitudinal study.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective longitudinal study of 12,706 participants without MetS who participated in a health screening program, had normal range serum calcium level at baseline (mean age, 51 years), and were followed up for 4.3 years (18,925 person-years). The risk of developing MetS was analyzed according to the baseline serum calcium levels.

Results

A total of 3,448 incident cases (27.1%) of MetS developed during the follow-up period. The hazard ratio (HR) for incident MetS did not increase with increasing tertile of serum calcium level in an age- and sex-matched model (P for trend=0.915). The HRs (95% confidence interval [CI]) for incident MetS comparing the second and the third tertiles to the first tertile of baseline serum calcium level were 0.91 (95% CI, 0.84 to 0.99) and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.78 to 0.92) in a fully adjusted model, respectively (P for trend=0.001). A decreased risk of incident MetS in higher tertiles of serum calcium level was observed in subjects with central obesity and/or a metabolically unhealthy state at baseline.

Conclusion

There was no positive correlation between baseline serum calcium levels and incident risk of MetS in this longitudinal study. There was an association between higher serum calcium levels and decreased incident MetS in individuals with central obesity or two components of MetS at baseline.

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Response

Response: Increased Risk of Hospitalization for Heart Failure with Newly Prescribed Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Pioglitazone Using the Korean Health Insurance Claims Database (Diabetes Metab J 2015;39:247-52): Sunghwan Suh, Gi Hyeon Seo, Chang Hee Jung, Mee-Kyoung Kim, Sang-Man Jin, You-Cheol Hwang, Byung-Wan Lee, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2015;39(4):350-351. Published online August 17, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2015.39.4.350

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Review

Glycemic Variability: How Do We Measure It and Why Is It Important?: Sunghwan Suh, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2015;39(4):273-282. Published online August 17, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2015.39.4.273

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Chronic hyperglycemia is the primary risk factor for the development of complications in diabetes mellitus (DM); however, it is believed that frequent or large glucose fluctuations may independently contribute to diabetes-related complications. Postprandial spikes in blood glucose, as well as hypoglycemic events, are blamed for increased cardiovascular events in DM. Glycemic variability (GV) includes both of these events; hence, minimizing GV can prevent future cardiovascular events. Correcting GV emerges as a target to be pursued in clinical practice to safely reduce the mean blood glucose and to determine its direct effects on vascular complications in diabetes. Modern diabetes management modalities, including glucagon-related peptide-1-based therapy, newer insulins, modern insulin pumps and bariatric surgery, significantly reduce GV. However, defining GV remains a challenge primarily due to the difficulty of measuring it and the lack of consensus regarding the optimal approach for its management. The purpose of this manuscript was not only to review the most recent evidence on GV but also to help readers better understand the available measurement options and how the various definitions relate differently to the development of diabetic complications.

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Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics.2020; 22(4): 256. CrossRef
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Maria Isabel del Olmo-García, David Hervás Marín, Jana Caudet Esteban, Antonio Ballesteros Martin-Portugués, Alba Cerveró Rubio, Miguel Angel Arnau Vives, Ana Catalá Gregori, Maite Penalba Martínez, Juan Francisco Merino-Torres
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Design and Prestudy Assessment of a Dashboard for Presenting Self-Collected Health Data of Patients With Diabetes to Clinicians: Iterative Approach and Qualitative Case Study
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General Assembly, Prevention, Host Risk Mitigation - General Factors: Proceedings of International Consensus on Orthopedic Infections
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Original Articles

Increased Risk of Hospitalization for Heart Failure with Newly Prescribed Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Pioglitazone Using the Korean Health Insurance Claims Database: Sunghwan Suh, Gi Hyeon Seo, Chang Hee Jung, Mee-Kyoung Kim, Sang-Man Jin, You-Cheol Hwang, Byung-Wan Lee, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2015;39(3):247-252. Published online April 22, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2015.39.3.247

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Background

We assessed the association of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP4i) with hospitalization for heart failure (HF) using the Korean Health Insurance claims database.

Methods

We collected data on newly prescribed sitagliptin, vildagliptin, and pioglitazone between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2012 (mean follow-up of 336.8 days) to 935,519 patients with diabetes (518,614 males and 416,905 females) aged 40 to 79 years (mean age of 59.4 years).

Results

During the study, 998 patients were hospitalized for primary HF (115.7 per 100,000 patient-years). The incidence rate of hospitalization for HF was 117.7 per 100,000 per patient-years among patients on pioglitazone, 105.7 for sitagliptin, and 135.8 for vildagliptin. The hospitalization rate for HF was greatest in the first 30 days after starting the medication, which corresponded to a significantly higher incidence at days 0 to 30 compared with days 31 to 360 for all three drugs. The hazard ratios were 1.85 (pioglitazone), 2.00 (sitagliptin), and 1.79 (vildagliptin). The incidence of hospitalization for HF did not differ between the drugs for any time period.

