Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Original Articles

Guideline/Statement/Fact Sheet
2025 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Management in Korea: Recommendation of the Korean Diabetes Association: Shinae Kang, Seon Mee Kang, Jong Han Choi, Seung-Hyun Ko, Bo Kyung Koo, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Mi Kyung Kim, Sang Yong Kim, Soo-Kyung Kim, Young-eun Kim, Eun Sook Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim, Chong Hwa Kim, Ji Min Kim, Hae Jin Kim, Min Kyong Moon, Sun Joon Moon, Jun Sung Moon, Joon Ho Moon, Se Hee Min, Jung Hwan Park, Jaehyun Bae, Keeho Song, Ji Yoon Ahn, Jae-Seung Yun, Woo Je Lee, You-Bin Lee, Suk Chon, Eonju Jeon, Sang-Man Jin, Eugene Han, You-Cheol Hwang, Jae Hyun Bae, YoonJu Song, Jeong Hyun Lim, Jae Won Cho, Ji Yeon Choi, Yong Hee Hong, Jieun Lee, Sung Eun Kim, Ji Yun Noh, Bong-Soo Cha, Byung-Wan Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(4):582-783. Published online July 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0469

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Impact of smart watch mobile application on the risk treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (iSMART-DM)
Min Kyoung Jang, Yun Kyung Cho, Jung Yoon Moon, Se Hee Min, Ju Hee Hwang, Chang Hee Jung
Primary Care Diabetes.2026; 20(1): 47. CrossRef
Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Pancreatogenic Diabetes After Total Pancreatectomy
Young Jae Cho, Inhyuck Lee, Yoon Soo Chae, Go‐Won Choi, Younsoo Seo, Youngmin Han, Hye‐sol Jung, Wooil Kwon, Joon Seong Park, Jin‐Young Jang
Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences.2026; 33(3): 208. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of combining empagliflozin in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus uncontrolled with metformin and sitagliptin: A randomised, double‐blind, multicentre, therapeutic confirmatory phase 3 clinical trial
Seung‐Hwan Lee, Kyung Ah Han, Eun‐Gyoung Hong, Jun Goo Kang, Choon Hee Chung, Jong Chul Won, Eon Ju Jeon, Jung‐Hwan Cho, Ho Chan Cho, Sin Gon Kim, Eun Seok Kang, So Hun Kim, Hae Jin Kim, In‐Kyung Jeong, Sung Wan Chun, Young Min Cho
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2026; 28(3): 2027. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of adding a fourth oral antidiabetic drug versus metformin dose escalation in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on triple oral combination therapy (EFFORT): A 24‐week, randomized, open‐label, multicenter trial
So Ra Kim, Jun Hwa Hong, Sin Gon Kim, Soo‐Kyung Kim, Hyuk‐Sang Kwon, Jun Sung Moon, Jung Hwan Park, Jae Myung Yu, Bong‐Soo Cha, Byung‐Wan Lee
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2026; 28(4): 3305. CrossRef
Global, Regional, and National Estimates of Undiagnosed Diabetes in Adults: Findings From the 2025 IDF Diabetes Atlas
Felix Teufel, Katherine Orgutsova, Irini Genitsaridi, Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco, Jithin Sam Varghese, Maja E. Marcus, Julian W. Sacre, Seyedeh Forough Sajjadi, Faraja Chiwanga, Jennifer Manne-Goehler, Jacqueline Seiglie, David Flood, Jessica Harding, Para
Diabetes Care.2026; 49(3): 490. CrossRef
The relationship between fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, fructosamine, and depression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in South Korea: a secondary analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VIII-2 (2020) da
Jeesun Lee
Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2026; 28(1): 96. CrossRef
Identification of sex-specific sarcopenia risk groups among older adults using decision tree modeling: a cross-sectional study based on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Hee Sun Kim, Seok Hee Jeong, Se Young Jang
Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2026; 28(1): 78. CrossRef
Exploring the dual benefits: acute and subacute toxicity, hypolipidemic, slimming and hypoglycemic effects of Moringa oleifera lam
Hafida Kedaid, Ikram Toumi, Mohamed Kraimat, Abdelkader Adamou, Alla Eddine Mahamedi, Rabiha Mezerai, Alia Telli
Protoplasma.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy and Safety of Fixed‐Dose Combinations of Sitagliptin and Empagliflozin as Add‐On to Metformin in Korean Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised, Double‐Blind, Multi‐Centre, Placebo‐Controlled, Phase III Trial
Soo Lim, Tae Nyun Kim, Ji Oh Mok, Choon Hee Chung, You Cheol Hwang, Ho Chan Cho, Jong Chul Won, Eonju Jeon, Eun Seok Kang, Ki Young Lee, Chong Hwa Kim, Soo Heon Kwak, Cheol Young Park, Kang Seo Park, Sang Yong Kim, Jae Hyuk Lee, Soon Hee Lee, Dong Hyeok C
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Gastrointestinal Neoplasms
Yu Jin Kim, Jaehyun Bae
Journal of Digestive Cancer Research.2025; 13(2): 99. CrossRef
Is the next STEP on the BPROAD to intensive blood pressure lowering for all type 2 diabetic patients?: consensus statements from the Korean Society of Hypertension
Eun Mi Lee, In-Jeong Cho, Hae Jin Kim, Dae-Hee Kim, Hae-Young Lee, Sungha Park, Sang-Hyun Ihm
Clinical Hypertension.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Lifestyle prescriptions for diabetes management in primary care: a narrative review
Hye Jun Lee, Jung-Ha Kim
Ewha Medical Journal.2025; 48(4): e55. CrossRef
Real‐World Evidence of Long‐Term Dulaglutide Use: Sustained Glycemic and Weight Improvements Beyond Three Years
Hwi Seung Kim, Myung Jin Kim, Hee Sung Kim, Yun Kyung Cho, Chang Hee Jung, Woo Je Lee
Clinical Endocrinology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Obesity Pharmacotherapy: A Practical Approach to Patient-Centered Medication Selection
Jungha Park
Korean Journal of Family Practice.2025; 15(4): 194. CrossRef
Genetic Variants in HTR3B Locus Influence Glycemic Control and Type 2 Diabetes Susceptibility in Koreans
Sangwook Park
Biomedical Science Letters.2025; 31(4): 364. CrossRef

Pharmacotherapy
Initial Pharmacological Strategies in People with Early Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis: Jong Han Choi, Bo Kyung Koo, Ye Seul Yang, Se Hee Min, Jong Suk Park, Sang Youl Rhee, Hyun Jung Kim, Min Kyong Moon; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(6):1252-1261. Published online April 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0660

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Background
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) requires stringent glycemic control from an early stage to prevent complications. The most effective treatment regimen for early T2DM remains unclear. The study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of monotherapies and combination therapies for early T2DM.
Methods
A systematic review and network meta-analysis were conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Randomized controlled trials focused on glycemic control, body weight, and adverse events were included. The primary outcomes were changes in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and odds of achieving the target HbA1c after 6 months.
Results
All combination therapies were more effective than monotherapy. Metformin+glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) (weighted mean difference [WMD] –1.50%; 95% confidence interval [CI] –2.04 to –0.96) and metformin+dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (WMD –1.46%; 95% CI, –1.96 to –0.95) were the most effective for change in HbA1c. GLP-1RA and sodium- glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors led to weight reduction. Apart from the increased risk of hypoglycemia with sulfonylureas, no significant differences in adverse events were observed across regimens.
Conclusion
Early combination therapy effectively improved glycemic control in patients with early T2DM without significantly increasing adverse risks. Future studies should explore new combinations, including potent GLP-1RA.

Citations

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LASSBio-1986 as a Multifunctional Antidiabetic Lead: SGLT1/2 Docking, Redox–Inflammatory Modulation and Metabolic Benefits in C57BL/6 Mice
Landerson Lopes Pereira, Raimundo Rigoberto B. Xavier Filho, Gabriela Araújo Freire, Caio Bruno Rodrigues Martins, Maurício Gabriel Barros Perote, Cibelly Loryn Martins Campos, Manuel Carlos Serrazul Monteiro, Isabelle de Fátima Vieira Camelo Maia, Renata
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2026; 27(2): 829. CrossRef

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Impact of New-Onset Diabetes after Transplantation on Cardiovascular Risk and Mortality in Korea: A Nationwide Population-Based Study: Seung Shin Park, Bo Kyung Koo, Sanghyun Park, Kyungdo Han, Min Kyong Moon; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(1):117-127. Published online September 12, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0078

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Background
Limited data are available on the adverse effects of new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) in solid organ transplantation (TPL) other than kidney. This study aimed to identify the risk of complications associated with NODAT in recipients of kidney, liver, or heart TPL.
Methods
Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, recipients of kidney, liver, or heart TPL between 2009 and 2015 were identified. The incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), and malignancy was compared across groups with NODAT, pretransplant diabetes mellitus (DM), and without DM using Cox regression analysis.
Results
A total of 9,632 kidney, liver, or heart TPL recipients were included. During the median follow-up of 5.9 years, NODAT independently increased the incidence of CAD (hazard ratio [HR], 2.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39 to 4.30) and overall mortality (HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.95) compared to the reference group even after adjustment for confounders; this was more prominent in kidney TPL than in liver TPL. The risk of CVA was significantly increased by pretransplant DM but not by NODAT in both kidney and liver TPL (HR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.68 to 3.65; and HR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.07 to 9.48, respectively). NODAT increased the risk of malignancy in the crude model, which lost its statistical significance after confounder adjustment.
Conclusion
NODAT independently increases the risk of CAD and mortality after TPL, which is more evident in kidney recipients. There was no additional increased risk of CVA or malignancy with NODAT in solid organ TPL.

