- Guideline/Fact Sheet
- Fatty Liver & Diabetes Statistics in Korea: Nationwide Data 2009 to 2017
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Eugene Han, Kyung-Do Han, Yong-ho Lee, Kyung-Soo Kim, Sangmo Hong, Jung Hwan Park, Cheol-Young Park, on Behalf of Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association
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Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(3):347-355. Published online March 29, 2023
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0444
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Abstract
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- Background
This study investigated the changes of fatty liver disease prevalence in general Korean population.
Methods This study analyzed data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service from 2009 to 2017 that included individuals aged 20 years or older who had undergone a medical health examination. Fatty liver disease was assessed using the fatty liver index (FLI). The disease severity was defined by FLI cutoff, ≥30 as moderate, and ≥60 as severe fatty liver disease.
Results The prevalence of Korean adults aged 20 years or over with fatty liver disease (FLI ≥60) increased from 13.3% in 2009 to 15.5% in 2017 (P for trend <0.001). The increase in fatty liver disease prevalence was prominent in men (from 20.5% to 24.2%) and the young age (20 to 39 years) group (from 12.8% to 16.4%) (P for interaction <0.001). The prevalence of fatty liver disease was the highest in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM, 29.6%) population compared to that of prediabetes or normoglycemia (10.0% and 21.8%) in 2017. The prevalence of fatty liver disease had statistically increased in individuals with T2DM and prediabetes (P for trend <0.001). Its prevalence increased more steeply in the young-aged population with T2DM, from 42.2% in 2009 to 60.1% in 2017. When applying a lower FLI cutoff (≥30) similar results were observed.
Conclusion The prevalence of fatty liver disease in the Korean population has increased. Individuals who are young, male, and have T2DM are vulnerable to fatty liver disease.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Longitudinal changes in fatty liver index are associated with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: A nationwide cohort study in Korea
Min Gu Kang, Chang Hun Lee, Chen Shen, Jong Seung Kim, Ji Hyun Park Journal of Hepatology.2024; 80(5): e216. CrossRef - Repeated detection of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease increases the incidence risk of type 2 diabetes in young adults
Jin Hwa Kim, Young Sang Lyu, Mee Kyoung Kim, Sang Yong Kim, Ki‐Hyun Baek, Ki‐Ho Song, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk‐Sang Kwon Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2024; 26(1): 180. CrossRef - Mortality in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: A nationwide population-based cohort study
Eugene Han, Byung-Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong-Soo Cha, Sang Hoon Ahn, Yong-ho Lee, Seung Up Kim Metabolism.2024; 152: 155789. CrossRef - Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with cardiovascular disease and all cause death in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: nationwide population based study
Kyung-Soo Kim, Sangmo Hong, Kyungdo Han, Cheol-Young Park BMJ.2024; : e076388. CrossRef - Hepatic Fibrosis and Cancer: The Silent Threats of Metabolic Syndrome
Scott L. Friedman Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(2): 161. CrossRef - Insulin Resistance, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Clinical and Experimental Perspective
Inha Jung, Dae-Jeong Koo, Won-Young Lee Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(3): 327. CrossRef - Association between long working hours and metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease: a nationwide population-based study in Korea
S.-U. Baek, J.-U. Won, Y.-M. Lee, J.-H. Yoon Public Health.2024; 232: 188. CrossRef - Association between Dietary Quality and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Korean Adults: A Nationwide, Population-Based Study Using the Korean Healthy Eating Index (2013–2021)
Seong-Uk Baek, Taeyeon Kim, Yu-Min Lee, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon Nutrients.2024; 16(10): 1516. CrossRef - Liver Cancer Risk Across Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and/or Alcohol: A Nationwide Study
Byungyoon Yun, Heejoo Park, Sang Hoon Ahn, Juyeon Oh, Beom Kyung Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon American Journal of Gastroenterology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Is Associated with Increased Risk of Kidney Cancer: A Nationwide Study
Juyeon Oh, Beom Kyung Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Hyung Ho Lee, Heejoo Park, Jian Lee, Youngsun Park, Byungyoon Yun, Jinsoo Chung Cancers.2024; 16(18): 3161. CrossRef - Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review and Position Statement of the Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association
Jaehyun Bae, Eugene Han, Hye Won Lee, Cheol-Young Park, Choon Hee Chung, Dae Ho Lee, Eun-Hee Cho, Eun-Jung Rhee, Ji Hee Yu, Ji Hyun Park, Ji-Cheol Bae, Jung Hwan Park, Kyung Mook Choi, Kyung-Soo Kim, Mi Hae Seo, Minyoung Lee, Nan-Hee Kim, So Hun Kim, Won- Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(6): 1015. CrossRef - High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Levels in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD), Metabolic Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease (MetALD), and Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) with Metabolic Dysfunction
Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon Biomolecules.2024; 14(11): 1468. CrossRef - Reply to G. Wang et al
Joo-Hyun Park, Jung Yong Hong, Kyungdo Han Journal of Clinical Oncology.2023; 41(32): 5070. CrossRef - The Role of the Fatty Liver Index (FLI) in the Management of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review
Teodora Biciusca, Sorina Ionelia Stan, Mara Amalia Balteanu, Ramona Cioboata, Alice Elena Ghenea, Suzana Danoiu, Ana-Maria Bumbea, Viorel Biciusca Diagnostics.2023; 13(21): 3316. CrossRef - Lean or Non-obese Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients: Are They Really Lean?
