- Guideline/Fact Sheet
- Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review and Position Statement of the Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association
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Jaehyun Bae, Eugene Han, Hye Won Lee, Cheol-Young Park, Choon Hee Chung, Dae Ho Lee, Eun-Hee Cho, Eun-Jung Rhee, Ji Hee Yu, Ji Hyun Park, Ji-Cheol Bae, Jung Hwan Park, Kyung Mook Choi, Kyung-Soo Kim, Mi Hae Seo, Minyoung Lee, Nan-Hee Kim, So Hun Kim, Won-Young Lee, Woo Je Lee, Yeon-Kyung Choi, Yong-ho Lee, You-Cheol Hwang, Young Sang Lyu, Byung-Wan Lee, Bong-Soo Cha, on Behalf of the Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association
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Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(6):1015-1028. Published online November 21, 2024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0541
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Abstract
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- Since the role of the liver in metabolic dysfunction, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, was demonstrated, studies on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) have shown associations between fatty liver disease and other metabolic diseases. Unlike the exclusionary diagnostic criteria of NAFLD, MAFLD diagnosis is based on the presence of metabolic dysregulation in fatty liver disease. Renaming NAFLD as MAFLD also introduced simpler diagnostic criteria. In 2023, a new nomenclature, steatotic liver disease (SLD), was proposed. Similar to MAFLD, SLD diagnosis is based on the presence of hepatic steatosis with at least one cardiometabolic dysfunction. SLD is categorized into metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-related/-associated liver disease, alcoholrelated liver disease, specific etiology SLD, and cryptogenic SLD. The term MASLD has been adopted by a number of leading national and international societies due to its concise diagnostic criteria, exclusion of other concomitant liver diseases, and lack of stigmatizing terms. This article reviews the diagnostic criteria, clinical relevance, and differences among NAFLD, MAFLD, and MASLD from a diabetologist’s perspective and provides a rationale for adopting SLD/MASLD in the Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association.
- Guideline/Fact Sheet
- 2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Management in Korea: Full Version Recommendation of the Korean Diabetes Association
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Jun Sung Moon, Shinae Kang, Jong Han Choi, Kyung Ae Lee, Joon Ho Moon, Suk Chon, Dae Jung Kim, Hyun Jin Kim, Ji A Seo, Mee Kyoung Kim, Jeong Hyun Lim, Yoon Ju Song, Ye Seul Yang, Jae Hyeon Kim, You-Bin Lee, Junghyun Noh, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jong Suk Park, Sang Youl Rhee, Hae Jin Kim, Hyun Min Kim, Jung Hae Ko, Nam Hoon Kim, Chong Hwa Kim, Jeeyun Ahn, Tae Jung Oh, Soo-Kyung Kim, Jaehyun Kim, Eugene Han, Sang-Man Jin, Jaehyun Bae, Eonju Jeon, Ji Min Kim, Seon Mee Kang, Jung Hwan Park, Jae-Seung Yun, Bong-Soo Cha, Min Kyong Moon, Byung-Wan Lee
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Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(4):546-708. Published online July 26, 2024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0249
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- Adherence to the nutritional recommendations according to diabetes status in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study
Jong Han Choi, Chen Lulu, Seon-Joo Park, Hae-Jeung Lee BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - 당뇨병 치료의 진화: 관해를 향해가는 혁신적 약물치료와 첨단 관리기기의 결합
종한 최, 민경 문 Public Health Weekly Report.2024; 17(44): 1905. CrossRef - The Impact of the Dietary Inflammatory Index, Fasting Blood Glucose, and Smoking Status on the Incidence and Survival of Pancreatic Cancer: A Retrospective Case–Control Study and a Prospective Study
Ga Hyun Lee, Yeon Hee Kim, Sang Myung Woo, Woo Jin Lee, Sung-Sik Han, Sang-Jae Park, Sherry Price, Penias Tembo, James R. Hébert, Mi Kyung Kim Nutrients.2024; 16(22): 3941. CrossRef - Enhancing Large Language Model Reliability: Minimizing Hallucinations with Dual Retrieval-Augmented Generation Based on the Latest Diabetes Guidelines
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- Guideline/Fact Sheet
- Fatty Liver & Diabetes Statistics in Korea: Nationwide Data 2009 to 2017
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Eugene Han, Kyung-Do Han, Yong-ho Lee, Kyung-Soo Kim, Sangmo Hong, Jung Hwan Park, Cheol-Young Park, on Behalf of Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association
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Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(3):347-355. Published online March 29, 2023
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0444
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Abstract
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- Background
This study investigated the changes of fatty liver disease prevalence in general Korean population.
Methods This study analyzed data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service from 2009 to 2017 that included individuals aged 20 years or older who had undergone a medical health examination. Fatty liver disease was assessed using the fatty liver index (FLI). The disease severity was defined by FLI cutoff, ≥30 as moderate, and ≥60 as severe fatty liver disease.