Citations

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Succeeding Through Quality: The Impact of the Science and Technology Finance Ecosystem on Innovation in Specialized and Sophisticated SMEs
Jing Zhang, Xinkai Lv, Jun Shen, Rongjie Li, Qianwen Zhang, Lei Nie
Sustainability.2026; 18(8): 3663. CrossRef
New Onset Diabetes After Organ Transplantation: Risk Factors, Treatment, and Consequences
Lucija Popović, Tomislav Bulum
Diagnostics.2025; 15(3): 284. CrossRef

Complications
Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Undiagnosed Diabetic Patients: A Nationwide Population-Based Study: Han Na Jang, Min Kyong Moon, Bo Kyung Koo; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(4):620-629. Published online February 23, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0099

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Background
We investigated the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with undiagnosed diabetes through a nationwide survey, compared to those with known diabetes.
Methods
Among the participants of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) from 2017 to 2018, individuals aged ≥40 years with diabetes and fundus exam results were enrolled. Sampling weights were applied to represent the entire Korean population. Newly detected diabetes patients through KNHANES were classified under “undiagnosed diabetes.”
Results
Among a total of 9,108 participants aged ≥40 years, 951 were selected for analysis. Of them, 31.3% (standard error, ±2.0%) were classified under “undiagnosed diabetes.” The prevalence of DR in patients with known and undiagnosed diabetes was 24.5%±2.0% and 10.7%±2.2%, respectively (P<0.001). The DR prevalence increased with rising glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in patients with known and undiagnosed diabetes (P for trend=0.001 in both). Among those with undiagnosed diabetes, the prevalence of DR was 6.9%±2.1%, 8.0%±3.4%, 5.6%±5.7%, 16.7%±9.4%, and 42.6%±14.8% for HbA1c levels of <7.0%, 7.0%–7.9%, 8.0%–8.9%, 9.0%–9.9%, and ≥10.0% respectively. There was no difference in the prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, or obesity according to the presence or absence of DR.
Conclusion
About one-third of patients with diabetes were unaware of their diabetes, and 10% of them have already developed DR. Considering increasing the prevalence of DR according to HbA1c level was found in patients with undiagnosed diabetes like those with known diabetes, screening and early detection of diabetes and DR are important.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Two-stage diagnostic intervals in diabetic retinopathy and associated factors: a cross-sectional study
Manling Lin, Guihua Zhang, Hanfu Wu, Yongqun Xiong, Xiaoling Xiao, Lixia Sun, Chuhua Zhang
BMC Ophthalmology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Retinal OCT-Derived Texture Features as Potential Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy
Sara Oliveira, Pedro Guimarães, Elisa Julião Campos, Rosa Fernandes, João Martins, Miguel Castelo-Branco, Pedro Serranho, Paulo Matafome, Rui Bernardes, António Francisco Ambrósio
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science.2025; 66(1): 7. CrossRef
Frequency and Pattern of Retinopathy in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Faisal Mehmood, Syed Abdullah Mazhar, Nesr Farooq, Muhammad Awais Afzal
Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences.2025; : 197. CrossRef
Retinal Biomarkers in Diabetic Retinopathy: From Early Detection to Personalized Treatment
Georgios Chondrozoumakis, Eleftherios Chatzimichail, Oussama Habra, Efstathios Vounotrypidis, Nikolaos Papanas, Zisis Gatzioufas, Georgios D. Panos
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(4): 1343. CrossRef
Detection Rate of Diabetic Retinopathy Before and After Implementation of Autonomous AI-based Fundus Photograph Analysis in a Resource-Limited Area in Belize
Houri Esmaeilkhanian, Karen Gutierrez, David Myung, Ann Fisher
Clinical Ophthalmology.2025; Volume 19: 993. CrossRef
Análisis de la prevalencia de la retinopatía diabética en un programa de cribado por telemedicina durante el periodo 2018 a 2023
Ó. García-Espinilla, P. Arlanzón-Lope, A. Novo-Díez, D.R. Llanos Ferraris, S. Ortiz-Toquero, P. de la Iglesia Rodríguez, M. López-Gálvez, J.C. Pastor
Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología.2025; 100(7): 377. CrossRef
What do You Need to Know after Diabetes and before Diabetic Retinopathy?
Shiyu Zhang, Jia Liu, Heng Zhao, Yuan Gao, Changhong Ren, Xuxiang Zhang
Aging and disease.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis of the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in a telemedicine screening programme from 2018 to 2023
Ó. García-Espinilla, P. Arlanzón-Lope, A. Novo-Díez, D.R. Llanos-Ferraris, S. Ortiz-Toquero, P. de la Iglesia-Rodríguez, M. López-Gálvez, J.C. Pastor-Jimeno
Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (English Edition).2025; 100(7): 377. CrossRef
The Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in the 21st Century: New Insights From a Portuguese Center
Pedro Moreira Martins, Sara Leite, Sofia Teixeira, João Castro Cabanas, Luís Silva, Filipe Sousa-Neves
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Early retinal changes in type 2 diabetes detected by texture-based OCT analysis: potential approach for subclinical diabetic retinopathy diagnosis
Sara Oliveira, Pedro Guimarães, Ângelo Roque-Rosado, Elisa Julião Campos, Pedro Serranho, Paulo Matafome, Rui Bernardes, António Francisco Ambrósio
Eye and Vision.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Factors Associated with Fundus Examination Uptake and Diabetic Retinopathy among Adult Patients with Diabetes
Young-Ok Park
The Korean Journal of Vision Science.2025; 27(4): 413. CrossRef
Risk factors of peripheral occlusive arterial disease in patients with diabetic retinopathy due to type 2 diabetes
Milos Maksimovic
Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo.2024; 152(1-2): 50. CrossRef
Gene Expression Analysis in T2DM and Its Associated Microvascular Diabetic Complications: Focus on Risk Factor and RAAS Pathway
Laxmipriya Jena, Prabhsimran Kaur, Tashvinder Singh, Kangan Sharma, Sushil Kotru, Anjana Munshi
Molecular Neurobiology.2024; 61(11): 8656. CrossRef
Trends and Barriers in Diabetic Retinopathy Screening: Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2016–2021
Min Seok Kim, Sang Jun Park, Kwangsic Joo, Se Joon Woo
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Novel Asian-Specific Visceral Adiposity Indices Are Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease in Korean Adults
Jonghwa Jin, Hyein Woo, Youngeun Jang, Won-Ki Lee, Jung-Guk Kim, In-Kyu Lee, Keun-Gyu Park, Yeon-Kyung Choi
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(3): 426. CrossRef
Prevalence of osteosarcopenic obesity and related factors among Iranian older people: Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) program
Mozhgan Ahmadinezhad, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Noushin Fahimfar, Gita Shafiee, Iraj Nabipour, Mahnaz Sanjari, Kazem Khalagi, Mohammad Javad Mansourzadeh, Bagher Larijani, Afshin Ostovar
Archives of Osteoporosis.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Letter

Metformin Preserves Peripheral Nerve Damage with Comparable Effects to Alpha Lipoic Acid in Streptozotocin/High-Fat Diet Induced Diabetic Rats (Diabetes Metab J 2020;44:842-53): Bo Kyung Koo; Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(1):125-126. Published online January 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0280

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The Effect of Metformin on Chemotherapy-Induced Toxicities in Non-diabetic Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomised Controlled Study
Manar A. Serageldin, Amira B. Kassem, Yasser El-Kerm, Maged W. Helmy, Mahmoud M. El-Mas, Noha A. El-Bassiouny
Drug Safety.2023; 46(6): 587. CrossRef

Original Article

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Validation of Risk Prediction Models for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in a Prospective Korean Community-Based Cohort: Jae Hyun Bae, Min Kyong Moon, Sohee Oh, Bo Kyung Koo, Nam Han Cho, Moon-Kyu Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(3):458-469. Published online January 13, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0061

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Background

To investigate the performance of the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE) in a large, prospective, community-based cohort in Korea and to compare it with that of the Framingham Global Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score (FRS-CVD) and the Korean Risk Prediction Model (KRPM).

Methods

In the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KOGES)-Ansan and Ansung study, we evaluated calibration and discrimination of the PCE for non-Hispanic whites (PCE-WH) and for African Americans (PCE-AA) and compared their predictive abilities with the FRS-CVD and the KRPM.

Results

The present study included 7,932 individuals (3,778 men and 4,154 women). The PCE-WH and PCE-AA moderately overestimated the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) for men (6% and 13%, respectively) but underestimated the risk for women (−49% and −25%, respectively). The FRS-CVD overestimated ASCVD risk for men (91%) but provided a good risk prediction for women (3%). The KRPM underestimated ASCVD risk for men (−31%) and women (−31%). All the risk prediction models showed good discrimination in both men (C-statistic 0.730 to 0.735) and women (C-statistic 0.726 to 0.732). Recalibration of the PCE using data from the KOGES-Ansan and Ansung study substantially improved the predictive accuracy in men.

Conclusion

In the KOGES-Ansan and Ansung study, the PCE overestimated ASCVD risk for men and underestimated the risk for women. The PCE-WH and the FRS-CVD provided an accurate prediction of ASCVD in men and women, respectively.