Eugene Han, Yong-ho Lee Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2023; 29(4): 980. CrossRef - Approach to Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Ji Cheol Bae The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2023; 24(3): 107. CrossRef
- Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
- Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Mortality: A Population-Based Cohort Study
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Kyung-Soo Kim, Sangmo Hong, Hong-Yup Ahn, Cheol-Young Park
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Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(2):220-231. Published online January 12, 2023
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0327
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65,535
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14
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Abstract
PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader ePub
- Background
We investigated whether metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is associated with an elevated risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality using a large-scale health examination cohort.
Methods A total of 394,835 subjects in the Kangbuk Samsung Health Study cohort were enrolled from 2002 to 2012. Participants were categorized by the presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and MAFLD as follows: normal subjects; patients with both NAFLD and MAFLD; patients with NAFLD only; and patients with MAFLD only. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the risk of mortality.
Results During a median 5.7 years of follow-up, 20.69% was patients with both NAFLD and MAFLD, 1.51% was patients with NAFLD only, and 4.29% was patients with MAFLD only. All-cause and cardiovascular death was higher in patients with MAFLD than those without MAFLD (P<0.001, respectively). In patients with MAFLD only, the hazard ratio (HR) of all-cause and cardiovascular death was 1.35 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13 to 1.60) and 1.90 (95% CI, 1.26 to 2.88) after adjusting for age, which lost its statistical significance by multivariable adjustments. Compared to patients with less than two components of metabolic dysfunction, patients with more than two components of metabolic dysfunction were a higher risk of cardiovascular death (HR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.25 to 3.38) and only women with more than two components of metabolic dysfunction were a higher risk of all-cause death (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.03).
Conclusion MAFLD criteria could identify a high-risk group for all-cause and cardiovascular death.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Mortality in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: A nationwide population-based cohort study
Eugene Han, Byung-Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong-Soo Cha, Sang Hoon Ahn, Yong-ho Lee, Seung Up Kim Metabolism.2024; 152: 155789. CrossRef - Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with cardiovascular disease and all cause death in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: nationwide population based study
Kyung-Soo Kim, Sangmo Hong, Kyungdo Han, Cheol-Young Park BMJ.2024; : e076388. CrossRef - Sex differences in mortality and liver‐related events in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Huimin Zhou, Haiyan Chen, Hanxiao Lu, Bo Wu, Shuo Zhang, Yuanlong Gu, Guangwen Zhou, Jie Xiang, Jun Yang Liver International.2024; 44(7): 1600. CrossRef - Association between dietary carbohydrate to fiber ratio and metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease in adults: evidence from the NHANES 2017–2020
Zhenmin Liu, Taiyong Fang Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - NAFLD and MAFLD independently increase the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE): a 20-year longitudinal follow-up study from regional Australia
Karl Vaz, William Kemp, Ammar Majeed, John Lubel, Dianna J. Magliano, Kristen M. Glenister, Lisa Bourke, David Simmons, Stuart K. Roberts Hepatology International.2024; 18(4): 1135. CrossRef - Clinical outcomes of MAFLD versus NAFLD: A meta‐analysis of observational studies
Grazia Pennisi, Giuseppe Infantino, Ciro Celsa, Gabriele Di Maria, Marco Enea, Marco Vaccaro, Roberto Cannella, Carlo Ciccioli, Claudia La Mantia, Alessandro Mantovani, Francesco Mercurio, Herbert Tilg, Giovanni Targher, Vito Di Marco, Calogero Cammà, Sal Liver International.2024; 44(11): 2939. CrossRef - Racial and ethnic disparities in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease outcomes: A call for culturally sensitive interventions: Editorial on “Differences in liver and mortality outcomes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by race and e
Jae Hyun Bae Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2024; 30(4): 665. CrossRef - Comparison of Outcomes Between Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Meta-Analysis
Ghazala S Virk, Jaahnavi Vajje, Nausheen K Virk, Raam Mannam, Wajeeh Rehman, Naglaa G Ghobriel , Irfan-ud-din Mian, Muhammad Usama Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Trends in prevalence and all-cause mortality of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease among adults in the past three decades: Results from the NHANES study