Results The prevalence of Korean adults aged 20 years or over with fatty liver disease (FLI ≥60) increased from 13.3% in 2009 to 15.5% in 2017 (P for trend <0.001). The increase in fatty liver disease prevalence was prominent in men (from 20.5% to 24.2%) and the young age (20 to 39 years) group (from 12.8% to 16.4%) (P for interaction <0.001). The prevalence of fatty liver disease was the highest in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM, 29.6%) population compared to that of prediabetes or normoglycemia (10.0% and 21.8%) in 2017. The prevalence of fatty liver disease had statistically increased in individuals with T2DM and prediabetes (P for trend <0.001). Its prevalence increased more steeply in the young-aged population with T2DM, from 42.2% in 2009 to 60.1% in 2017. When applying a lower FLI cutoff (≥30) similar results were observed.
Conclusion The prevalence of fatty liver disease in the Korean population has increased. Individuals who are young, male, and have T2DM are vulnerable to fatty liver disease.
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- Longitudinal changes in fatty liver index are associated with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: A nationwide cohort study in Korea
Min Gu Kang, Chang Hun Lee, Chen Shen, Jong Seung Kim, Ji Hyun Park Journal of Hepatology.2024; 80(5): e216. CrossRef - Repeated detection of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease increases the incidence risk of type 2 diabetes in young adults
Jin Hwa Kim, Young Sang Lyu, Mee Kyoung Kim, Sang Yong Kim, Ki‐Hyun Baek, Ki‐Ho Song, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk‐Sang Kwon Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2024; 26(1): 180. CrossRef - Mortality in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: A nationwide population-based cohort study
Eugene Han, Byung-Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong-Soo Cha, Sang Hoon Ahn, Yong-ho Lee, Seung Up Kim Metabolism.2024; 152: 155789. CrossRef - Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with cardiovascular disease and all cause death in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: nationwide population based study
Kyung-Soo Kim, Sangmo Hong, Kyungdo Han, Cheol-Young Park BMJ.2024; : e076388. CrossRef - Hepatic Fibrosis and Cancer: The Silent Threats of Metabolic Syndrome
Scott L. Friedman Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(2): 161. CrossRef - Insulin Resistance, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Clinical and Experimental Perspective
Inha Jung, Dae-Jeong Koo, Won-Young Lee Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(3): 327. CrossRef - Association between long working hours and metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease: a nationwide population-based study in Korea
S.-U. Baek, J.-U. Won, Y.-M. Lee, J.-H. Yoon Public Health.2024; 232: 188. CrossRef - Association between Dietary Quality and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Korean Adults: A Nationwide, Population-Based Study Using the Korean Healthy Eating Index (2013–2021)
Seong-Uk Baek, Taeyeon Kim, Yu-Min Lee, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon Nutrients.2024; 16(10): 1516. CrossRef - Liver Cancer Risk Across Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and/or Alcohol: A Nationwide Study
Byungyoon Yun, Heejoo Park, Sang Hoon Ahn, Juyeon Oh, Beom Kyung Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon American Journal of Gastroenterology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Is Associated with Increased Risk of Kidney Cancer: A Nationwide Study
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Jaehyun Bae, Eugene Han, Hye Won Lee, Cheol-Young Park, Choon Hee Chung, Dae Ho Lee, Eun-Hee Cho, Eun-Jung Rhee, Ji Hee Yu, Ji Hyun Park, Ji-Cheol Bae, Jung Hwan Park, Kyung Mook Choi, Kyung-Soo Kim, Mi Hae Seo, Minyoung Lee, Nan-Hee Kim, So Hun Kim, Won- Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(6): 1015. CrossRef - High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Levels in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD), Metabolic Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease (MetALD), and Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) with Metabolic Dysfunction
Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon Biomolecules.2024; 14(11): 1468. CrossRef - Reply to G. Wang et al
Joo-Hyun Park, Jung Yong Hong, Kyungdo Han Journal of Clinical Oncology.2023; 41(32): 5070. CrossRef - The Role of the Fatty Liver Index (FLI) in the Management of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review
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Ji Cheol Bae The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2023; 24(3): 107. CrossRef
- Trends in Cardiovascular Complications and Mortality among Patients with Diabetes in South Korea
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Jung Hwan Park, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Bo Yeon Kim, Jae Hyuk Lee, Dae Jung Kim
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Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(2):283. Published online March 25, 2021
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0026
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Corrects: Diabetes Metab J 2021;45(1):120
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Joung Youl Lim, Sang-Hyeon Ju, Ji Min Kim, Hyon-Seung Yi, Ju Hee Lee, Hyun Jin Kim, Bon Jeong Ku, Kyong Hye Joung Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Cardiovascular Outcomes according to Comorbidities and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Korean People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Min Kyong Moon, Junghyun Noh, Eun-Jung Rhee, Sang Hyun Park, Hyeon Chang Kim, Byung Jin Kim, Hae Jin Kim, Seonghoon Choi, Jin Oh Na, Young Youl Hyun, Bum Joon Kim, Kyung-Do Han, In-Kyung Jeong Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(1): 45. CrossRef - Rising Incidence of Diabetes in Young Adults in South Korea: A National Cohort Study
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- Complications
- Trends in Cardiovascular Complications and Mortality among Patients with Diabetes in South Korea
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Jung Hwan Park, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Bo Yeon Kim, Jae Hyuk Lee, Dae Jung Kim
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Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(1):120-124. Published online December 9, 2020
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0175
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Correction in: Diabetes Metab J 2021;45(2):283