Conclusion

This study showed an increase in hospitalization for HF in the initial 30 days of the DPP4i and pioglitazone compared with the subsequent follow-up period. However, the differences between the drugs were not significant.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Role of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1RAs) in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure
Pasqual Llongueras-Espí, Elena García-Romero, Josep Comín-Colet, José González-Costello
Biomolecules.2025; 15(9): 1342. CrossRef
Cardioprotective effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors versus sulfonylureas in addition to metformin: A nationwide cohort study of patients with type 2 diabetes
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Diabetes & Metabolism.2022; 48(3): 101299. CrossRef
Changing Fields-Diabetes Medications Invading the Cardiovascular Space
Lauren D. Breite, Mackenzie Steck, Brandon Tate Cutshall, Samarth P. Shah, Brandon E. Cave
Current Problems in Cardiology.2021; 46(3): 100736. CrossRef
Cardiovascular Safety and Benefits of Noninsulin Antihyperglycemic Drugs for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Part 2
Srikanth Yandrapalli, Aaqib Malik, Adam Horblitt, Gayatri Pemmasani, Wilbert S. Aronow, William H. Frishman
Cardiology in Review.2020; 28(5): 219. CrossRef
Effects of antidiabetic drugs on left ventricular function/dysfunction: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Da-Peng Zhang, Li Xu, Le-Feng Wang, Hong-Jiang Wang, Feng Jiang
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Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor compared with sulfonylurea in combination with metformin: cardiovascular and renal outcomes in a propensity-matched cohort study
Kyoung Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Juneyoung Lee, Jae Hyun Bae, Jee Hyun An, Hee Young Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Ji A. Seo, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Sin Gon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim
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Comparative Cardiovascular Risks of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors: Analyses of Real-world Data in Korea
Kyoung Hwa Ha, Bongseong Kim, Hae Sol Shin, Jinhee Lee, Hansol Choi, Hyeon Chang Kim, Dae Jung Kim
Korean Circulation Journal.2018; 48(5): 395. CrossRef
Worsening Heart Failure During the Use of DPP-4 Inhibitors
Milton Packer
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Resistance exercise improves cardiac function and mitochondrial efficiency in diabetic rat hearts
Tae Hee Ko, Jubert C. Marquez, Hyoung Kyu Kim, Seung Hun Jeong, SungRyul Lee, Jae Boum Youm, In Sung Song, Dae Yun Seo, Hye Jin Kim, Du Nam Won, Kyoung Im Cho, Mun Gi Choi, Byoung Doo Rhee, Kyung Soo Ko, Nari Kim, Jong Chul Won, Jin Han
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Do DPP-4 Inhibitors Cause Heart Failure Events by Promoting Adrenergically Mediated Cardiotoxicity?
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Hyouk-Jun Chin, Jin Hyun Nam, Eui-Kyung Lee, Ju-Young Shin
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Nattayaporn Apaijai, Tharnwimol Inthachai, Suree Lekawanvijit, Siriporn C Chattipakorn, Nipon Chattipakorn
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Letter: Increased Risk of Hospitalization for Heart Failure with Newly Prescribed Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Pioglitazone Using the Korean Health Insurance Claims Database (Diabetes Metab J2015;39:247-52)
Dae Ho Lee
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2015; 39(4): 348. CrossRef
Response: Increased Risk of Hospitalization for Heart Failure with Newly Prescribed Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Pioglitazone Using the Korean Health Insurance Claims Database (Diabetes Metab J2015;39:247-52)
Sunghwan Suh, Gi Hyeon Seo, Chang Hee Jung, Mee-Kyoung Kim, Sang-Man Jin, You-Cheol Hwang, Byung-Wan Lee, Jae Hyeon Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2015; 39(4): 350. CrossRef
Cardiovascular, renal and gastrointestinal effects of incretin-based therapies: an acute and 12-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, mechanistic intervention trial in type 2 diabetes
Mark M Smits, Lennart Tonneijck, Marcel H A Muskiet, Trynke Hoekstra, Mark H H Kramer, Indra C Pieters, Djuna L Cahen, Michaela Diamant, Daniël H van Raalte
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Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Alarms: Is Heart Failure Caused by a Class Effect?
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Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2015; 39(3): 204. CrossRef