Citations

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Increased risk of colorectal cancer in young males with higher cardiovascular risk: A nationwide population-based cohort study
Ji Hyun Song, Su-Yeon Choi, Young Sun Kim, Sun Young Yang, Kyung-Do Han
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Association Between Cardiovascular Risk and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Korean Female Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Ju-Yang Jung, Jaemi Kim, Ji-Hyun Park, Bumhee Park, Ji-Won Kim, Hyoun-Ah Kim, Chang-Hee Suh
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(20): 7162. CrossRef
Clinical Utility of an AI-Based Retinal Imaging Model for Cardiovascular Risk Prediction in Hypertensive Retinopathy
Dongjin Nam, Yong-Hwan Jang, Yongseok Lee, Jaewon Seo, Sahil Thakur, Simon Nusinovici, Moonsu Kim, Yong Un Shin, Hwan-Cheol Park, Sunjin Hwang
Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Risk Factors for Infertility in Korean Women
Juyeon Lee, Chang-Woo Choo, Kyoung Yong Moon, Sang Woo Lyu, Hoon Kim, Joong Yeup Lee, Jung Ryeol Lee, Byung Chul Jee, Kyungjoo Hwang, Seok Hyun Kim, Sue K. Park
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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International Journal of Behavioral Medicine.2023; 30(1): 89. CrossRef
Validation of the general Framingham Risk Score (FRS), SCORE2, revised PCE and WHO CVD risk scores in an Asian population
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F. O. Ushanova, T. Yu. Demidova, T. N. Korotkova
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Prediction of the 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the Korean population
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Triglyceride-Glucose Index Predicts Future Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: A 16-Year Follow-up in a Prospective, Community-Dwelling Cohort Study
Joon Ho Moon, Yongkang Kim, Tae Jung Oh, Jae Hoon Moon, Soo Heon Kwak, Kyong Soo Park, Hak Chul Jang, Sung Hee Choi, Nam H. Cho
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Validity of the models predicting 10-year risk of cardiovascular diseases in Asia: A systematic review and prediction model meta-analysis
Mahin Nomali, Davood Khalili, Mehdi Yaseri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Aryan Ayati, Hossein Navid, Saharnaz Nedjat, Hean Teik Ong
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Genetic Risk Score for Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
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Mediation of Grip Strength on the Association Between Self-Rated Health and Estimated Cardiovascular Disease Risk
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Implications of the heterogeneity between guideline recommendations for the use of low dose aspirin in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Xiao-Ying Li, Li Li, Sang-Hoon Na, Francesca Santilli, Zhongwei Shi, Michael Blaha
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Catherine Kim
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Comparative performance of the two pooled cohort equations for predicting atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Alessandra M. Campos-Staffico, David Cordwin, Venkatesh L. Murthy, Michael P. Dorsch, Jasmine A. Luzum
Atherosclerosis.2021; 334: 23. CrossRef
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Response

Response: Effects of Dapagliflozin on Endothelial Function, Renal Injury Markers, and Glycemic Control in Drug-Naïve Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Metab J 2019:43:711–7): Sung Hye Kong, Bo Kyung Koo, Min Kyong Moon; Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(6):913-914. Published online December 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0149

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Letter

Letter: Projection of Diabetes Prevalence in Korean Adults for the Year 2030 Using Risk Factors Identified from National Data (Diabetes Metab J 2019;43:90–6): Bo Kyung Koo; Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(2):242-243. Published online April 15, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0056

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Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Older Adults with Diabetes in Korea: Latest Clinical and Epidemiologic Trends
Kyuho Kim, Bongseong Kim, Kyuna Lee, Yu-Bae Ahn, Seung-Hyun Ko, Sung Hee Choi, Kyungdo Han, Jae-Seung Yun
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(2): 183. CrossRef

Short Communication

Clinical Diabetes & Therapeutics
Effects of Dapagliflozin on Endothelial Function, Renal Injury Markers, and Glycemic Control in Drug-Naïve Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Sung Hye Kong, Bo Kyung Koo, Min Kyong Moon; Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(5):711-717. Published online March 20, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0208

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Background

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of dapagliflozin and metformin on vascular endothelial function and renal injury markers.

Methods

This prospective, randomized, open-label, crossover study included drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who were randomized to receive 8 weeks of initial treatment using metformin or dapagliflozin and crossed over for another 8 weeks of treatment after a 1-week washout period. Systemic endothelial function was evaluated via the reactive hyperemic index (RHI).

Results

The 22 participants included 10 males (45.5%) and had a median age of 58 years. The RHI values were not significantly changed during both 8-week treatment periods and there was no significant difference between the treatments. Relative to the metformin group, 8 weeks of dapagliflozin treatment produced significantly higher median N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase levels (10.0 ng/mL [interquartile range (IQR), 6.8 to 12.1 ng/mL] vs. 5.6 ng/mL [IQR, 3.8 to 8.0 ng/mL], P=0.013). Only the dapagliflozin group exhibited improved homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and body weight, while serum ketone and β-hydroxybutyrate levels increased.

Conclusion

Dapagliflozin treatment did not affect systemic endothelial function or renal injury markers except N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase.

Citations

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Letter: Effects of Dapagliflozin on Endothelial Function, Renal Injury Markers, and Glycemic Control in Drug-Naïve Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Metab J 2019:43:711–7)
Dimitrios Patoulias, Michael Doumas
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Original Articles

Clinical Diabetes & Therapeutics
Efficacy and Safety of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Real-World Clinical Practice: A Ram Hong, Bo Kyung Koo, Sang Wan Kim, Ka Hee Yi, Min Kyong Moon; Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(5):590-606. Published online February 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0134

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Background

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in Korean patients who had inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in real-world clinical practice.

Methods

We included 410 patients who started SGLT2 inhibitors (empagliflozin or dapagliflozin) as add-on therapy or switch therapy between February 2015 and June 2017. The primary efficacy endpoint was a change in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) from baseline to week 12. The secondary endpoints were patients achieving HbA1c <7.0% and changes in the fasting plasma glucose (FPG), lipid profiles, body weight, and blood pressure (BP).

Results

The mean HbA1c at baseline was 8.5% (8.6% in the add-on group and 8.4% in the switch group). At week 12, the mean adjusted HbA1c decreased by −0.68% in the overall patients (P<0.001), by −0.94% in the add-on group, and by −0.42% in the switch group. Significant reductions in FPG were also observed both in the add-on group and switch group (−30.3 and −19.8 mg/dL, respectively). Serum triglyceride (−16.5 mg/dL), body weight (−2.1 kg), systolic BP (−4.7 mm Hg), and diastolic BP (−1.3 mm Hg) were significantly improved in the overall patients. Approximately 18.3% of the patients achieved HbA1c <7.0% at week 12. A low incidence of hypoglycemia and genital tract infection was observed (6.3% and 2.2%, respectively).

Conclusion

SGLT2 inhibitors can be a suitable option as either add-on or switch therapy for Korean patients with inadequately controlled T2DM.

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Evaluating Cardio-Protective Molecules by Efficacy Based on Weight Reduction and HbA1c Targets
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Real-world assessment of effectiveness and safety profile of remogliflozin etabonate in management of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Bipin Sethi, Subhankar Chowdhury, Supratik Bhattacharya, Sagar Katare, Sachin Suryawanshi, Hanmant Barkate
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Clinical Care/Education
Improvement of Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus under Insulin Treatment by Reimbursement for Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose: Young Shin Song, Bo Kyung Koo, Sang Wan Kim, Ka Hee Yi, Kichul Shin, Min Kyong Moon; Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(1):28-42. Published online September 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.42.1.28

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Background

In Korea, the costs associated with self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) under insulin treatment have been reimbursed since November 2015. We investigated whether this new reimbursement program for SMBG has improved the glycemic control in the beneficiaries of this policy.

Methods

Among all adult T2DM patients with ≥3 months of reimbursement (n=854), subjects without any changes in anti-hyperglycemic agents during the study period were selected. The improvement of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was defined as an absolute reduction in HbA1c ≥0.6% or an HbA1c level at follow-up <7%.

Results

HbA1c levels significantly decreased from 8.5%±1.3% to 8.2%±1.2% during the follow-up (P<0.001) in all the study subjects (n=409). Among them, 35.5% (n=145) showed a significant improvement in HbA1c. Subjects covered under the Medical Aid system showed a higher prevalence of improvement in HbA1c than those with medical insurance (52.2% vs. 33.3%, respectively, P=0.012). In the improvement group, the baseline HbA1c (P<0.001), fasting C-peptide (P=0.016), and daily dose of insulin/body weight (P=0.024) showed significant negative correlations with the degree of HbA1c change. Multivariate analysis showed that subjects in the Medical Aid system were about 2.5-fold more likely to improve in HbA1c compared to those with medical insurance (odds ratio, 2.459; 95% confidence interval, 1.138 to 5.314; P=0.022).

Conclusion

The reimbursement for SMBG resulted in a significant improvement in HbA1c in T2DM subjects using insulin, which was more prominent in subjects with poor glucose control at baseline or covered under the Medical Aid system.