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Abstract
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- We investigated the cardiovascular complications and mortality rates of patients with diabetes in South Korea. The rates of hospitalization due to cardiovascular complications and mortality were analyzed using the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort. From 2006 to 2015, the rates of hospitalization due to major cardiovascular complications decreased, while those due to heart failure (from 72 to 146 and 124 to 161 per 10,000 men and women, respectively) and peripheral artery disease (from 39 to 55 and 19 to 35 per 10,000 men and women, respectively) increased. In the period 2007 to 2015, the mortality rates for cancer, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, heart disease, and hypertensive disease all decreased. However, the mortality rate for pneumonia increased. We observed a continuous reduction in cardiovascular complications and mortality in adults with diabetes. However, with the increase in some diabetes complications, more efforts are needed to prevent diabetes complications.
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- Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
- The Association between Z-Score of Log-Transformed A Body Shape Index and Cardiovascular Disease in Korea
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Wankyo Chung, Jung Hwan Park, Hye Soo Chung, Jae Myung Yu, Shinje Moon, Dong Sun Kim
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Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(5):675-682. Published online April 26, 2019
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0169
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- Background
In order to overcome the limitations of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), the z-score of the log-transformed A Body Shape Index (LBSIZ) has recently been introduced. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between the LBSIZ and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a Korean representative sample. MethodsData were collected from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination VI to V. The association between CVD and obesity indices was analyzed using a receiver operating characteristic curve. The cut-off value for the LBSIZ was estimated using the Youden index, and the odds ratio (OR) for CVD was determined via multivariate logistic regression analysis. ORs according to the LBSIZ value were analyzed using restricted cubic spline regression plots. ResultsA total of 31,227 Korean healthy adults were analyzed. Area under the curve (AUC) of LBSIZ against CVD was 0.686 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.671 to 0.702), which was significantly higher than the AUC of BMI (0.583; 95% CI, 0.567 to 0.599) or WC (0.646; 95% CI, 0.631 to 0.661) (P<0.001). Similar results were observed for stroke and coronary artery diseases. The cut-off value for the LBSIZ was 0.35 (sensitivity, 64.5%; specificity, 64%; OR, 1.29, 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.49). Under restricted cubic spline regression, LBSIZ demonstrated that OR started to increase past the median value. ConclusionThe findings of this study suggest that the LBSIZ might be more strongly associated with CVD risks compared to BMI or WC. These outcomes would be helpful for CVD risk assessment in clinical settings, especially the cut-off value of the LBSIZ suggested in this study.
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- Body Shape Index and Cardiovascular Risk in Individuals With Obesity
Nazlı Hacıağaoğlu, Can Öner, Hüseyin Çetin, Engin Ersin Şimşek Cureus.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Association between body shape index and risk of mortality in the United States
Heysoo Lee, Hye Soo Chung, Yoon Jung Kim, Min Kyu Choi, Yong Kyun Roh, Wankyo Chung, Jae Myung Yu, Chang-Myung Oh, Shinje Moon Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Utility of the Z-score of log-transformed A Body Shape Index (LBSIZ) in the assessment for sarcopenic obesity and cardiovascular disease risk in the United States
Wankyo Chung, Jung Hwan Park, Hye Soo Chung, Jae Myung Yu, Dong Sun Kim, Shinje Moon Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
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- Association between Serum Selenium Level and the Presence of Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
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Juno Kim, Hye Soo Chung, Min-Kyu Choi, Yong Kyun Roh, Hyung Joon Yoo, Jung Hwan Park, Dong Sun Kim, Jae Myung Yu, Shinje Moon
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Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(4):447-460. Published online January 2, 2019
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0123
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- Background
Epidemiological studies have suggested an association between selenium (Se) and diabetes mellitus (DM). However, different studies have reported conflicting results. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis to clarify the impact of Se on DM. MethodsWe searched the PubMed database for studies on the association between Se and DM from inception to June 2018. ResultsTwenty articles evaluating 47,930 participants were included in the analysis. The meta-analysis found that high levels of Se were significantly associated with the presence of DM (pooled odds ratios [ORs], 1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44 to 2.45). However, significant heterogeneity was found (I2=82%). Subgroup analyses were performed based on the Se measurement methods used in each study. A significant association was found between high Se levels and the presence of DM in the studies that used blood (OR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.60 to 2.93; I2=77%), diet (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.10 to 2.36; I2=0%), and urine (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.17; I2=0%) as samples to estimate Se levels, but not in studies on nails (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 0.52 to 2.98; I2=91%). Because of significant heterogeneity in the studies with blood, we conducted a sensitivity analysis and tested the publication bias. The results were consistent after adjustment based on the sensitivity analysis as well as the trim and fill analysis for publication bias. ConclusionThis meta-analysis demonstrates that high levels of Se are associated with the presence of DM. Further prospective and randomized controlled trials are warranted to elucidate the link better.