Effectiveness of 3-Day Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Improving Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Clinical Practice: Soo Kyoung Kim, Hye Jeong Kim, Taehun Kim, Kyu Yeon Hur, Sun Wook Kim, Moon-Kyu Lee, Yong-Ki Min, Kwang-Won Kim, Jae Hoon Chung, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(6):449-455. Published online December 15, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2014.38.6.449

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Background

The aim of this study was to investigate whether adjusting diabetic treatment regimens according to the information obtained from a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) might lead to improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

We reviewed the medical charts of 172 patients who used the CGMS for 1 year starting in December 2008 and the records of 1,500 patients who visited their regular outpatient clinics during December 2008. Of these patients, a total of 65 CGMS patients and 301 regular outpatients (control group) were enrolled in the study after propensity score matching. There were no differences in baseline glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), age, and duration of diabetes between the CGMS and the control groups after propensity score matching. The changes in the HbA1c levels from baseline to 6 months were calculated.

Results

The CGMS group showed a significant improvement in the HbA1c level compared to the control group at 3 months (7.9%±1.6% vs. 7.4%±1.2%, P=0.001) and at 6 months (7.4%±1.2% vs. 7.9%±1.6%, P=0.010). There were significant differences in the treatment modality changes between the CGMS group and the control group.

Conclusion

Using a 3-day CGMS was advantageous for improving glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes and may help these patients to optimize glycemic control in clinical practice.

Citations

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Hoda Gad, Einas Elgassim, Kawsar Mohamed Ayon Mohamud, Najlaa Sultan Al‐Naimi, Hamad Ali Al‐Sharshani, Ibrahim Mohammed, Mariam A. Al‐Malaheem, Dorothy J. Quadros, Alhanoof AlJalahma, Neila Lamine, Ahmad Yaser Alhaddad, Hussein Ahmed Hussein Zaky Aly, Joh
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Yong Yi Tan, Enhui Suan, Gerald Choon Huat Koh, Suhana Binte Suhairi, Shilpa Tyagi
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Joseph A. Sierra, Mona Shah, Max S. Gill, Zachery Flores, Hiten Chawla, Francine R. Kaufman, Robert Vigersky
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Robert Vigersky, Maneesh Shrivastav
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Jothydev Kesavadev, Robert Vigersky, John Shin, Pradeep Babu Sadasivan Pillai, Arun Shankar, Geethu Sanal, Gopika Krishnan, Sunitha Jothydev
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So Ra Kim, Yong-ho Lee, Sang-Guk Lee, Sun Hee Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong-Soo Cha, Hyun Chul Lee, Jeong-Ho Kim, Byung-Wan Lee
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Current Status of Glycemic Control of Patients with Diabetes in Korea: The Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Ja Young Jeon, Dae Jung Kim, Seung-Hyun Ko, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Soo Lim, Sung Hee Choi, Chul Sik Kim, Jee Hyun An, Nan Hee Kim, Jong Chul Won, Jae Hyeon Kim, Bong-Yun Cha, Kee-Ho Song; Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(3):197-203. Published online June 17, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2014.38.3.197

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Background

The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) III (2005) reported that 22.9% of individuals with diabetes have a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) <6.5% and that 43.5% have an HbA1c <7%. We investigated the levels of glycemic control and the factors associated with glycemic control using data from the KNHANES V (2010 to 2012).

Methods

Subjects with diabetes diagnosed by a physician or those taking antidiabetic medications were classified as individuals with known diabetes. Of 1,498 subjects aged ≥30 years with diabetes, we excluded 157 individuals who were missing HbA1c data. A total of 1,341 subjects were included in the final analysis.

Results

The prevalence of known diabetes was 7.7% (n=1,498, estimated to be 2.32 million people). The proportions of well-controlled diabetes meeting a HbA1c goal of <6.5% and <7% were 27% and 45.6%, respectively. HbA1c increased as the duration of diabetes increased. HbA1c in subjects with a duration of diabetes ≤5 years was lower than in subjects with a duration >5 years. HbA1c in the group taking only oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) was significantly lower than that in the group administered only insulin or OHA and insulin in combination. In logistic regression analysis, a longer duration of diabetes, insulin use and the absence of chronic renal failure were associated with HbA1c levels >6.5%.

Conclusion

The level of adequate glycemic control was similar to but slightly improved compared with previous levels. The glycemic control of long-standing diabetes patients is more difficult even though they receive insulin treatment.