Zhi-Qin Xie, Hong-Xia Li, Bing-Kun Wang, Zhao-Ming Yang, Zi-Yu Zhang, Wen-Liang Tan, Wen-Xin Li, Qing-Bin Wang, Lei Yang, Hong-Kai Zhuang, Chen-Wei Tang, Chang-Zhen Shang, Ya-Jin Chen European Journal of Internal Medicine.2023; 110: 62. CrossRef - Comparing the Mortality Risk between Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Han Na Jung, Chang Hee Jung Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(2): 198. CrossRef - Increased expression of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 and O-GlcNAcylation in hepatocytes drives non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
Hye Jin Chun, Eun Ran Kim, Minyoung Lee, Da Hyun Choi, Soo Hyun Kim, Eugene Shin, Jin-Hong Kim, Jin Won Cho, Dai Hoon Han, Bong-Soo Cha, Yong-ho Lee Metabolism.2023; 145: 155612. CrossRef - Current understanding and future perspectives on the impact of changing NAFLD to MAFLD on global epidemiology and clinical outcomes
Karl Vaz, Daniel Clayton-Chubb, Ammar Majeed, John Lubel, David Simmons, William Kemp, Stuart K. Roberts Hepatology International.2023; 17(5): 1082. CrossRef - Mitochondrial Quality Control: Its Role in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)
Soyeon Shin, Jaeyoung Kim, Ju Yeon Lee, Jun Kim, Chang-Myung Oh Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2023; 32(4): 289. CrossRef
- Drug/Regimen
- Increasing Age Associated with Higher Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibition Rate Is a Predictive Factor for Efficacy of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors
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Sangmo Hong, Chang Hee Jung, Song Han, Cheol-Young Park
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Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(1):63-70. Published online April 19, 2021
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0253
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Graphical Abstract
Abstract
PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader ePub
- Background
It is not known which type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients would most benefit from dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor treatment. We aimed to investigate the predictors of response to DPP-4 inhibitors considering degree of DPP-4 inhibition.
Methods This study is a post hoc analysis of a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, phase III trial that compared the efficacy and safety of a DPP-4 inhibitor (gemigliptin vs. sitagliptin) in patients with T2DM. Subjects were classified into tertiles of T1 <65.26%, T2=65.26%–76.35%, and T3 ≥76.35% by DPP-4 inhibition. We analyzed the change from baseline in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) according to DPP-4 inhibition with multiple linear regression adjusting for age, ethnicity, body mass index, baseline HbA1c, and DPP-4 activity at baseline.
Results The mean age was greater in the high tertile group compared with the low tertile group (T1: 49.8±8.3 vs. T2: 53.1±10.5 vs. T3: 55.3±9.5, P<0.001) of DPP-4 inhibition. Although HbA1c at baseline was not different among tertiles of DPP-4 inhibition (P=0.398), HbA1c after 24-week treatment was lower in the higher tertile compares to the lower tertile (T1: 7.30%±0.88% vs. T2: 7.12%±0.78% vs. T3: 7.00%±0.78%, P=0.021). In multiple regression analysis, DPP-4 enzyme inhibition rate was not a significant determent for HbA1c reduction due to age. In subgroup analysis by tertile of DPP-4 inhibition, age was the only significant predictor and only in the highest tertile (R2=0.281, B=–0.014, P=0.024).
Conclusion This study showed that HbA1c reduction by DPP-4 inhibitor was associated with increasing age, and this association was linked with higher DPP-4 inhibition.
- Epidemiology
- Glycosylated Hemoglobin Threshold for Predicting Diabetes and Prediabetes from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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Sangmo Hong, Jun Goo Kang, Chul Sik Kim, Seong Jin Lee, Cheol-Young Park, Chang Beom Lee, Sung-Hee Ihm
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Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(2):167-170. Published online April 5, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.2.167
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PDFPubReader
We aimed to estimate the threshold level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) for the fasting plasma glucose of 100 and 126 mg/dL in the Korean adult population, using the 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 4,481 participants over 19 years of age without diabetic medications and conditions to influence the interpretation of HbA1c levels, such as anemia, renal insufficiency, liver cirrhosis, and cancers, were analyzed. A point-wise area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to estimate the optimal HbA1c cutoff value. A HbA1c threshold of 6.35% was optimal for predicting diabetes with a sensitivity of 86.9% and a specificity of 99.1%. Furthermore, the threshold of HbA1c was 5.65% for prediabetes, with a sensitivity of 69.3% and a specificity of 71%. Further prospective studies are needed to evaluate the HbA1c cutoff point for diagnosing prediabetes and diabetes in the Korean population.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- The Cutoff Value of HbA1c in Predicting Diabetes and Impaired Fasting Glucose
Seyoung Kwon, Youngak Na The Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2017; 49(2): 114. CrossRef - Cutoff Point of HbA1c for Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese Individuals
Bing Wang, Ming-Chuan Liu, Xin-Yu Li, Xu-Han Liu, Qiu-Xia Feng, Lu Lu, Zhu Zhu, Ying-Shu Liu, Wei Zhao, Zheng-Nan Gao, Noel Christopher Barengo PLOS ONE.2016; 11(11): e0166597. CrossRef
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