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- Epidemiology
- Diabetes Fact Sheets in Korea, 2018: An Appraisal of Current Status
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Bo-Yeon Kim, Jong Chul Won, Jae Hyuk Lee, Hun-Sung Kim, Jung Hwan Park, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Kyu Chang Won, Dae Jung Kim, Kyong Soo Park
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Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(4):487-494. Published online July 17, 2019
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0067
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Abstract
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- Background
The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, management, and comorbidities of diabetes among Korean adults aged 30 years and older. MethodsThis study used 2013 to 2016 data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationally-representative survey of the Korean population. Diabetes was defined as fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, current use of antidiabetic medication, a previous history of diabetes, or glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥6.5%. ResultsIn 2016, 14.4% (approximately 5.02 million) of Korean adults had diabetes. The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose was 25.3% (8.71 million). From 2013 to 2016, the awareness, control, and treatment rates for diabetes were 62.6%, 56.7%, and 25.1%, respectively. People with diabetes had the following comorbidities: obesity (50.4%), abdominal obesity (47.8%), hypertension (55.3%), and hypercholesterolemia (34.9%). The 25.1%, 68.4%, and 44.2% of people with diabetes achieved HbA1c <6.5%, blood pressure <140/85 mm Hg, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol <100 mg/dL. Only 8.4% of people with diabetes had good control of all three targets. ConclusionThis study confirms that diabetes is as an important public health problem. Efforts should be made to increase awareness, detection, and comprehensive management of diabetes to reduce diabetes-related morbidity and mortality.
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- Response: The Necessity of the Simple Tests for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients without Neuropathic Symptoms in Clinical Practice (Diabetes Metab J 2018;42:442–6)
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Jung Hwan Park, Dong Sun Kim
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Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(6):546-547. Published online December 17, 2018
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0248
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- WITHDRAWN: Efficacy of High-frequency Ultrasound Image Information Diagnosis on Neurological-abnormality in Patients with Type-2-diabetes Combined with Peripheral- neuropathy
Xiaoqiang Liu, Hongyan Zhou, Zhaoyun Wang, Xiaoli Liu, Xin Li, Chen Nie, Yang Li Neuroscience Letters.2020; : 135205. CrossRef
- Complications
- The Necessity of the Simple Tests for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients without Neuropathic Symptoms in Clinical Practice
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Jung Hwan Park, Dong Sun Kim
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Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(5):442-446. Published online October 22, 2018
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.0090
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Abstract
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Early recognition and appropriate management of diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy (DPNP) is important. We evaluated the necessity of simple, non-invasive tests for DPNP detection in clinical practice. We enrolled 136 randomly-chosen patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and examined them with the 10-g Semmes-Weinstein monofilament examination, the 128-Hz tuning-fork, ankle-reflex, and pinprick tests; the Total Symptom Score and the 15-item self-administered questionnaire of the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument. Among 136 patients, 48 had subjective neuropathic symptoms and 88 did not. The abnormal-response rates varied depending on the methods used according to the presence of subjective neuropathic symptoms (18.8% vs. 5.7%, P<0.05; 58.3% vs. 28.4%, P<0.005; 81.3% vs. 54.5%, P<0.005; 12.5% vs. 5.7%, P=0.195; 41.7% vs. 2.3%, P<0.001; and 77.1% vs. 9.1%, P<0.001; respectively). The largest abnormal response was derived by combining all methods. Moreover, these tests should be implemented more extensively in diabetic patients without neuropathic symptoms to detect DPNP early.
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Jung Hwan Park, Dong Sun Kim Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2018; 42(6): 546. CrossRef - Letter: The Necessity of the Simple Tests for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients without Neuropathic Symptoms in Clinical Practice (Diabetes Metab J 2018;42:442-6)
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