Citations

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Conundrum and chances of diabetes management in the Western Pacific Region: A narrative review
Yerin Hwang, Hyunmin Lee, Moon‐Kyu Lee
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Si Chen, Jingyi Lu, Danfeng Peng, Fengjing Liu, Wei Lu, Wei Zhu, Yuqian Bao, Jian Zhou, Weiping Jia
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2024; 218: 111895. CrossRef
Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Insulin Glargine Biosimilar Ezelin versus Originator Insulin Glargine in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Tri Juli Edi Tarigan, Adisti Dwijayanti, Susie Setyowati, Melva Louisa
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Insulin Glargine U100 Utilization in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in an Italian Real-World Setting: A Retrospective Study
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Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in Patients with Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
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Letter

Letter: Regulating Hypothalamus Gene Expression in Food Intake: Dietary Composition or Calorie Density? (Diabetes Metab J 2017;41:121-7): Bo Kyung Koo; Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(3):223-224. Published online June 21, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.3.223

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Response

Response: Efficacy of Moderate Intensity Statins in the Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Metab J 2017;41:23-30): Sung Hye Kong, Bo Kyung Koo, Min Kyong Moon; Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(2):152-153. Published online April 14, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.2.152

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Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Letter: Comparison of the Efficacy of Rosuvastatin Monotherapy 20 mg with Rosuvastatin 5 mg and Ezetimibe 10 mg Combination Therapy on Lipid Parameters in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Metab J2019;43:582–9)
Tae Seo Sohn
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2019; 43(6): 909. CrossRef

Original Article

Clinical Care/Education
Efficacy of Moderate Intensity Statins in the Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Sung Hye Kong, Bo Kyung Koo, Min Kyong Moon; Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(1):23-30. Published online December 16, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.1.23

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Background

There has been evidences of ethnic differences in the low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering effect of statin. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of moderate-intensity statins in the treatment of dyslipidemia among Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

We analyzed a retrospective cohort that consisted of Korean patients with T2DM aged 40 to 75 years who had been prescribed any of the moderate-intensity statins (atorvastatin 10 or 20 mg, rosuvastatin 5 or 10 mg, pitavastatin 2 mg, or pravastatin 40 mg). Among them, only patients with baseline lipid profiles before starting statin treatment were selected, and changes in their lipid profiles before and 6 months after statin therapy were analyzed.

Results

Following the first 6 months of therapy, the overall LDL-C reduction was −47.4% (interquartile range, −56.6% to −34.1%). In total, 92.1% of the participants achieved an LDL-C level of <100 mg/dL, 38.3% had a 30% to 50% reduction in their LDL-C levels, and 42.3% had a reduction in their LDL-C levels greater than 50%. The response rates of each drug for achieving a LDL-C level <100 mg/dL were 81.7%, 93.1%, 95.0%, 95.0%, 96.5%, and 91.7% for treatment with atorvastatin doses of 10 or 20 mg, rosuvastatin 5 or 10 mg, pitavastatin 2 mg, and pravastatin 40 mg, respectively.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the use of moderate-intensity statins reduced LDL-C levels less than 100 mg/dL in most of the Korean patients studied with T2DM. The efficacies of those statins were higher than expected in about 42% of Korean patients with T2DM.

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Jaecheol Moon, Soyeon Yoo, Gwanpyo Koh, Kyung-Wan Min, Hyun Ho Shin
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Heart and Vessels.2019; 34(1): 62. CrossRef
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Moderate-intensity versus high-intensity statin therapy in Korean patients with angina undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents: A propensity-score matching analysis
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PLOS ONE.2018; 13(12): e0207889. CrossRef
Letter: Efficacy of Moderate Intensity Statins in the Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Metab J 2017;41:23-30)
Jae-Han Jeon
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2017; 41(2): 150. CrossRef
Response: Efficacy of Moderate Intensity Statins in the Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Metab J 2017;41:23-30)
Sung Hye Kong, Bo Kyung Koo, Min Kyong Moon
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2017; 41(2): 152. CrossRef

Editorial

Complications
Determinants of the Risk of Diabetic Kidney Disease and Diabetic Retinopathy Independent of Glucose Exposure: Bo Kyung Koo; Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(6):444-446. Published online December 14, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.6.444

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Review

Epidemiology
Are We in the Same Risk of Diabetes Mellitus? Gender- and Age-Specific Epidemiology of Diabetes in 2001 to 2014 in the Korean Population: Bo Kyung Koo, Min Kyong Moon; Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(3):175-181. Published online May 24, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.3.175

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

In the early 2000s, the prevalence of diabetes in adults aged ≥30 years in Korea was about 9% to 10%, and it remained stable. However, a nationwide survey showed that this prevalence increased over the past few years. After age-standardization using the Korean population of the year 2010, the prevalence of diabetes in adults aged ≥30 years was 10.0% to 10.8% between 2001 and 2012, which increased to 12.5% in 2013 and 11.6% in 2014. During that period, there have been changes in the gender- and age-specific prevalence of diabetes in Korean adults. The prevalence of diabetes in the elderly population increased significantly, while this prevalence in young adults, especially in young women, did not change significantly. The contribution of each diabetic risk factor, such as obesity, β-cell dysfunction, sarcopenia, and socioeconomic status, in developing diabetes has also changed during that period in each gender and age group. For young women, obesity was the most important risk factor; by contrast, for elderly diabetic patients, sarcopenia was more important than obesity as a risk factor. Considering the economic burden of diabetes and its associated comorbidities, a public health policy targeting the major risk factors in each population might be more effective in preventing diabetes.

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Muscle strength, an independent determinant of glycemic control in older adults with long-standing type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study
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Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2019; 43(2): 242. CrossRef
Antidiabetic Effects of Vigna nakashimae Extract in Humans: A Preliminary Study
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Sang Wook Choi, Joon Hee Cho, Ha Kyung Kim, So Hyun Bae
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Original Articles

The Level of Autoantibodies Targeting Eukaryote Translation Elongation Factor 1 α1 and Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme 2L3 in Nondiabetic Young Adults: Eunhee G. Kim, Soo Heon Kwak, Daehee Hwang, Eugene C. Yi, Kyong Soo Park, Bo Kyung Koo, Kristine M. Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(2):154-160. Published online November 13, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.2.154

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Background

The prevalence of novel type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) antibodies targeting eukaryote translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 autoantibody (EEF1A1-AAb) and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2L3 autoantibody (UBE2L3-AAb) has been shown to be negatively correlated with age in T1DM subjects. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether age affects the levels of these two antibodies in nondiabetic subjects.

Methods

EEF1A1-AAb and UBE2L3-AAb levels in nondiabetic control subjects (n=150) and T1DM subjects (n=101) in various ranges of age (18 to 69 years) were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The cutoff point for the presence of each autoantibody was determined based on control subjects using the formula: [mean absorbance+3×standard deviation].

Results

In nondiabetic subjects, there were no significant correlations between age and EEF1A1-AAb and UBE2L3-AAb levels. However, there was wide variation in EEF1A1-AAb and UBE2L3-AAb levels among control subjects <40 years old; the prevalence of both EEF1A1-AAb and UBE2L3-AAb in these subjects was 4.4%. When using cutoff points determined from the control subjects <40 years old, the prevalence of both autoantibodies in T1DM subjects was decreased (EEFA1-AAb, 15.8% to 8.9%; UBE2L3-AAb, 10.9% to 7.9%) when compared to the prevalence using the cutoff derived from the totals for control subjects.

Conclusion

There was no association between age and EEF1A1-AAb or UBE2L3-AAb levels in nondiabetic subjects. However, the wide variation in EEF1A1-AAb and UBE2L3-AAb levels apparent among the control subjects <40 years old should be taken into consideration when determining the cutoff reference range for the diagnosis of T1DM.

Citations

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An autoantigen-ome from HS-Sultan B-Lymphoblasts offers a molecular map for investigating autoimmune sequelae of COVID-19
Julia Y. Wang, Wei Zhang, Victor B. Roehrl, Michael W. Roehrl, Michael H. Roehrl, Mibel Aguilar
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Julia Y. Wang, Wei Zhang, Victor B. Roehrl, Michael W. Roehrl, Michael H. Roehrl
Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of antibodies targeting ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2L3 and eukaryote translation elongation factor 1 α1 in Chinese Han and American Caucasian populations with type 1 diabetes
Li Qian, Yuxiao Zhu, Yan Luo, Mu Zhang, Liping Yu, Yu Liu, Tao Yang
Endocrine Connections.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
An autoantigen profile of human A549 lung cells reveals viral and host etiologic molecular attributes of autoimmunity in COVID-19
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Low Economic Status Is Identified as an Emerging Risk Factor for Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Men Aged 30 to 59 Years in Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008 to 2010: Bo Kyung Koo, Sang Wan Kim, Ka Hee Yi, Min Kyong Moon; Diabetes Metab J. 2015;39(2):137-146. Published online March 11, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2015.39.2.137

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Background

We compared the association between economic status and the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) using large nationwide datasets covering the previous 10 years in Korea.

Methods

We analyzed the association between economic status and DM using Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data from 2001 to 2010 weighted to represent the Korean population between 30 and 59 years of age. The economic status of participants was classified into quartiles according to monthly family income with an equivalence scale.

Results

In men, the prevalence of diabetes in the lowest income quartile (Q1) was significantly higher than that in the other quartiles in 2008 (age and body mass index-adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.846; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.126 to 3.027; P=0.015), 2009 (OR, 1.706; 95% CI, 1.094 to 2.661; P=0.019), and 2010 (OR, 1.560; 95% CI, 1.024 to 2.377; P=0.039) but not in 2001 or 2005. The data indicated that classification in the lowest economic status was an independent risk factor for diabetes even after adjusting for abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and education level in men of KNHANES 2008 to 2010. Although economic status was significantly associated with abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension in women (P<0.001), there was no significant association between economic status and DM in women.

Conclusion

Korean men between 30 and 59 years of age with the lowest economic status had a significantly higher prevalence of DM in 2008 to 2010 even after adjusting for other risk factors.