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A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Internet-Based Mentoring Program for Type 1 Diabetes Patients with Inadequate Glycemic Control: Sunghwan Suh, Cheol Jean, Mihyun Koo, Sun Young Lee, Min Ja Cho, Kang-Hee Sim, Sang-Man Jin, Ji Cheol Bae, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(2):134-142. Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2014.38.2.134

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Background

To determine whether an internet-based mentoring program can improve glycemic control in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Methods

Subjects with T1DM on intensive insulin therapy and with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥8.0% were randomized to mentored (glucometer transmission with feedback from mentors) or control (glucometer transmission without feedback) groups and were examined for 12 weeks. Five mentors were interviewed and selected, of which two were T1DM patients themselves and three were parents with at least one child diagnosed with T1DM since more than 5 years ago.

Results

A total of 57 T1DM adult subjects with a mean duration after being diagnosed with diabetes of 7.4 years were recruited from Samsung Medical Center. Unfortunately, the mentored group failed to show significant improvements in HbA1c levels or other outcomes, including the quality of life, after completion of the study. However, the mentored group monitored their blood glucose (1.41 vs. 0.30) and logged into our website (http://ubisens.co.kr/) more frequently (20.59 times vs. 5.07 times) than the control group.

Conclusion

A 12-week internet-based mentoring program for T1DM patients with inadequate glycemic control did not prove to be superior to the usual follow-up. However, the noted increase in the subjects' frequency of blood glucose monitoring may lead to clinical benefits.

Citations

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Flemming Witt Udsen, Stine Hangaard, Clara Bender, Jonas Andersen, Thomas Kronborg, Peter Vestergaard, Ole Hejlesen, Sisse Laursen
Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology.2023; 17(3): 782. CrossRef
Quality improvement strategies for diabetes care: Effects on outcomes for adults living with diabetes
Kristin J Konnyu, Sharlini Yogasingam, Johanie Lépine, Katrina Sullivan, Mostafa Alabousi, Alun Edwards, Michael Hillmer, Sathya Karunananthan, John N Lavis, Stefanie Linklater, Braden J Manns, David Moher, Sameh Mortazhejri, Samir Nazarali, P. Alison Pap
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical Effects of a Home Care Pilot Program for Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Sejeong Lee, KyungYi Kim, Ji Eun Kim, Yura Hyun, Minyoung Lee, Myung-Il Hahm, Sang Gyu Lee, Eun Seok Kang
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(5): 693. CrossRef
Evaluation of nurse‐led social media intervention for diabetes self‐management: A mixed‐method study
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Pediatric Diabetes.2022; 23(7): 857. CrossRef
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support to Improve Outcomes for Children and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews
Latika Rohilla, Sukhpal Kaur, Mona Duggal, Prahbhjot Malhi, Bhavneet Bharti, Devi Dayal
The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care.2021; 47(5): 332. CrossRef
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María Begoña Martos-Cabrera, Almudena Velando-Soriano, Laura Pradas-Hernández, Nora Suleiman-Martos, Guillermo A. Cañadas-De la Fuente, Luis Albendín-García, José L. Gómez-Urquiza
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Goran Petrovski, Marija Zivkovic
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Huidi Tchero, Pauline Kangambega, Christine Briatte, Solenne Brunet-Houdard, Gerald-Reparate Retali, Emmanuel Rusch
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Distal technologies and type 1 diabetes management
Danny C Duke, Samantha Barry, David V Wagner, Jane Speight, Pratik Choudhary, Michael A Harris
The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology.2018; 6(2): 143. CrossRef
Exploration of Users’ Perspectives and Needs and Design of a Type 1 Diabetes Management Mobile App: Mixed-Methods Study
Yiyu Zhang, Xia Li, Shuoming Luo, Chaoyuan Liu, Fang Liu, Zhiguang Zhou
JMIR mHealth and uHealth.2018; 6(9): e11400. CrossRef
An information and communication technology-based centralized clinical trial to determine the efficacy and safety of insulin dose adjustment education based on a smartphone personal health record application: a randomized controlled trial
Gyuri Kim, Ji Cheol Bae, Byoung Kee Yi, Kyu Yeon Hur, Dong Kyung Chang, Moon-Kyu Lee, Jae Hyeon Kim, Sang-Man Jin
BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Telemedicine for the Management of Glycemic Control and Clinical Outcomes of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies
Shaun W. H. Lee, Leanne Ooi, Yin K. Lai
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Da Tao, Tieyan Wang, Tieshan Wang, Shuang Liu, Xingda Qu
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Randomized, Open-Label, Parallel Group Study to Evaluate the Effect of Internet-Based Glucose Management System on Subjects with Diabetes in China
Hun-Sung Kim, Chenglin Sun, So Jung Yang, Lin Sun, Fei Li, In Young Choi, Jae-Hyoung Cho, Guixia Wang, Kun-Ho Yoon
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Dejun Su, Chelsea McBride, Junmin Zhou, Megan S Kelley
Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare.2016; 22(6): 333. CrossRef
Social Networking Services-Based Communicative Care for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Korea
Hun-Sung Kim, Yoo Jeong, Sun Baik, So Yang, Tong Kim, Hyunah Kim, Hyunyong Lee, Seung-Hwan Lee, Jae Cho, In-Young Choi, Kun-Ho Yoon
Applied Clinical Informatics.2016; 07(03): 899. CrossRef
Does telemedicine improve treatment outcomes for diabetes? A meta-analysis of results from 55 randomized controlled trials
Dejun Su, Junmin Zhou, Megan S. Kelley, Tzeyu L. Michaud, Mohammad Siahpush, Jungyoon Kim, Fernando Wilson, Jim P. Stimpson, José A. Pagán
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2016; 116: 136. CrossRef
Adherence to Glycemic Monitoring in Diabetes
Susana R. Patton
Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology.2015; 9(3): 668. CrossRef
Internet-Based Mentoring Program for Patients with Type 1 Diabetes
Sun-Hye Ko, Seung-Hyun Ko
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2014; 38(2): 107. CrossRef