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, in contrast to alcoholic liver disease, is associated with lower socio-economic status: results from a German referral center
Semjon Bugaichuk, Verena Wilkens, Karoline Horvatits, Samuel Huber, Ansgar W. Lohse, Johannes Kluwe, Sven Pischke, Thorben Fründt
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Income-Related Disparities in Mortality Among Young Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Ji Yoon Kim, Sojeong Park, Minae Park, Nam Hoon Kim, Sin Gon Kim
JAMA Network Open.2024; 7(11): e2443918. CrossRef
Muscle strength, an independent determinant of glycemic control in older adults with long-standing type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study
Bo Kyung Koo, Seoil Moon, Min Kyong Moon
BMC Geriatrics.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Obesity Fact Sheet in Korea, 2019: Prevalence of Obesity and Abdominal Obesity from 2009 to 2018 and Social Factors
Ga Eun Nam, Yang-Hyun Kim, Kyungdo Han, Jin-Hyung Jung, Eun-Jung Rhee, Seong-Su Lee, Dae Jung Kim, Kwan-Woo Lee, Won-Young Lee
Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2020; 29(2): 124. CrossRef
Letter: Projection of Diabetes Prevalence in Korean Adults for the Year 2030 Using Risk Factors Identified from National Data (Diabetes Metab J 2019;43:90–6)
Bo Kyung Koo
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2019; 43(2): 242. CrossRef
Lower Leg Fat Depots Are Associated with Albuminuria Independently of Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Metabolic Syndrome (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2008 to 2011)
Eugene Han, Nan Hee Cho, Mi Kyung Kim, Hye Soon Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2019; 43(4): 461. CrossRef
The Differential Association between Muscle Strength and Diabetes Mellitus According to the Presence or Absence of Obesity
Bo Kyung Koo
Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2019; 28(1): 46. CrossRef
Association of hearing impairment with insulin resistance, β–cell dysfunction and impaired fasting glucose before onset of diabetes
M. Seo, Y.‐S. Lee, S.‐S. Moon
Diabetic Medicine.2016; 33(9): 1275. CrossRef
Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis (DRAD) in patients recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2D) or latent autoimmune diabetes in the adult (LADA)
Mats Martinell, Mozhgan Dorkhan, Jan Stålhammar, Petter Storm, Leif Groop, Carin Gustavsson
Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2016; 30(8): 1456. CrossRef
Are We in the Same Risk of Diabetes Mellitus? Gender- and Age-Specific Epidemiology of Diabetes in 2001 to 2014 in the Korean Population
Bo Kyung Koo, Min Kyong Moon
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2016; 40(3): 175. CrossRef
Relative and combined effects of socioeconomic status and diabetes on mortality
Nam Hoon Kim, Tae Joon Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi, Yousung Park, Sin Gon Kim
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Letter

Letter: GDF15 Is a Novel Biomarker for Impaired Fasting Glucose (Diabetes Metab J 2014;38:472-9): Bo Kyung Koo; Diabetes Metab J. 2015;39(1):82-83. Published online February 16, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2015.39.1.82

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GDF15plays a critical role in insulin secretion in INS-1 cells and human pancreatic islets
Mohammad G Mohammad, Rania Saeed, Abdul Khader Mohammed, Anila Khalique, Mohamad Hamad, Waseem El-Huneidi, Mawieh Hamad, Jalal Taneera
Experimental Biology and Medicine.2023; 248(4): 339. CrossRef

Original Article

Subjective Assessment of Diabetes Self-Care Correlates with Perceived Glycemic Control but not with Actual Glycemic Control: Jung Hun Ohn, Ju Hee Lee, Eun Shil Hong, Bo Kyung Koo, Sang Wan Kim, Ka Hee Yi, Min Kyong Moon; Diabetes Metab J. 2015;39(1):31-36. Published online February 16, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2015.39.1.31

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Background

We investigated whether patients' perceived glycemic control and self-reported diabetes self-care correlated with their actual glycemic control.

Methods

A survey was administered among patients with diabetes mellitus at an outpatient clinic with structured self-report questionnaires regarding perceived glycemic control and diabetes self-management. Actual glycemic control was defined as a change in glycated hemoglobin (A1C) or fasting plasma glucose (FPG) since the last clinic visit.

Results

Patients who perceived their glycemic control as "improved" actually showed a mild but significant decrease in the mean A1C (-0.1%, P=0.02), and those who perceived glycemic control as "aggravated" had a significant increase in the mean FPG (10.5 mg/dL or 0.59 mmol/L, P=0.04) compared to the "stationary" group. However, one-half of patients falsely predicted their actual glycemic control status. Subjective assessment of diabetes self-care efforts, such as adherence to a diet regimen or physical activity, correlated positively with perceived glycemic control but showed no association with actual glycemic control.

Conclusion

Patients should be encouraged to assess and monitor diabetes self-care more objectively to motivate behavioral modifications and improve their actual glycemic control.

Citations

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Social Networking Services-Based Communicative Care for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Korea
Hun-Sung Kim, Yoo Jeong, Sun Baik, So Yang, Tong Kim, Hyunah Kim, Hyunyong Lee, Seung-Hwan Lee, Jae Cho, In-Young Choi, Kun-Ho Yoon
Applied Clinical Informatics.2016; 07(03): 899. CrossRef

Editorial

Screening of Autonomic Neuropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Bo Kyung Koo; Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(5):346-348. Published online October 17, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2014.38.5.346

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Morphologic Changes in Autonomic Nerves in Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy
Heung Yong Jin, Hong Sun Baek, Tae Sun Park
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2015; 39(6): 461. CrossRef

Original Article

Assessment of Diabetic Polyneuropathy and Autonomic Neuropathy Using Current Perception Threshold in Korean Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Bo Kyung Koo, Jung Hun Ohn, Soo-Heon Kwak, Min Kyong Moon; Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(4):285-293. Published online August 20, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2014.38.4.285

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Background

The current perception threshold (CPT) could be quantified by stimulating Aβ and C fibers at 2,000 and 5 Hz, respectively. C fibers play a role in the autonomic nervous system and are involved in temperature and pain sensation. We evaluated the usefulness of CPT for diagnosing distal polyneuropathy (DPN) and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in diabetic patients.

Methods

The CPT was measured in the index finger (C7 level) and in the third toe (L5 level) in diabetic patients aged 30 to 69 years. We assessed DPN according to the neuropathy total symptom score-6 (NTSS-6) and 10-g monofilament pressure sensation. Subjects with a NTSS-6 >6 or with abnormal 10-g monofilament sensation were defined to have DPN. CAN was evaluated by spectral analysis of heart rate variability and by Ewing's traditional tests.

Results

The subjects with DPN had significantly higher CPT at all of the frequencies than the subjects without DPN (P<0.05). Abnormal 10-g monofilament sensation and NTSS-6 >6 could be most precisely predicted by CPT at 2,000 and 5 Hz, respectively. However, only 6.5% and 19.6% of subjects with DPN had an abnormal CPT at 2,000 Hz at the C7 and L5 levels. Although CPT at 5 Hz showed a negative correlation with the power of low and high frequency in the spectral analysis (P<0.05), only 16.7% of subjects with CAN exhibited an abnormal CPT at the same frequency.

Conclusion

Although the CPT is significantly associated with neuropathic symptoms or signs corresponding to the nerve fiber stimulated, it provides little additional information compared with conventional evaluations.

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Editorials

Statin for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Bo Kyung Koo; Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(1):32-34. Published online February 19, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2014.38.1.32

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Diabetes Mellitus and Tuberculosis: Bo Kyung Koo; Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(4):249-251. Published online August 14, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.4.249

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Letter

Letter: Prevalence of Dyslipidemia among Korean Adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey 1998-2005 (Diabetes Metab J 2012;36:43-55): Bo Kyung Koo; Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(2):163-164. Published online April 17, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.2.163

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Original Article

Cardiovascular Risk Assessment with Vascular Function, Carotid Atherosclerosis and the UKPDS Risk Engine in Korean Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: Choon Sik Seon, Kyung Wan Min, Seung Yup Lee, Kyoung Woo Nho, Se Hwan Park, Bo Kyung Koo, Kyung Ah Han; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(6):619-627. Published online December 26, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.6.619

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Background

Patients with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Few studies have evaluated the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk simultaneously using the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) risk engine and non-invasive vascular tests in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Participants (n=380; aged 20 to 81 years) with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes were free of clinical evidence of CVD. The 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke risks were calculated for each patient using the UKPDS risk engine. Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT), flow mediated dilation (FMD), pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AI) were measured. The correlations between the UKPDS risk engine and the non-invasive vascular tests were assessed using partial correlation analysis, after adjusting for age, and multiple regression analysis.

Results

The mean 10-year CHD and 10-year stroke risks were 14.92±11.53% and 4.03±3.95%, respectively. The 10-year CHD risk correlated with CIMT (P<0.001), FMD (P=0.017), and PWV (P=0.35) after adjusting for age. The 10-year stroke risk correlated only with the mean CIMT (P<0.001) after adjusting for age. FMD correlated with age (P<0.01) and systolic blood pressure (P=0.09). CIMT correlated with age (P<0.01), HbA1c (P=0.05), and gender (P<0.01).

Conclusion

The CVD risk is increased at the onset of type 2 diabetes. CIMT, FMD, and PWV along with the UKPDS risk engine should be considered to evaluate cardiovascular disease risk in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.

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Carotid atherosclerosis and its relationship to coronary heart disease and stroke risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
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Editorial

The Association between Carotid Atherosclerosis and Glucose: Bo Kyung Koo; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(5):466-468. Published online October 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.5.466

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Original Article

A Survey of Diabetic Educators and Patients for the Revision of Korean Food Exchange Lists: Jae Won Cho, Mee Ra Kweon, Young Mi Park, Mi Hye Woo, Hye Sook Yoo, Jeong Hyun Lim, Bo Kyung Koo, Chong Hwa Kim, Hae Jin Kim, Tae Sun Park, Choong Ho Shin, Kyu Chang Won, Soo Lim, Hak Chul Jang; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(2):173-181. Published online April 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.2.173

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Background

Food exchange lists are one of the main methods of nutritional education. However, Korean food exchange lists have not been revised since 1994. Therefore, we surveyed the opinions of diabetes educators and patients with diabetes regarding the need for revision of the current food exchange lists.

Methods

For two weeks beginning on 10 March 2008, a 12-item questionnaire regarding the opinion and need for revision of the current food exchange lists was e-mailed to diabetes educators nationwide. Another 15-question survey was administered to patients with diabetes in 13 hospitals located in the Seoul and Gyeonggi regions of Korea.

Results

We obtained survey responses from 101 diabetes educators and 209 patients; 65 (64.3%) of the educators answered that the current food exchange lists should be revised. The items that needed revision were the glycemic index, addition of new foods and reaffirmation of exchange standard amounts. The patients demanded specific education about choosing appropriate foods, a balanced meal plan, proper snacks, and dining intake.

Conclusion

Our survey results demonstrate the need to revise the Korean food exchange lists. This process should focus on glycemic index, the addition of new foods and reconfirmation of one exchange reference unit.

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Mediterranean Diet and Naltrexone/Bupropion Treatment for Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese Breast Cancer Survivors and Non-Cancer Participants: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

A-Ra Cho, Won-Jun Choi, Yu-Jin Kwon, Hye Sun Lee, Sung Gwe Ahn, Ji-Won Lee
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy.2020; Volume 13: 3325. CrossRef
Development of a Spanish Food Exchange List: Application of Statistical Criteria to a Rationale Procedure
Iva Marques-Lopes, Susana Menal-Puey, J. Alfredo Martínez, Giuseppe Russolillo
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A Practical Approach to the Management of Micronutrients and Other Nutrients of Concern in Food Exchange Lists for Meal Planning
Giuseppe Russolillo-Femenías, Susana Menal-Puey, J. Alfredo Martínez, Iva Marques-Lopes
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.2018; 118(11): 2029. CrossRef
How much fruit should diabetic patients eat?
Jeong Hyun Lim
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2014; 15(4): 185. CrossRef
Korean Food Exchange Lists for Diabetes: Revised 2010
Dal Lae Ju, Hak Chul Jang, Young Yun Cho, Jae Won Cho, Hye Sook Yoo, Kyung Suk Choi, Mi Hye Woo, Cheong Min Sohn, Yoo Kyoung Park, Ryo Won Choue
Journal of Korean Diabetes.2011; 12(4): 228. CrossRef
Korean Food Exchange Lists for Diabetes: Revised 2010
Dal Lae Ju, Hak Chul Jang, Young Yun Cho, Jae Won Cho, Hye Sook Yoo, Kyung Suk Choi, Mi Hye Woo, Cheong Min Sohn, Yoo Kyoung Park, Ryowon Choue
The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2011; 44(6): 577. CrossRef

Letter

Letter: The Relationship between Lung Function and Metabolic Syndrome in Obese and Non-Obese Korean Adult Males (Korean Diabetes J 2010;34:253-60): Bo Kyung Koo; Korean Diabetes J. 2010;34(5):327-328. Published online October 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.5.327

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Original Articles

Polymorphisms of the Reg1α Gene and Early Onset Type 2 Diabetes in the Korean Population: Bo Kyung Koo, Young Min Cho, Kuchan Kimm, Jong-Young Lee, Bermseok Oh, Byung Lae Park, Hyun Sub Cheong, Hyoung Doo Shin, Kyung Soo Ko, Sang Gyu Park, Hong Kyu Lee, Kyong Soo Park; Korean Diabetes J. 2010;34(4):229-236. Published online August 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.4.229

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Background

The Reg gene has been reported to be expressed in regenerating islets and Reg1 protein to be up-regulated at an early stage of diabetes in mice. As human Reg1α is homologous with murine Reg1, we investigated whether common variants in Reg1α are associated with type 2 diabetes in the Korean population.

Methods

We sequenced the Reg1α gene to identify common polymorphisms using 24 Korean DNA samples. Of 11 polymorphisms found, five common ones (g.-385T>C [rs10165462], g.-36T>G [rs25689789], g.209G>T [rs2070707], g.1385C>G [novel], and g.2199G>A [novel]) were genotyped in 752 type 2 diabetic patients and 642 non-diabetic subjects.

Results

No polymorphism was associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. However, g.-385C and g.2199A lowered the risk of early-onset type 2 diabetes, defined as a diagnosis in subjects whose age at diagnosis was 25 years or more but less than 40 years (odds ratio [OR], 0.721 [0.535 to 0.971] and 0.731 [0.546 to 0.977] for g.-385C and g.2199A, respectively) and g.1385G increased the risk of early-onset diabetes (OR, 1.398 [1.055 to 1.854]). Although adjusting for errors in multiple hypotheses-testing showed no statistically significant association between the three individual polymorphisms and early-onset diabetes, the haplotype H1, composed of g.-385C, g.1385C, and g.2199A, was associated with a reduced risk of early-onset diabetes (OR, 0.590 [0.396 to 0.877], P = 0.009).

Conclusion

Polymorphisms in the Reg1α were not found to be associated with overall susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, though some showed modest associations with early-onset type 2 diabetes in the Korean population.

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A Novel Variant Of Regenerating Iα Gene (REG) In Type II Diabetics Among Pakistani Targeted Population
Sadaf Saleem, Saeeda Baig, Sadia Farrukh, Mazhar Shafiq
Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Glycemic Effects of Once-a-Day Rapid-Acting Insulin Analogue Addition on a Basal Insulin Analogue in Korean Subjects with Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Eun Yeong Choe, Yong-ho Lee, Byung-Wan Lee, Eun-Seok Kang, Bong Soo Cha, Hyun Chul Lee
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2012; 36(3): 230. CrossRef

Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Abdominal Fat, Thigh Muscle Mass and Muscle Strength in Type 2 Diabetic Subject: Hwi Ryun Kwon, Kyung Wan Min, Hee Jung Ahn, Hee Geum Seok, Bo Kyung Koo, Ho Chul Kim, Kyung Ah Han; Korean Diabetes J. 2010;34(1):23-31. Published online February 28, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.1.23

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Background

Aerobic exercise can effectively reduce visceral fat. However, few studies have examined the effect of daily physical activity on obesity and cardiopulmonary function in the subjects with diabetes. We examined the effect of moderate intensity of walking in obese diabetes patients by monitoring of daily activity and measuring the change in abdominal fat area, muscle are and maximal muscle strength.

Methods

We randomly assigned 27 obese women with type 2 diabetes to an aerobic exercise group (AG, n = 13) and control group (CG, n = 14). The AG performed moderate intensity walking for 60 minutes per exercise, 5 times per week, and for 12 weeks. The activity energy expenditure was monitored by a multi-record accelerometer. The CG maintained routine daily activities. At the time of the initiation of the study and after 12 weeks of exercise, the aerobic exercise capacity was assessed using oxygen consumption rate at anaerobic threshold (VO₂-AT). The abdominal fat area and the quadriceps muscle area were measured by computed tomography, and the maximum muscle strength of the upper and lower limbs was measured by a chest press and a leg press, respectively.

Results

The mean age of the study subjects was 56.6 ± 8.0 years, the mean duration of diabetes was 6.3 ± 6.0 years, and the body weight index (BMI) was 27.3 ± 2.7 kg/m². The BMI of the AG was significantly decreased (P = 0.003). In the AG, the visceral fat area and subcutaneous fat area were also significantly decreased (P = 0.018 and P < 0.001, respectively) but not in CG. VO₂-AT of the AG was significantly improved, while that of the CG did not change (P = 0.009 and P = 0.115, respectively). The quadriceps muscle mass and the maximal muscle strength of the AG did not change, however, the CG showed a significant decrease. Duration of moderate intensity exercise was correlated with the decrease in total abdominal fat area (r = -0.484; P = 0.011) and that of high intensity exercise was correlated with improvement of cardiopulmonary function (r = 0.414; P = 0.032).

Conclusion

Daily moderate intensity aerobic exercise is effective at reducing abdominal fat mass, while high intensity exercise improves cardiopulmonary function.

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Comment

Response: Effects of Aerobic Exercise Intensity on Insulin Resistance in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Korean Diabetes J 33:(5)401-411, 2009).: Yun Hyi Ku, Bo Kyung Koo, Kyung Wan Min; Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(6):549-550. Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.6.549

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Randomized Controlled Trial

The Effects of Low-Calorie Diets on Abdominal Visceral Fat, Muscle Mass, and Dietary Quality in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Subjects.: Hee Jung Ahn, Youn Ok Cho, Hwi Ryun Kwon, Yun Hyi Ku, Bo Kyung Koo, Kyung Ah Han, Kyung Wan Min; Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(6):526-536. Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.6.526

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Weight loss through low-calorie diets (LCDs) decreases visceral fat (VF). However, the effects on muscle mass, changes of dietary quality, and insulin sensitivity are unknown for Korean obese type 2 diabetic subjects. Therefore, this study examined such effects of LCDs. METHODS: A total of 30 obese type 2 diabetic subjects (body mass index, 27.0 +/- 2.2 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to an LCD or control group. Subjects on LCDs took 500~1,000 kcal fewer energy than their usual dietary intake (1,000~1,500 kcal/day) over the course of 12 weeks. The abdominal VF and femoral muscle mass were evaluated by computed tomography, and insulin sensitivity was assessed using an insulin tolerance test (Kitt; rate constant for plasma glucose disappearance, %/min). Dietary nutrient intake consumed by subjects was assessed by 3-day food records. RESULTS: The percent VF reduction was -23.4 +/- 17.2% in the LCD group and -9.8 +/- 11.8% in the control group after 12 weeks (P < 0.001, P = 0.002). However, significant decrease in femoral mass or proportional change of marcronutrient intake and mean adequacy ratio were not found in the LCD group, as compared to the control group. Insulin sensitivity improved in the LCD group, as compared to the control group (P = 0.040). CONCLUSION: LCD effectively improved insulin sensitivity and reduced abdominal VF without reduction of femoral muscle and dietary quality in obese type 2 diabetic subjects.