Prevalence and Determinants of Diabetic Nephropathy in Korea: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Jae Hee Ahn, Ji Hee Yu, Seung-Hyun Ko, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Dae Jung Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim, Chul Sik Kim, Kee-Ho Song, Jong Chul Won, Soo Lim, Sung Hee Choi, Kyungdo Han, Bong-Yun Cha, Nan Hee Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(2):109-119. Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2014.38.2.109

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Background

Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of end stage renal disease and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. It manifests as albuminuria or impaired glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy varies with ethnicity. The prevalence of diabetic nephropathy and its determinants in Korean adults have not previously been studied at the national level. This cross-sectional study was undertaken to ascertain the prevalence and determinants of albuminuria and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Korean patients with diabetes.

Methods

The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) V, conducted in 2011, was used to define albuminuria (n=4,652), and the dataset of KNHANES IV-V (2008-2011) was used to define CKD (n=21,521). Selected samples were weighted to represent the entire civilian population in Korea. Albuminuria was defined as a spot urine albumin/creatinine ratio >30 mg/g. CKD was defined as a GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m².

Results

Among subjects with diabetes, 26.7% had albuminuria, and 8.6% had CKD. Diabetes was associated with an approximate 2.5-fold increased risk of albuminuria, with virtually no difference between new-onset and previously diagnosed diabetes. Only systolic blood pressure was significantly associated with albuminuria, and old age, high serum triglyceride levels, and previous cardiovascular disease (CVD) were related with CKD in subjects with diabetes.

Conclusion

Korean subjects with diabetes had a higher prevalence of albuminuria and CKD than those without diabetes. Blood pressure was associated with albuminuria, and age, triglyceride level, and previous CVD were independent determinants of CKD in subjects with diabetes.

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Higher Prevalence and Awareness, but Lower Control Rate of Hypertension in Patients with Diabetes than General Population: The Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2011: Seung-Hyun Ko, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Dae Jung Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Chul Sik Kim, Kee-Ho Song, Jong Chul Won, Soo Lim, Sung Hee Choi, Kyungdo Han, Yong-Moon Park, Bong-Yun Cha; Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(1):51-57. Published online February 19, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2014.38.1.51

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

We investigated the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rate of hypertension in Korean adults with diabetes using nationally representative data.

Methods

Using data of 5,105 adults from the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2011 (4,389 nondiabetes mellitus [non-DM]), 242 newly diagnosed with DM (new-DM), and 474 previously diagnosed with DM (known-DM), we analyzed the prevalence of hypertension (mean systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, or use of antihypertensive medication) and control rate of hypertension (blood pressure [BP] <130/80 mm Hg).

Results

The prevalence of hypertension in diabetic adults was 54.6% (44.4% in new-DM and 62.6% in known-DM, P<0.0001 and P<0.0001, respectively) compared with non-DM adults (26.2%). Compared to non-DM, awareness (85.7%, P<0.001) and treatment (97.0%, P=0.020) rates were higher in known-DM, whereas no differences were found between new-DM and non-DM. Control rate among all hypertensive subjects was lower in new-DM (14.9%), compared to non-DM (35.1%, P<0.001) and known-DM (33.3%, P=0.004). Control rate among treated subjects was also lower in new-DM (25.2%), compared to non-DM (68.4%, P<0.0001) and known-DM (39.9%, P<0.0001).

Conclusion

Higher prevalence and low control rate of hypertension in adults with diabetes suggest that stringent efforts are needed to control BP in patients with diabetes, particularly in newly diagnosed diabetic patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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