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Hye-Ok Lee, Jung-Eun Yim, Jeong-Sook Lee, Young-Seol Kim, Ryowon Choue
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Effects of age on changes of body composition through caloric restriction in overweight and obese women
Jung-Eun Yim, Young-Seol Kim, Ryowon Choue
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2013; 46(5): 410. CrossRef
The effects of weight loss by a low-calorie diet and a low-calorie plus exercise in overweight undergraduate students
Gun-Ae Yoon, Hyun-Ho Ahn, Bo-Hae Park, Danbi Yoo, Sunmin Park
Korean Journal of Nutrition.2012; 45(4): 315. CrossRef
Effect of an abdominal obesity management program on dietary intake, stress index, and waist to hip ratio in abdominally obese women - Focus on comparison of the WHR decrease and WHR increase groups -
Ji Won Lee, Sook Young Yoo, So Young Yang, Hyesook Kim, Seong Kyung Cho
Korean Journal of Nutrition.2012; 45(2): 127. CrossRef
The Evaluation of Workplace Obesity Intervention Program using Six Sigma Methodology
Ji Yeon Kang, Ill Keun Park, Yun Kyun Chang, Sook Hee Sung, Yoo Kyoung Park, Sang Woon Cho, Yun Mi Paek, Tae In Choi
The Korean Journal of Obesity.2011; 20(4): 193. CrossRef
The Usefulness of an Accelerometer for Monitoring Total Energy Expenditure and Its Clinical Application for Predicting Body Weight Changes in Type 2 Diabetic Korean Women
Ji Yeon Jung, Kyung Ah Han, Hwi Ryun Kwon, Hee Jung Ahn, Jae Hyuk Lee, Kang Seo Park, Kyung Wan Min
Korean Diabetes Journal.2010; 34(6): 374. CrossRef
The Effects of Low-Calorie Diets on Abdominal Visceral Fat, Muscle Mass, and Dietary Quality in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Subjects (Korean Diabetes J 2009;33:526-36)
Won-Young Lee
Korean Diabetes Journal.2010; 34(1): 66. CrossRef

Original Articles

Relationship of Maximal Muscle Strength with Body Mass Index and Aerobics Capacity in Type 2 Diabetic Patients.: Hwi Ryun Kwon, Kyung Ah Han, Yun Hyi Ku, Hee Jung Ahn, Bo Kyung Koo, Kyung Wan Min; Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(6):511-517. Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.6.511

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Combination fitness regimens (including aerobic and resistance exercises) are effective for improving cardio-respiratory fitness, reducing visceral fat and increasing insulin sensitivity in diabetic patients. The combination exercise intensity that a patient is capable of is limited by his or her aerobic capacity and one repetition maximum (1RM). We investigated the relationships between 1RM, aerobic exercise capacity and body mass index in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A total of 177 (men: 85, women: 92) diabetic subjects with HbA1c < or = 10% were enrolled. Muscle strength and 1RM were assessed bychest press (upper body) and leg press (lower body). We assessed aerobic capacity by VO2max and muscle mass by bioimpedance analysis. RESULTS: There was no correlation between 1RM and VO2max in type 2 diabetic patients (upper: P = 0.122, lower: P = 0.138 for men, and upper: P = 0.952, lower: P = 0.570 for women). However, 1RM was significantly correlated with muscle mass both in men and women (upper: r = 0.493, P < 0.001, r = 0.315, P = 0.002 lower: r = 0.437 P < 0.001, r = 0.307, P =0.003, respectively). There was also a significant correlation between 1RM and BMI. In obese male subjects with BMI > or = 25 kg/m2, we observed a significant correlation between muscle mass and BMI (r = 0.374, P = 0.032), but this correlation was not observed in women. CONCLUSION: Clinicians treating Korean type 2 diabetic subjects should recommend resistance exercise to their patients. In particular, obese women with diabetes may receive greater benefits by increasing muscle mass through resistance exercises.

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Arati V Mahishale, Manali P Kulkarni
Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.2021; 13(3): 163. CrossRef
The Correlations between Extremity Circumferences with Total and Regional Amounts of Skeletal Muscle and Muscle Strength in Obese Women with Type 2 Diabetes
Hwi Ryun Kwon, Kyung Ah Han, Hee Jung Ahn, Jae Hyuk Lee, Gang Seo Park, Kyung Wan Min
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2011; 35(4): 374. CrossRef
The Effects of Aerobic/Resistance Exercise on Body Fat Mass, Muscle Strength and Endothelial Function in Korean Type 2 Diabetes mellitus Patients
Kyung Wan Min
Journal of Korean Diabetes.2011; 12(1): 6. CrossRef
The Effects of Resistance Training on Muscle and Body Fat Mass and Muscle Strength in Type 2 Diabetic Women
Hwi Ryun Kwon, Kyung Ah Han, Yun Hyi Ku, Hee Jung Ahn, Bo-Kyung Koo, Ho Chul Kim, Kyung Wan Min
Korean Diabetes Journal.2010; 34(2): 101. CrossRef

Maximal Muscle Strength Deteriorates with Age in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.: Hwi Ryun Kwon, Yun Hyi Ku, Hee Jung Ahn, Ji Yun Jeong, Sang Ryol Ryu, Bo Kyung Koo, Kyung Ah Han, Kyung Wan Min; Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(5):412-420. Published online October 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.5.412

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
It is difficult to improve muscle strength with only aerobic exercise training in type 2 diabetes patients. Resistance training is effective for improving muscle mass, muscle strength and insulin sensitivity. One repetition maxima (1RM), or the maximum amount of weight a subject can lift in a single repetition, may be a useful unit for evaluating the results of resistance training in type 2 diabetic patients. This study was aimed to assess baseline values for 1RM in a sample of Korean type 2 diabetes mellitus patients that are scaled for intensity and load of exercise, and to assess the relationship of 1RM to age. METHODS: A total of 266 (male: 95, female: 171) Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were included in the study sample. Maximal muscle strength was assessed by measuring 1RM for each subject (KEISER, Fresno, CA, USA). Two different exercises were used to measure 1RM: the chest press for the upper extremities, and the leg press for the lower extremities. RESULTS: Both upper and lower values of 1RM decreased with age in men and women; upper 1RM: r = -0.454, P<0.001 in men, r = -0.480, P< 0.001 in women, lower 1RM: r = -0.569, P<0.001 in men, and r = -0.452, P<0.001 in women. Values of 1RM significantly decreased in men only after the age of 70. In women, values of 1RM continuously decreased after the age of 60. CONCLUSION: The maximal muscle strength of individuals with type 2 diabetes decreases with age. We believe that resistance training is especially beneficial for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients after the sixth decade of life.

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Randomized Controlled Trial

Effects of Aerobic Exercise Intensity on Insulin Resistance in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.: Yun Hyi Ku, Bo Kyung Koo, Hee Jung Ahn, Ji Yun Jeong, Hee Geum Seok, Ho Chul Kim, Kyung Ah Han, Kyung Wan Min; Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(5):401-411. Published online October 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.5.401

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Exercise offers protection against atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. We evaluated the benefits of exercise at different levels of intensity for ameliorating inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and insulin resistance in a sample of type 2 diabetic subjects. METHODS: Fifty-nine overweight women with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to control (CG, N = 18), moderate-intensity exercise (MEG, N = 17), and vigorous-intensity exercise (VEG, N = 14) groups. Patients in the two experimental groups completed a 12-week exercise program, with their exercise activities monitored by accelerometers. We assessed the patients' body weights, total abdominal fat (TF), subcutaneous fat (SF) and visceral fat (VF) via computed tomography, measurements of plasma levels of hs-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), assessment of endothelial function by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and evaluation of insulin sensitivity by insulin tolerance tests, at baseline, at the end of the 12-week interventions, and one year after initiation of the study. RESULTS: At baseline, the average age of all subjects was 54 +/- 7 years, and average body mass index (BMI) was 26.9 +/- 2.5 kg/m2. During the intervention, patients in the MEG and VEG groups expended comparable amounts of activity-related calories (488.6 +/- 111.9 kcal/day, 518.8 +/- 104.1 kcal/day, respectively). Although BMI, TF, and SF decreased similarly in the MEG and VEG groups (deltaBMI: -1.1 +/- 0.7, -0.8 +/- 0.5, deltaTF: -4,647 +/- 3,613 mm2, -2,577 +/- 2,872 mm2, deltaSF: -2,057 +/- 2,021 mm2, -1,141 +/- 1,825 mm2, respectively), compared to control (P<0.01), hs-CRP, IL-6, and FMD remained constant in both exercise groups even after completion of the 12-week exercise intervention. Insulin sensitivity improved only in patients subjected to vigorous exercise (VEG). Visceral fat loss was observed only in patients subjected to moderate exercise (MEG). At one-year follow up, these values had all returned to baseline. CONCLUSION: Exercise vigorous enough to result in significant weight and fat reduction did not ameliorate inflammation and endothelial dysfunction as measured at the end of a 12-week exercise intervention, nor did it result in sustained improvements in insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic subjects.

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Effects of different exercise types on vascular endothelial function in individuals with abnormal glycaemic control: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
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Different intensities of aerobic training for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial
Chi Su, Lihua Huang, Shaochen Tu, Shengdi Lu
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The anti-inflammatory effects of aerobic exercise training in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Georgia Papagianni, Chrystalla Panayiotou, Michail Vardas, Nikolaos Balaskas, Constantinos Antonopoulos, Dimitrios Tachmatzidis, Triantafyllos Didangelos, Vaia Lambadiari, Nikolaos P.E. Kadoglou
Cytokine.2023; 164: 156157. CrossRef
Effects of Exercise on Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
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Yilina Liubaoerjijin, Tasuku Terada, Kevin Fletcher, Normand G. Boulé
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Letter: Effects of Aerobic Exercise Intensity on Insulin Resistance in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Korean Diabetes J 33(5):401-411, 2009)
Dong-Lim Kim
Korean Diabetes Journal.2009; 33(6): 547. CrossRef
Response: Effects of Aerobic Exercise Intensity on Insulin Resistance in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Korean Diabetes J 33:(5)401-411, 2009)
Yun Hyi Ku, Bo-Kyung Koo, Kyung-Wan Min
Korean Diabetes Journal.2009; 33(6): 549. CrossRef

Original Articles

Association Between Volume of Bowls and the Dietary Intakes in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes.: Hee Jung Ahn, Bo Kyung Koo, Ji Yeon Jung, Hwi Ryun Kwon, Mi Yeon Chung, Yun Hyi Ku, Jin Taek Kim, Kyung Ah Han, Kyung Wan Min; Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(4):335-343. Published online August 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.4.335

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
The results of previous studies suggest that portion size is a major factor dictating dietary energy intake. We investigated the relationship between frequencies of rice meals, bowl volumes, and dietary energy intake in a sample of patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A total of 203 type 2 diabetes patients were enrolled in the study. A one-week food diary was collected from each patient and used to assess the types of meal consumed as well as the context of consumption. The volumes of the eating vessels (rice, soup and side dish bowls) used by each patient were obtained by comparisons to measuring cylinders, and dietary energy and macronutrient intake were estimated for each patient by consulting three-day dietary records. RESULTS: The mean age of the 203 subjects (male: 76, female: 127) was 53.9 +/- 9.1 years and the average body mass index (BMI) was 25.6 +/- 4.2 kg/m2. Among the subjects who ate three times per day, 96.4% consumed rice more than twice out of three meals. The median volume of rice bowls used by patients was 350 cc, of soup bowls was 530 cc and of side dish bowls was 260 cc. Portion size, as estimated by rice bowl volume, was not associated with BMI. Male subjects tended to eat out of larger rice and soup bowls (P < 0.001). Portion size was correlated with energy intake from rice (P = 0.021), but not with total energy intake (kcal/kg/day), especially in male subjects. CONCLUSION: Portion size of rice bowl was correlated with energy intake from rice, but not with total energy intake in male subjects with type 2 diabetes. To design effective meal planning methods for patients with type 2 diabetes, further prospective studies are warranted to investigate causative relationships between portion size andmetabolic conditions as well as variation by gender.

Citations

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Trends in adherence to dietary recommendations among Korean type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Kyong Park
Nutrition Research and Practice.2015; 9(6): 658. CrossRef
Small Rice Bowl-Based Meal Plan for Energy and Marcronutrient Intake in Korean Men with Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study
Hee Jung Ahn, Kyung Ah Han, Jin Young Jang, Jae Hyuk Lee, Kang Seo Park, Kyung Wan Min
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2011; 35(3): 273. CrossRef
Nutrients and Dish Intake by Fasting Blood Glucose Level
Jihyun Choi, Hyun-Kyung Moon
The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2010; 43(5): 463. CrossRef
Small Rice Bowl-Based Meal Plan versus Food Exchange-Based Meal Plan for Weight, Glucose and Lipid Control in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Hee-Jung Ahn, Kyung-Ah Han, Hwi-Ryun Kwon, Bo-Kyung Koo, Hyun-Jin Kim, Kang-Seo Park, Kyung-Wan Min
Korean Diabetes Journal.2010; 34(2): 86. CrossRef
The Effects of Small Sized Rice Bowl on Carbohydrate Intake and Dietary Patterns in Women with Type 2 Diabetes
Hee-Jung Ahn, Yu-Kyung Eom, Kyung-Ah Han, Hwi-Ryun Kwon, Hyun Jin Kim, Kang Seo Park, Kyung-Wan Min
Korean Diabetes Journal.2010; 34(3): 166. CrossRef
The Small Rice Bowl-Based Meal Plan was Effective at Reducing Dietary Energy Intake, Body Weight, and Blood Glucose Levels in Korean Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Hee Jung Ahn, Kyung Ah Han, Hwi Ryun Kwon, Kyung Wan Min
Korean Diabetes Journal.2010; 34(6): 340. CrossRef

Relationship between Endothelial-dependent/-independent Vasodilation and Carotid Intimal- media Thickness in Newly-diagnosed Korean Type 2 Diabetic Patients.: Jung Ho Choi, Kyung Wan Min, Hyo Jeong Kim, Bo kyung Koo, Chae Young Lim, Hyun Jin Kim, Gang Seo Pak, Kyung Ah Han, Eung Jin Kim; Korean Diabetes J. 2007;31(6):498-506. Published online November 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.6.498

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
The relative effect of diabetes on the risk of cardiovascular disease in Asian population is much the same as that in Western populations. Although multiple atherosclerotic risk factors have been documented in Asia, precise estimates of vascular reactivity might provide more critical informations for the prevention and the control of diabetes-related cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. The aims of this study were to estimate the vascular reactivity directly and evaluate its relationship with other cardiovascular risk factors and carotid intimal-media thickness (IMT) in newly-diagnosed Korean type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: We measured flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) and endothelial-independent vasodilation (EID) of the brachial artery using high-resolution ultrasonography in total of 121 (M; N = 68, F; N = 53) diabetic patients. We assessed conventional cardiovascular risk factors such as age, smoking, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia or family history of cardiovascular disease and analyzed the association among FMD/EID with cardiovascular risk factors, carotid IMT or the total number of risk factors. RESULTS: The mean values of age, smoking, BMI, waist, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were 51.2 +/- 12.3 years, 11.0 +/- 15.8 pack years, 25.0 +/- 3.2 kg/m2, 86 +/- 9 cm, 123 +/- 16 mmHg and 79 +/- 12 mmHg. The mean values of HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were 8.4 +/- 2.0%, 166 +/- 51 mg/dL, 187 +/- 37 mg/dL, 166 +/- 143 mg/dL, 114 +/- 30 mg/dL and 46 +/- 12 mg/dL. FMD and EID were estimated by 6.1 +/- 2.8% and 16.6 +/- 5.6% respectively. The mean/maximal carotid IMT were 0.63 +/- 0.12/0.76 +/- 0.16 mm and the number of risk factors besides diabetes mellitus were 2.3 +/- 1.3. After adjusting age, FMD was associated only with smoking, but EID was associated with smoking, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, mean/maximal carotid IMT and number of risk factors by partial correlations. Age, smoking and EID were independent risk variables for carotid IMT, analyzed by multiple regression test. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that impaired vascular reactivity detected by EID is closely related to carotid IMT, an useful surrogate marker for atherosclerosis, in newly-diagnosed Korean type 2 diabetic patients.

Therapeutic Efficacy of Combined Therapy with Once Daily Insulin Glargine and Once Daily Glimepiride in Korean Type 2 Diabetic Patients.: Ji Young Park, Hyo Jeong Kim, Bo Kyung Koo, Hyun Jin Kim, Gang Seo Pak, Kyung Ah Han, Kyung Wan Min, Eung Jin Kim; Korean Diabetes J. 2007;31(5):391-401. Published online September 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.5.391

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Once daily injection and 24 hour lasting glucose lowering effect of insulin glargine had recently changed a perception about the early insulin treatment of type 2 diabetic patients. This study was performed to investigate therapeutic efficacy of combined therapy with insulin glargine and glimepiride in Korean type 2 diabetic patients, who had received oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) or conventional insulin therapy. METHODS: Total of 192 patients who needed to change the previous therapy because of uncontrolled diabetes or hypoglycemia were included and followed for about 6 months. Two groups of prior treatment modality were analyzed; OHA group (n = 54, 28.1%), conventional insulin therapy group in combination with or without OHA group (n = 138, 71.9%). The primary end point was changes in HbA1c according to baseline characteristics such as prior treatment modality, HbA1C, c-peptide, duration of diabetes mellitus, body mass index and prior used conventional insulin doses. Secondary end point was the dose conversion ratio of insulin glargine to prior used insulin in patients who had one or two insulin therapy. We also evaluated the level of the patients' satisfaction on the glucose lowering effects and the convenience for use of device. RESULTS: The differences of HbA1c according to prior treatment groups were -0.78 +/- 1.76 % in OHA group and 0.07 +/- 1.44 % in conventional insulin group with or without OHA group. The HbA1c improved better when baseline HbA1c was higher than 9%, c-peptide was higher than 0.6 ng/mL, duration of diabetes was shorter than 15 years, BMI was lower than 30 kg/m2 and prior conventional insulin dose was less than 30 IU. However, those effects were attenuated in subjects having duration of diabetes longer than 16 years, BMI higher than 30 kg/m2 and prior insulin dose more than 40 IU. Dose conversion ratio of the insulin glargine to prior insulin was 0.78 +/- 0.30 and showed a tendency to increase in patients who have prior insulin dose more than 40 IU. The scores of the patients' subjective satisfaction on insulin glargine were all high, irrespective of the changes of HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS: Once daily injection of insulin glargine and oral ingestion of glimepiride can be recommended as one of starting insulin regimen for patients who are not adequately controlled by OHA alone or as once daily regimen for whom treated with one or two conventional insulin therapy.

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